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Revision as of 15:23, 24 May 2012 by Zanhe (talk | contribs) (features of ancient Yue language)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)| Jinhui dialect | |
|---|---|
| Dônđäc | |
| 偒傣 | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Fengxian District, Shanghai |
| Ethnicity | Han Chinese |
| Native speakers | 100,000 (2012) |
| Language family | Sino-Tibetan |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Jinhui dialect (Chinese: 金汇方言), also known as Dônđäc (Dônđäc Fengxian Wu; Chinese: 偒傣; pinyin: Dàngdǎi), is a dialect of Wu Chinese spoken in the town of Jinhui in Shanghai's suburban Fengxian District. It has about 100,000 native speakers. Jinhui is located near the border of the ancient states of Wu and Yue, and the dialect has preserved many special features of the ancient language of the Baiyue people.
Dônđäc has 20 vowel qualities, which is the largest vowel quality inventory in the world, and it also ranks highest in overall phonemic diversity among all languages studied in a research published in the journal Science.
Phonology
Jinhui has 20 vowels, compared with 7 in Standard Mandarin:
| i | y | e | ø | ɛ | ɑ | ɯ | ɔ | o | u | |
| ɪ | ʏ | ʌ | œ | æ | a | ə | ɒ | ɵ | — | ɿ |
These are the only finals in Jinhui: glottal stop, and historical nasal stops reduced to nasalization.
There is also a 'buzzing' vowel /ɿ/ and a rhotic vowel /ɚ/ which occur in restricted environments, as well as syllabic nasals /ŋ̍ m̩/.
Jinhui also has a large number of consonants, including glottalized stops and a palatalized series:
| m mʲ |
n nʲ |
ŋ | |||
| pʰ b ˀb pʰʲ bʲ ˀbʲ |
tʰ d ˀd tʰʲ dʲ ˀdʲ |
tsʰ ts dz tɕʰ tɕ dʑ ˀɟ |
kʰ ɡ | kfʰ ɡv | ʔ |
| f v vʲ |
s z ɕ ʑ |
h ɦ | |||
| l lʲ |
j | w |
The glottalized consonants are unique to Jinhui dialect and neighboring areas. Most distinctive is /ˀɟ/, found for example in 金 /ˀɟɪ̃˥˧/. There are other glottalized consonants, such as , etc., but these are predictable by the tone and so are not distinctive.
are phonetically unusual for a Chinese language; these, and the palatalized series, correspond to the Mandarin medial vowels -u- and -i-.
It is not clear how many phonemic tones Jinhui has. Of the eight traditional tones, one pair is found in checked syllables, and so not phonemically distinctive. All four pairs may depend on the voicing of the initial, as in other varieties of Wu, but the existence of suggests either that they are distinctive after sonorants, or that the consonant inventory is larger.
| ꜀平 Level | ꜂上 Rising | 去꜄ Departing | 入꜆ Entering | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| yin | ˥˧ 53 | ˧˧˥ 335 | ˦ 4 | ˧˥ˀ 35 |
| yang | ˨˧˩ 231 | ˩˩˧ 113 | ˨˧ 23 | ˨˧ˀ 23 |
There is also a 'light' (unstressed) tone, 2.
References
- ^ "奉贤金汇方言"语音最复杂" 元音巅峰值达20个左右" (in Chinese). Eastday. 14 February 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- "寻找人类语言巴别塔" (in Chinese). people.com.cn. 31 March 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ "金汇方言". Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
- Chuan-Chao Wang, Qi-Liang Ding, Huan Tao, Hui Li (2012). "Comment on "Phonemic Diversity Supports a Serial Founder Effect Model of Language Expansion from Africa"". Science. 335 (6069): 657. doi:10.1126/science.1207846. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Chuan-Chao Wang, Qi-Liang Ding, Huan Tao, Hui Li (10 February 2012). "Supporting Online Material for Comment on "Phonemic Diversity Supports a Serial Founder Effect Model of Language Expansion from Africa"" (PDF). Science.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)