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Occupy Wall Street (OWS) is an awareness movement that may be considered to be a 'protest' to most individuals. It all began on September 17, 2011, in Zuccotti Park which is located in New York City Financial District; this movement has been initiated by the Canadian Activist Group, "Adbusters" that has alleged anarchist, anti-consumerist ties. They have played an important but not crucial role in the Occupy Movement in the United States. There have been protests sharing the same title in the Continent of Europe but would be inappropriate to associate with the movement that is present in the United States, due to conflicting causes of the protests. The Occupy Movement in the United States based upon investigated journalism seem to be perceived strongly but factually moderately against the mixed economy that the United States of America currently has in place, which is a form of Social Democracy.

This movement's slogan, We Are the 99% addresses the perceived and possibly growing income inequality and wealth distribution in the United States, after the national bank bailouts initiated in 2008.. This slogan is considered to be, by critics, a public relations stunt where the originators, who remain to be anonymous, sole Intent and Purpose was to gather support for the movement to establish a connection with the majority of the American People. This movement is infamous with their "direct action" approach to raise awareness without addressing clear and concise demands, in the form of a petition which is granted as a Right in the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights. There has been increasing internal conflicts within this movement from its peak in October of 2011 where the lack of leadership affected the movement's stability and "protection" from alleged radicals as they rage violence in disfavor of a peaceful protest, as what the majority of the protesters attest to.

Early History

Occupy Wall Street has alleged roots in the British Student Protests of 2010, Greece's and Spain's anti-austerity (Socialist Revolution) Protests of the Indignants, as well as alleged roots from the Arab Spring of 2011. An immediate series of events which lead to the protest started with email conversations between Kalle Lasn, founder of the Canadian-based Adbusters Media Foundation and Micah White, Adbuster's Senior Editor. White and Lasn had the idea for an occupation of lower Manhattan in early June 2011. Lasn registered the OccupyWallSteet.org web address on June 9th. Early in June of 2011, Adbusters sent its subscribers an email saying that “America needs its own Tahrir” and according to Micah White the idea "was spontaneously taken up by all the people of the world.” Adbusters proposed an alleged "peaceful" occupation of the financial center in New York City, Wall Street to "protest" corporate on the United States Government, the lack of legal consequences for those who brought about the global crisis of monetary insolvency, and the alleged increasing disparity in wealth distribution. The "protest" was promoted with an image featuring a dancer atop Wall Street's iconic Charging Bull statue.

The series of events lead to the formation of the movement's New York General Assembly (NYGA), an anarchic systemic mechanism, began in June and July 2011 when a group called New Yorkers Against Budget Cuts (NYAB) began promoting a “People’s General Assembly” to “Oppose Cutbacks And Austerity Of Any Kind”. On August 2, 2011, the NYAB met in Bowling Green Park with activist, anarchist and anthropologist, David Graeber and several of his associates who attended the NYAB meeting, which they grew frustrated when they found out that the event was not a "general assembly". Rather, the event was intended to be merely a precursor to marching on Wall Street with a corpus of predetermined demands such as "an end to oppression and war!" In response, Graeber and his small group began their own general assembly which eventually drew all the remaining attendees from the NYAB meeting, and eventually developed into the New York General Assembly (an anarchic systemic mechanism). The group later began to hold weekly meetings to work out the issues and direction of the movement such as whether or not to have a set of demandsl the formation of working groups on whether or not to have leaders. The result of this came to a conclusion that this movement will not have a central authority, a leader, because it would supposedly take away from their desires which remain to be unknown, as of late. As quoted, "while there were weeks of planning yet to go, the important battle had been won. The show would be run by horizontals, and the choices that would follow—the decision not to have leaders or even designated police liaisons, the daily GAs and myriad working-group meetings that still form the heart of the protests in Zuccotti Park—all flowed from that". Graeber argues that the Occupy movement is based on the philosophy of anarchism. Later, according to Nathan Schneider, an editor for the blogs Waging Nonviolence and Killing the Buddha, anarchy is not just a negative philosophy or excuse for vandalism. Anarchism attempts to build a society where people maintain and care for themselves and their community and this draws on direct democracy, believing that "basic need" is more important than greed.

The Movement's Peak

The movement has attracted an Internet Advocacy Group namely, Anonymous, who lacks a central authority and is not necessarily an established group, encouraged its "followers" as in the Internet to take part in the movement for the cause. Other groups began joining to assist in organization, including the U.S. Day of Rage and the NYC General Assembly (an anarchic systemic mechanism). The movement itself began on September 17, 2011, a Facebook page for the demonstrations was created two days later on September 19, 2011 featuring a YouTube video of earlier events concerning the movement. Furthermore, in October 2011 Facebook listed 125 Occupy-related pages.

The original location of choice by the protesters was on the street called, "1 Chase Plaza", the site of the "Charging Bull" sculpture. The NYPD discovered this before the movement began and engaged in procedure measures. After this incident, the protesters engaged in moving their headquarters to Zuccotti Park by general consensus; the park was private property police could legally force protesters to leave with consent from the park's principal owner. At a press conference, it was held the same day the movement initially began, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg explained, "people have a right to protest and if they want to protest, we'll be happy to make sure they have locations to do it."

Due to its connection to the financial system Lower Manhattan has seen many riots and protests since the collapse of the Second Bank of the United States, and numerous economic recessions stretching through American History. The movement has been compared to other historical protests in the United States by sympathizers and opponents. Writing for CNN, Sonia Katyal and Eduardo Peñalver said that "A straight line runs from the 1930s sit-down strikes in Flint, Michigan, to the 1960 lunch-counter sit-ins to the occupation of Alcatraz by Native American activists in 1969 to Occupy Wall Street, just to name a few. Occupations employ physical possession to communicate intense dissent exhibited by a willingness to break the law and to suffer the -- occasionally violent -- consequences."

Commentators on numerous mainstream news outlets as well independent outlets have put the movement within the political tradition of other movements, which made themselves known by occupation of public spaces, such as Coxey's Army in 1894, the Bonus Marchers in 1932 and the May Day protesters in 1971. Moreover, immediate prototypes for the movement included the British Student Protests of 2010, Greece's and Spain's Anti-Austerity Protests of the Indignants, as well as the Arab Spring protests. The antecedents have in common with the movement a reliance on social media and electronic messaging to circumvent the authorities, as well as the feeling that financial institutions, corporations and the political elite have been distrustful in their behavior toward youth and the middle class. Occupy Wall Street, in turn, gave rise to the Occupy Movement in the United States, and similar but not the same movements around Western Europe.

Goals

There have been some journalists that criticized the protests saying it is difficult to discern a unified aim for the movement, while other commentators, such as Douglas Rushkoff, have said that although the movement is not in complete agreement on its message and goals, it does center on the problem that "investment bankers working on Wall Street getting richer while things for most of the rest of us are getting tougher". According to Rushkoff, "... we are witnessing America's first true Internet-era movement, which -- unlike civil rights protests, labor marches, or even the Obama campaign -- does not take its cue from a charismatic leader, express itself in bumper-sticker-length goals and understand itself as having a particular endpoint". There are some protesters, in part, demand more and better jobs, more equal distribution of income, bank reform, and a reduction of the influence of corporations on politics. Adbusters co-Founder, Kalle Lasn has compared the protests to the Situationists and the Protests of 1968 movements in response to some criticisms and giving praise to the movement. Moreover, Micah White, another Adbusters Representative spoke to address critics stating, in which will be paraphrase, that that while no one person can speak for the movement, he believes that the goal of the movement is economic justice, specifically, a "transaction tax" on international financial speculation, the reinstatement of the Glass-Stegall Act and the revocation of corporate personhood.

The General Assembly, the "governing body" of the OWS movement, has adopted a “Declaration of the Occupation of New York City,” which includes a list of grievances against corporations, and to many protesters a general statement is enough. However, saying, "‘Power concedes nothing without a demand' " others within the movement have favored a fairly concrete set of national policy proposals. Consequently, one group has written an unofficial document titled, "The 99 Percent Declaration”, that calls for a national general assembly of representatives from all four-Hundred and thirty five (435) congressional districts to gather on July 4, 2012, to assemble a list of grievances and solutions. Although, the protesters continuously refer to a looser set of goals or demands, a growing but still a minority group of protesters have written another document titled, the Liberty Square Blueprint; a manuscript of the writing contains the following quote: "Demands cannot reflect inevitable success. Demands imply condition, and we will never stop. Demands cannot reflect the time scale that we are working with." The demand for demands itself has been criticized by figures like Judith Butler and David Graeber, who argue that issuing demands is counterproductive for the Occupy movement, as this legitimizes the very structures the movement seeks to challenge.

Movement's Slogan

In attention to the Occupy Protesters' saying, We Are The 99%, it originally appeared on a Tumblr page in August of 2011. It asserts that the "99%" pay for the mistakes of the "1%". Paul Taylor of the Pew Research Center stated that the slogan is "arguably the most successful slogan since 'Hell no, we won't go,'" of Vietnam war era, and that partisans see the income gap as causing friction. It has been reported that the top one percent of income earners have doubled their income over the last thirty years, according to a Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report. This report was released as concerns of the movement were on the verge of supposedly entering as a potential legitimate cause, for the Presidential Elections of 2012.

During the same time period, sixty percent of the American People, who are the middle of the income scale, saw their income rise by 40% which is a fairly a progression but neither the less, it does not take away from the movement's supposed cause. Since 1979, the average pre-tax income for the supposedly "bottom 90%" of households have decreased by $900 while the top 1% increased by over $700,000, as federal taxation became less progressive. From 1992-2007 the top 400 income earners in the U.S. saw their income increase 39.2% and their average tax rate reduced by 37%. In 2009, the average income of the top 1% was $960,000 with a minimum income of $343,927.

Demographics

In the movement's early stages, the protesters consisted of young adults particularly from ages 18 to 30 which is partly because social media; the suppose leaders or promoters increased the outreach for the movement. As the movement grew, older protesters who particularly sympathized with the younger protesters suddenly became more involved; as a result, this increased the amount of support from established unions. The average age of the protesters was 33, with people in their 20s balanced by people in their 40s. Moreover, there have been various religious movements, reformed religious movements, that have been taken part of the movement. On October 10, 2011, the Associated Press reported that "there’s a diversity of age, gender and race" at the protest; there were some news outlets that have compared the protest to an alternative of the Tea Party Movement.

In attention to political affiliation,the Baruch College School of Public Affairs published on October 19, 2011 a study of 1,619 Internet Respondents in which 1/3 were older than the age of 35, half were employed full-time, 13% were unemployed and 13% earned over $75,000. When given the option of Democrat, Republican or Independent/Other 27.3% of the respondents called themselves registered as Democrats, 2.4% registered as Republicans; furthermore, there were 70% who were registered as "no party affiliation". A survey by Fordham University Department of Political Science confirmed into detail that the political affiliation of the protesters were: 25% Democrats, 2% Republican, 11% Socialist, 11% Green Party, 12% Other and 39% who reported no party affiliation. Ideologically, Forham University surveyed found 80% of the protesters self-identifying themselves as "slightly" to "extremely" Leftist, 15% as Centrist, and 6% as "slightly" to "extremely" Conservative. Racially, the majority of protesters as surveyed are supposedly of Anglo descent as in Western European or White, with one study based on survey responses at OccupyWallStreet.org reporting: 81.2% White, 6.8% Hispanic, 2.8% Asian, 1.6% Black or 7.6% identifying "other" as in bi-racial.

Organization

The New York City General Assembly (NYCGA), held every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at 7:00 PM Eastern is the main movement decision-making body, and provides much of the leadership and executive function for the protesters. At its meetings, the various movement committees discuss their thoughts and needs and the meetings are open to the public for both attendance and informal dialogue. The meetings are without formal leadership, although certain members routinely act as moderators with no intent of establishing a central authority. Regular participants of these meetings comment upon committee proposals using a process called a "stack", which is a queue of speakers that anyone can engage in. New York State uses what is called a progressive stack in which people from marginalized groups then are sometimes allowed to speak before people from dominant groups with facilitator's or stack-keepers urging speakers to "step forward or to step back" based on which group they belong to; this is meaning that women and minorities may move to the front of the line while white men must often wait for a turn to speak. This is often characterized in the general public as a racist sentiment or undertone.

"Part-Time" volunteers of the movement participate loosely so that those who are not in attendance can be kept up-to-date based off what the regulars have discussed in dialogues. In addition to the over 70 working groups that perform much of the daily work and planning for the movement, the organizational structure included, "spokes councils" in which is a volunteer participation effort. Although with the perception of a movement with no leadership, leaders have emerged and failed to unite the movement. A facilitator of some of the movement's more contentious discussions, Nicole Carty states that “usually when we think of leadership, we think of authority, but nobody has authority here,” - “People lead by example, stepping up when they need to and stepping back when they need to.” According to Fordham University Communications Professor, Paul Levinson, this movement and similar movements symbolize another rise of a direct democracy that, according him, has not been successful in thousands of years.

Finance

During the beginning weeks of the park encampment it was reported that most of OWS funding was coming from donors with incomes in the $50,000 to $100,000 range, and the median donation was $22. During the period that protesters were encamped in the park the funds were being used to purchase food and other necessities and to bail out fellow protesters. With the closure of the park to overnight camping on November 15, 2011, the protesters supposed finance committee stated they would initiate a process to streamline the movement and re-evaluate their budget and eliminate or merge some of the "working groups" they no longer needed on a day-to-day basis. As of March 9, 2012, the Occupy Wall Street Movement in New York City has been reported of suffering losses in attention funding for their activities; it is reported by Reuters that the Occupy Wall Street Accounting Group has given a message to Occupy Advocates that they only have less than 50,000 USD in the general funds, and that by the end of the month there won't be essentially a single dime to fund the movement in the future.

Crime

On October 11, 2011, it has been reported that the movement's protesters staying in Zuccotti Park were dealing problematic security concerns with reports of multiple incidents of assault, drug dealing, drug use and sexual assault. In addition, the protesters have been reported for robbery of assorted items such as cell phones, laptops, thieves and also $2500 of donations that were stored in a makeshift kitchen. Moreover, in November 2011, there was a report that a man was arrested for breaking an Emergency Medical Technician's leg. Police Commissioner, Paul Browne publicly reported that the protesters delayed reporting the crime; He later stated that it was the movement's protocol not to report such incidents to the police until there were three complaints against the same individual. In response, the protesters denied the idea of an "three strikes policy" and one protester told the New York Daily News that he had heard police respond to an unspecified complaint by saying, "You need to deal with that yourselves".

After several weeks of protesting, a group of protesters has had enough of the allegations of sexual assault and gropings that women-only sleeping tents were set up. Supposed leaders of the movement released a statement regarding the sexual assaults stating, "as individuals and as a community, we have the responsibility and the opportunity to create an alternative to this culture of violence, We are working for an OWS and a world in which survivors are respected and supported unconditionally... We are redoubling our efforts to raise awareness about sexual violence. This includes taking preventative measures such as encouraging healthy relationship dynamics and consent practices that can help to limit harm.”

Throughout this movement's peak, there have been anti-Semitic messages reports during its demonstrations, as Jews were blamed for the turmoil in America's financial markets. It is reported that there is and remains to be anti-Israel signs being raised and often praised against what the protesters try to justify as, "Israel's Occupation of Gaza". This behavior has crossed outside of New York City to other similar protests mirroring Occupy Wall Street like, the Occupy Boston Movement where protesters marched to a building that houses the Israeli consulate, and rudely held a brief sit-in in the building’s lobby.

Responses

Leftist Media Collaboration

It is speculated that media outlets that hold to political leftist views, and those who advocate for the Democratic Party is willfully covering up the violence, in this case vandalism, and hate speech that has and remains to spreading throughout the movement. Countering the lack of coverage of certain details, media outlets that hold to political rightist views, and those who tend to lean to the Republican Party has documented more than three direct or indirect incidents of the movement's unethical and essentially un-American behavior. A host of criticisms coming from the right has approached onto the surface in revealing the "true nature" of the movement; for instance, Andrew Breitbart's Big Journalism Website shows emails from well-known mainstream media elites trying to facilitate a message for the protesters, insisting on demands so as to further report on the movement. To add, Rush Limbaugh, a radio personality, states the numbers of protesters involved in the protest are unusually small but remains to be troubling for the mainstream media to handle. This is a rhetorical approach in stating that the mainstream media is doing a poor job at their percieved propaganda. Furthermore, The Daily Caller has been and remains to report that a host of recent government-funded networks like, NPR and their journalist namely, Lisa Simeone has emerged as an unofficial spokesperson for the Washington D.C Movement, mirroring Occupy Wall Street. Consequently by speculation, the New York Times reporter, Natasha Lennard is not merely covering the protests but is also taking part in planning and alleging executing them. Lastly, a number of other mainstream outlets like ABC and CBS have reported stories or executed segments about the movement within the first first days it started but compared to the Tea Party Movement, they fall substantially short which resulted in conspiracy theories, excessive political rhetoric and deeper criticisms of leftist or leftist leaning media outlets.

See Also

References

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• Occupy Movement in the United States
• Protests in the United States