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Pedro I of Brazil Pedro IV of Portugal
Emperor Dom Pedro I at age 35, 1834
Emperor of Brazil
Reign	12 October 1822 – 7 April 1831
Coronation	1 December 1822
Successor	Pedro II
King of Portugal and the Algarves
Reign	10 March 1826 – 2 May 1826
Predecessor	João VI
Successor	Maria II
Born	(1798-10-12)12 October 1798 Queluz Palace, Lisbon
Died	24 September 1834(1834-09-24) (aged 35) Queluz Palace, Lisbon
Burial	Monument to the Independence of Brazil, São Paulo
Spouse	Maria Leopoldina of Austria Amélia of Leuchtenberg
Issue	Maria II, Queen of Portugal Miguel, Prince of Beira João Carlos, Prince of Beira Januária, Princess of Brazil Paula, Princess of Brazil Francisca, Princess of Brazil Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil Maria Amélia, Princess of Brazil
Names Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim
House	House of Braganza
Father	João VI, King of Portugal
Mother	Carlota Joaquina of Spain
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Dom Pedro I (English: Peter I, 12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834), nicknamed "the Liberator", was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil. As King Dom Pedro IV, he reigned briefly over Portugal, where he also became known as "the Liberator" as well as "the Soldier King". Born in Lisbon, he was the fourth child of King Dom João VI of Portugal and Queen Carlota Joaquina and thus a member of the House of Braganza. When their country was invaded by French troops in 1808, Pedro I and his family fled to Portugal's largest and wealthiest colony, Brazil.

The eruption of the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Lisbon compelled his father to return to Portugal in April 1821, leaving him hehind to rule Brazil as his regent. Pedro I had to deal with the threats of revolutionaries and insubordinate Portuguese troops, all of which he subdued. The Portuguese government moved to revoke the political autonomy that Brazil had been granted since 1808 and it was met with widespread discontentment among Brazilians. Pedro I chose the Brazilian side and declared Brazil's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822. On 12 October, he was acclaimed Brazilian emperor and by March 1824 had defeated all armies loyal to Portugal. A few months later Pedro I vanquished the short-lived Confederation of the Equator, a failed attempt to secede provinces of the Brazilian northeast.

A secessionist rebellion in the southern province of Cisplatina in early 1825 and the subsequent attempt by the United Provinces of South America to annex it led the Empire into the Cisplatine War. In March 1826, briefly became king of Portugal before abdicating in favor of his eldest daughter, Dona Maria II. The situation worsened in 1828 when the war in the south ended with Brazil's loss of Cisplatina. During the same year in Lisbon, Maria II's throne was usurped by Prince Miguel, Pedro I's younger brother. Concurrently, a scandalous sexual affair with a courtier tarnished the Emperor's reputation. Other difficulties arose in the Brazilian parliament. A struggle over whether the government would be dominated by the monarch or by the legislature was carried over into debates from 1826 to 1831 on the establishment of the governmental and political structure. Unable to deal with the problems in both Brazil and Portugal simultaneously, Pedro I abdicated on behalf of his son, Dom Pedro II, on 7 April 1831 and sailed for Europe.

Early years

Birth

Pedro was born at 08:00 on 12 October 1798 in the Queluz Royal Palace near Lisbon, Portugal. He was named after St. Peter of Alcantara, and his full name was Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim. He was referred to using the honorific "Dom" (Lord) from birth.

Through his father, Prince Dom João (later King Dom João VI), Pedro was a member of the House of Braganza (Portuguese: Bragança) and a grandson of King Dom Pedro III and Queen Dona (Lady) Maria I of Portugal, who were uncle and niece as well as husband and wife. His mother, Doña Carlota Joaquina, was the daughter of King Don Carlos IV of Spain. Pedro's parents had an unhappy marriage. Carlota Joaquina was an ambitious woman, who always sought to advance Spain's interests, even to the detriment of Portugal's. Reputedly unfaithful to her husband, she went as far as to plot his overthrow in league with dissatisfied Portuguese nobles.

As the second eldest son, Pedro became his father's heir and Prince of Beira upon the death of his elder brother Francisco António in 1801. Prince Dom João had been acting as regent on behalf of his mother, Queen Maria I, after she was declared incurably insane in 1792. By 1802, Pedro's parents were estranged; João lived in the Mafra National Palace and Carlota Joaquina in Ramalhão Palace. Pedro and his siblings resided in the Queluz Palace with their grandmother Maria I, far from their parents, who they only saw during state occasions at Queluz.

Education

In late November 1807, when Pedro was nine, the royal family escaped from Portugal as an invading French army sent by Napoleon approached Lisbon. Pedro and his family arrived in Rio de Janeiro, capital of the Viceroyalty of Brazil, then Portugal's largest and wealthiest colony, in March 1808. During the voyage, Pedro read Virgil's Aeneid and conversed with the ship's crew, picking up navigational skills. In Brazil, after a brief stay in the City Palace, Pedro settled with his younger brother Miguel and their father in the Palace of São Cristóvão (Saint Christopher). Although never on intimate terms with his father, Pedro loved him and resented the constant humiliation he suffered at the hands of Carlota Joaquina. As an adult, Pedro would openly call his mother, for whom he held only feelings of contempt, a "bitch".

Early experiences of betrayal, coldness and neglect had a great impact on the formation of Pedro's character. A modicum of stability during his childhood was provided by his aia (governess), Dona Maria Genoveva do Rêgo e Matos, whom he loved as a mother, and by his aio (supervisor) friar António de Arrábida, who became his mentor. Both were in charge of Pedro's upbringing and attempted to furnish him with a suitable education. His instruction encompassed a broad array of subjects that included mathematics, political economy, logic, history and geography. He learned to speak and write not only in Portuguese, but also Latin and French. He could write, though not correctly speak, English and he understood German. Even later on, as an emperor, Pedro would devote at least two hours of each day to study and reading.

Despite the breadth of Pedro's instruction, his education proved lacking. Historian Otávio Tarquínio de Sousa said that Pedro "was without a shadow of doubt intelligent, quick-witted, perspicacious." However, historian Roderick J. Barman relates that he was by nature "too ebullient, too erratic, and too emotional". He remained impulsive and never learned to exercise self-control or to assess the consequences of his decisions and adapt his outlook to changes in situations. His father never allowed anyone to discipline him. While Pedro's schedule dictated two hours of study each day, he sometimes circumvented the routine by dismissing his instructors in favor of activities that he found more interesting. Charles Napier, who fought under Pedro's banner in the 1830s remarked that "his good qualities were his own; his bad owing to want of education; and no man was more sensible of that defect than himself."

First marriage

The prince found fulfillment in activities that required physical skills, rather than in the classroom. At his father's Santa Cruz farm, Pedro trained unbroken horses, became a fine horseman and an excellent farrier. On horseback, he and his brother Miguel exhibited great stamina and boldness. They enjoyed mounted hunts over unfamiliar ground, through forests, and even at night or in inclement weather. He displayed a talent for drawing and handicrafts. He arranged for a personal workshop where he applied himself to wood carving and furniture making. In addition, he had a taste for music which he inherited from his Braganza ancestors, and under the guidance of Marcos Portugal the prince became an able composer. He had a good singing voice, and was proficient with the flute, trombone, harpsicord, bassoon, violin and guitar, often using the latter to play popular songs and dances such as the lundu, modinha and fado.

Pedro's character was marked by an energetic drive that bordered on hyperactivity. He was impetuous with a tendency to be domineering and short-tempered. Easily bored or distracted, in his personal life he entertained himself with dalliances with women in addition to his hunting and equestrian activities. His restless spirit compelled him to search for adventure, and, sometimes in disguise as a traveler, he frequented taverns in Rio de Janeiro's disreputable districts. He rarely drank alcohol, but was an incorrigible womaniser. His earliest known lasting affair was with a French dancer called Noémi Thierry which resulted in a stillborn child. Pedro's father, who had ascended the throne as João VI, sent Thierry away to avoid jeopardizing the prince's betrothal to Archduchess Maria Leopoldina, daughter of Emperor Franz I of Austria (formely Franz II, Holy Roman Emperor).

On 13 May 1817, Pedro was married by proxy to Maria Leopoldina. When she arrived in Rio de Janeiro on 5 November, she immediately fell in love with Pedro, who was far more charming and attractive than she had been led to expect. After "years under a tropical sun, his complexion was still light, his cheeks rosy." The 19-year-old prince was handsome, a little above average in height, had bright dark eyes and dark brown hair. "His good appearance", said historian Neill Macaulay, "owned much to his bearing, proud and erect even at an awkward age, and his grooming, which was impeccable. Habitually neat and clean, he had taken to the Brazilian custom of bathing often." The Nuptial Mass, with the ratification of the vows previously taken by proxy, occurred the following day. Seven children resulted from this marriage: Maria (later Queen Dona Maria II of Portugal), Miguel, João, Januária, Paula, Francisca and Pedro (later Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil).

Independence of Brazil

Liberal Revolution of 1820

On 17 October 1820, news arrived that the military garrisons in Portugal had mutinied, leading to what became known as the Liberal Revolution of 1820. The military formed a provisional government, supplanting the regency appointed by João VI, and summoned the Cortes—the centuries-old Portuguese Parliament, this time democratically elected with the aim of creating a national Constitution. Pedro was surprised when his father not only asked for his advice, but also decided to send him to Portugal to rule as regent on his behalf and to placate the revolutionaries. The prince was never educated to rule and had previously had been allowed no participation in state affairs. The role that was his by birthright was instead filled by his elder sister Dona Maria Teresa: rather than Pedro, it was upon her that João VI had relied for advice, and it was she who had been given membership in the Council of State.

Pedro was regarded with suspicion by his father and by the king's close advisers, all of whom clung to the principles of absolute monarchy. By contrast, the prince was a well-known, staunch supporter of liberalism and of constitutional representative monarchy. He had read the works of Voltaire, Benjamin Constant, Gaetano Filangieri and Edmund Burke. Even his wife Leopoldina remarked, "My husband, God help us, loves the new ideas." João VI feared that once in Portugal, Pedro was to be acclaimed king by the revolutionaries and postponed his departure for as long as possible.

On 26 February 1821, Portuguese troops stationed in Rio de Janeiro mutinied. Although safely ensconced a few miles from the city at São Cristóvão, neither João VI nor his government made any move against the mutinous units. Pedro decided to act on his own and rode to meet the rebels. He negotiated with them and convinced his father to accept their demands, which included naming a new cabinet and making an oath of obedience to the forthcoming Portuguese Constitution. On 21 April, the parish electors of Rio de Janeiro met at the Merchants' Exchange to elect their representatives to the Cortes. A small group of agitators seized the meeting and formed a revolutionary government. Again, João VI and his ministers remained passive, and the monarch was about to accept the revolutionaries' demands when Pedro took the initiative and sent army troops to reestablish order at the Merchants' Exchange. Under pressure from the Cortes, João VI and his family departed for Portugal on 26 April, leaving behind Pedro and Maria Leopoldina. Two days before he embarked, the King warned his son: "Pedro, if Brazil breaks away, let it rather do so for you, who will respect me, than for one of those adventurers."

Independence or Death

Pedro was a simple man, both in habits and in dealing with others. Except on solemn occasions when he donned court dress, his daily attire consisted solely of white cotton trousers with a striped, cotton-brimmed straw hat on his head. He would frequently take time to engage in conversation with people on the street, noting their concerns. At the outset of his regency, Pedro promulgated decrees that guaranteed personal and property rights. He also reduced government expenditures and taxes. Property owners were protected from having their lands confiscated, and no citizen could thenceforth be arrested without a written warrant, unless caught in the process of committing a crime. Suspects could no longer be held for more than 48 hours without being charged and were entitled to representation. The use of torture, secret trials, and inhumane restraints were also abolished. Even the revolutionaries arrested in the Merchants' Exchange incident were set free.

On 5 June, army troops under Portuguese lieutenant general Jorge Avilez (later Count of Avilez) mutinied, demanding that Pedro should take an oath to uphold the Portuguese Constitution after it was ennacted. As he had done on the previous 26 February, the Prince personally rode out alone to intervene with the mutineers. He calmly and resourcefully negotiated, winning the respect of the troops and succeeding in reducing the impact of the most outrageous conditions. The mutiny was a thinly veiled military coup d'état that sought to turn Pedro into a mere figurehead and transfer power to Avilez. The Prince accepted the unsatisfactory outcome, but he also warned that it was last time he would yield under pressure.

The continuing crisis reached a point of no return when the Cortes dissolved the central government in Rio de Janeiro and ordered Pedro's return. This was perceived by Brazilians as an attempt to again subordinate their country to Portugal—Brazil had not been a colony since 1815 and had the status of a kingdom. On 9 January 1822, Pedro was presented with a petition containing 8,000 signatures that begged him not to leave. He replied, "Since it is for the good of all and the general happiness of the Nation, I am willing. Tell the people that I am staying." Avilez again mutinied and tried to force Pedro's return to Portugal. This time the Prince fought back, rallying the Brazilian troops (which had not joined the Portuguese in previous mutinies), militia units and armed civilians. Outnumbered, Avilez surrendered and was expelled from Brazil along with his troops.

During the next months, Pedro attempted to maintain a semblance of unity with Portugal, but the final rupture was impending. Aided by an able minister, José Bonifácio de Andrada, he searched for support outside Rio de Janeiro. The Prince traveled to Minas Gerais in April and on to São Paulo in August. He was warmly welcomed in both Brazilian provinces, and the visits reinforced his authority. While returning from São Paulo, he received news sent on 7 September that the Cortes would not accept self-governance in Brazil and would punish all who disobeyed its orders. "Never one to eschew the most dramatic action on the immediate impulse", said Barman about the prince, he "required no more time for decision than the reading of the letters demanded." Pedro mounted his bay mare and, in front of his entourage and his Guard of Honor, said: "Friends, the Portuguese Cortes wished to enslave and persecute us. As of today our bonds are ended. By my blood, by my honor, by my God, I swear to bring about the independence of Brazil. Brazilians, let our watchword from this day forth be 'Independence or Death!'"

Constitutional Emperor

In the months following 7 September, João VI was still recognized as the rightful ruler of the independent Kingdom of Brazil. Brazil's independence movement was not directed against the King, who was regarded as merely a figurehead dominated by the Cortes. The prince regent was only later persuaded to accept the Brazilian crown as emperor, not king. Pedro, however, made it clear that, if his father returned to Brazil, he would relinquish the throne. He was acclaimed Emperor Dom Pedro I on his 24th birthday, which coincided with the inauguration of the Empire of Brazil on 12 October. He was crowned on 1 December. His ascendancy did not immediately extend throughout Brazil's territories. He had to force the submission of several provinces in the northern, northeastern and southern regions, and the last Portuguese holdout units only surrendered in early 1824.

Meanwhile, Pedro I's relationship with Bonifácio deteriorated. Although the Emperor had once regarded him as a mentor, Pedro I began to chafe in the subservient position of neophyte to Bonifácio's role as schoolmaster. The situation came to a head when Pedro I, for reasons of inappropriate conduct, dismissed Bonifácio and his brother Martim Francisco de Andrada from their ministry portfolios. Authoritarian and abusive, Bonifácio had used his position to harass, prosecute, arrest and even exile his political enemies. For months Bonifácio's enemies had worked to win over the Emperor. While Pedro I was still Prince Regent, they had given him the title "Perpetual Defender of Brazil" on 13 May 1822. They also inducted him into Freemasonry on 2 August and later made him grand master on 7 October, replacing Bonifácio in that position.

The crisis between the monarch and his former minister was immediately felt within the Constituent and Legislative General Assembly, which had been elected for the purpose of promulgating a Constitution. A member of the Constituent Assembly, Bonifácio resorted to demagoguery, alleging the existence of a major Portuguese conspiracy against Brazilian interests—insinuating that Pedro I, who had been born in Portugal, was implicated. The Emperor became outraged by the invective direct at the loyalty of citizens who were of Portuguese birth and the hints that he was himself conflicted in his allegiance to Brazil. On 12 November 1823, Pedro I ordered the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly and called for new elections. On the following day, he placed a newly established native Council of State in charge of composing a constitutional draft. Copies of the draft were sent to all town councils, and the vast majority voted in favor of its instant adoption as the Constitution of the Empire. It was promulgated and solemnly sworn on 25 March 1824.

As a result of the highly centralized State created by the Constitution, rebellious elements in Ceará, Paraíba and Pernambuco attempted to secede from Brazil and unite in what became known as the Confederation of the Equator. Pedro I unsuccessfully sought to avoid bloodshed by offering to placate the rebels. Angry, he said: "What did the insults from Pernambuco require? Surely a punishment, and such a punishment that it will serve as an example for the future." The rebels were never able to secure control over their provinces, and were easily suppressed. By late 1824, the rebellion was over. Sixteen rebels were tried and executed, while all others were pardoned by the Emperor.

Crises within and without

Portuguese dynastic affair

After long negotiations, Portugal signed a highly unfavorable treaty with Brazil on 29 August 1825 in which it recognized Brazilian independence. Except for the recognition of independence, the other treaty provisions were at Brazil's expense, with no other requirements of Portugal. The treaty required the Brazilian government to pay an indemnity to Portugal. Compensation was to be paid to all Portuguese citizens residing in Brazil for the losses they had experienced, such as properties which had been confiscated. João VI was also given the right to style himself emperor of Brazil. More humiliating was that the recognition of independence was worded in such a way to imply that it had been granted as a beneficent act of João VI, rather than having been compelled by the Brazilians through force of arms. Even worse, Great Britain was rewarded for its role in advancing the negotiations by the signing of another treaty in which its favorable commercial rights were renewed and a convention in which Brazil was compelled to abolish slave trade with Africa within four years. Both accords were severely harmful to Brazilian economic interests.

A few months later, the Emperor received word that his father had died on 10 March 1826, and that he had succeeded him on the Portuguese throne as King Dom Pedro IV. Aware that a reunion of Brazil and Portugal would be unacceptable to Brazilians and Portuguese, he hastily abdicated the crown of Portugal on 2 May in favor of his eldest daughter, who became Queen Dona Maria II. His abdication was conditional: Portugal was required to accept the Constitution which he had drafted and Maria II was to marry his brother Miguel. Pedro I had envisioned this union since 1822, and had attempted to convince Miguel to return to Brazil. The Emperor wrote to him then: "There will be no shortage of people who tell you not to leave ... Tell them to eat shit. And they'll say that with Brazil seceding you're going to be King of Portugal: Tell them to do it again." Regardless of the abdication, Pedro I continued to act as an absentee king of Portugal and intereceded in its diplomatic matters, as well as in internal affairs, such as making appointments. He found it difficult, at the very least, to keep his position as Brazilian emperor separate from his obligations to protect his daughter's interests in Portugal.

Miguel feigned compliance with Pedro I's plans. As soon as he was declared regent in early 1828, and backed by Carlota Joaquina, he abrogated the Constitution and, supported by those Portuguese in favor of absolutism, was acclaimed King Dom Miguel I. As painful as was his beloved brother's betrayal, Pedro I's also endured the defection of his surviving sisters, Maria Teresa, Maria Francisca, Isabel Maria and Maria da Assunção to Miguel I's faction. Only his youngest sister, Ana de Jesus, remained faithful to him, and she later traveled to Rio de Janeiro to be close to him. Consumed by hatred, Pedro I began believing rumors that Miguel I had murdered their father and turned to focus on Portugal, trying in vain to garner international support for Maria II's rights.

War and widowhood

Backed by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (present-day Argentina), a small band declared Brazil's southernmost province of Cisplatina to be independent in April 1825. The Brazilian government at first took the secession attempt to be only a minor uprising. It took months before a greater threat posed by the involvement of the United Provinces, which expected to annex Cisplatina, caused serious concern. In retaliation, the Empire declared war in December, triggering the Cisplatine War. The Emperor traveled to Bahia province (located in northeastern Brazil) in February 1826, taking along his wife and daughter Maria. The Emperor was warmly welcomed by the inhabitants of Bahia. The trip was planned to generate support for the war-effort.

The imperial entourage included Domitila de Castro (then-Viscount and later Marchioness of Santos), who had been Pedro I's mistress since their first meeting in 1822. Although he had never been faithful to Maria Leopoldina, he had previously been careful to conceal his sexual escapades with other women. However, his infatuation for his new lover "had become both blatant and limitless", while his wife endured slights and became the object of gossip. Pedro I was increasingly rude and mean toward Maria Leopoldina, leaving her short of funds, prohibiting her from leaving the palace and forcing her to endure Domitila de Castro's presence as her lady-in-waiting.

On 24 November 1826, Pedro I sailed from Rio de Janeiro to São José in the province of Santa Catarina. From there he rode to Porto Alegre, capital of the province of Rio Grande do Sul, where the main army was stationed. Upon his arrival on 7 December, the Emperor found the military conditions to be much worse than previous reports had led him to expect. He "reacted with his customary energy: he passed a flurry of orders, fired reputed grafters and incompetents, fraternized with the troops, and generally shook up military and civilian administration."

The Emperor's visit to Rio Grande do Sul was brief, and he was already on his way back to Rio de Janeiro when he was told that Maria Leopoldina had died following a miscarriage. Unfounded rumours soon spread through the Brazilian capital which purported that she had died after being physically assaulted by Pedro I. The war, meanwhile, continued on with no conclusion in sight. On June 1828, Irish and German mercenaries mutinied in Rio de Janeiro. Discontented with the harsh conditions of military life in Brazil, the foreigners readily accepted bribes from the United Provinces to not only rebel, but to also capture the Emperor so that he could be held hostage as a bargaining chip. The mercenary mutiny was put down with much bloodshed. Pedro I relinquished Cisplatina soon afterward, in August, and the province became the independent nation of Uruguay.

Second marriage

Domitila de Castro took advantage of Pedro I's infatuation with her to advance the interests of herself, her family and friends. She maintained her hold over the Emperor by pandering to his ego which, along with furthering her own aims, derailed the political acumen he had previously displayed. As Domitila de Castro's influence became apparent, those seeking favors or to promote particular projects increasingly turned to her as a faster and more sure way to achieve their goals than to go through the normal, legal channels. The death of Maria Leopoldina opened his eyes. The Emperor greatly missed her, and even his obsession with Domitila de Castro failed to overcome his sense of loss and regret.

His relationship with Domitila de Castro began to crumble as he realized how miserably he had treated Maria Leopoldina, who unlike his mistress, was popular, honest and loved him without expecting nothing in return. One day Domitila de Castro found him weeping on the floor and embracing a portrait of his deceased wife, whose sad-looking ghost Pedro I claimed to have seen. Later on, the Emperor left the bed he shared with Domitila de Castro and shouted: "Get off of me! I know I live an unworthy life of a sovereign. The thought of the Empress does not leave me." He did not forget his children, orphaned of their mother, and was observed on more than one occasion holding his son, the young Pedro, in his arms and saying: "Poor boy, you are the most unhappy prince in the world."

At the insistence of Pedro I, Domitila de Castro departed from Rio de Janeiro on 27 June 1828. He had resolved to marry again and to become a better person. He even tried to persuade his father-in-law of his sincerity, by claiming in a letter "that all my wickedness is over, that I shall not again fall into those errors into which I have fallen, which I regret and have asked God for forgiveness". Franz II was less than convinced. The Austrian emperor, deeply offended by the conduct his daughter endured, withdrew his support for Brazilian concerns and frustrated Pedro I's Portuguese interests.

Because of Pedro I's bad reputation in Europe, due to his past behavior, princesses from several nations declined his proposals of marriage one after another. His pride thus wounded, he allowed his mistress to return, which she did on 29 April 1829 after having been away nearly a year. However, once he learned that a betrothal had finally been arranged, the Emperor ended his relationship to Domitila de Castro once and for all. She returned to her native province of São Paulo on 27 August, where she remained. Days earlier, on 2 August, the Emperor had been married by proxy to Amélie of Leuchtenberg. Despite her lower rank by birth, he was stunned by her beauty when the couple met in person. The vows previously made by proxy were ratified in a Nuptial Mass on 17 October.

Between Portugal and Brazil

Endless crises

Since the days of the Constituent Assembly in 1823, and with renewed vigor in 1826 with the opening of the General Assembly (the Brazilian Parliament), there had been an ideological struggle over the balance of powers wielded by the emperor and legislature in governance. On one side were those who shared Pedro I's views, consisting of those politicians who believed that the monarch should be free to chose his ministers, national policies and the direction of government. In opposition were those, then known as the Liberal Party, who believed that cabinets should have the power to set the government's course, consist of deputies drawn from the majority party and be accountable to the parliament. Strictly speaking, both the party that supported Pedro I's government and the Liberal Party advocated Liberalism, and thus constitutional monarchy.

Regardless of Pedro I's failures as ruler, he always respected the Constitution: he did not tamper with elections or countenance vote rigging; he did not dissolve the Chamber of Deputies and call for new elections when it disagreed with his aims; he did not postpone seating the legislature; he did not veto any projects of law or refuse to sign acts ratified by the government; he imposed no restrictions on freedom of speech. Liberal newspapers and pamphlets siezed on Pedro I's Portuguese birth in support of both valid accusations (e.g., that he much of his energy was directed toward affairs concerning Portugal) and false charges (e.g., that he was involved in plots to suppress the Constitution and to reunite Brazil and Portugal). To the Liberals, the Emperor's Portuguese-born friends who were part of the Imperial court, including Francisco Gomes da Silva who was nicknamed "the Buffoon", were part of these conspiracies and formed a "secret cabinet". None of these figures exhibited interest in such issues, and whatever interests they may have shared, there was no palace cabal plotting to abrogate the Constitution or to bring Brazil back under Portugal's control.

Another source of criticism by the Liberals involved Pedro I's abolitionist views. The Emperor had indeed conceived a gradual process for eliminating slavery. However, the constitutional power to enact legistlation was in the hands of the Assembly, which was dominated by slave-owning landholders who could thus thwart any attempt at abolition. The Emperor opted to try persuasion by moral example, setting up his estate at Santa Cruz as a model by granting land to his freed slaves there. Pedro I also professed other advanced ideas. When the Emperor declared his intention to remain in Brazil on 9 January 1822 and the populace sought to accord him the honor of unhitching the horses and pulling his carriage themselves, the Emperor refused. His reply was a simultaneous denunciation of the divine right of kings, of nobility's supposedly superior blood and of racism: "It grieves me to see my fellow humans giving a man tributes appropriate for the divinity, I know that my blood is the same color as that of the Negroes."

Abdication

Pedro I was contradictory in character as he was in many aspects of his life. He was good humored and easily laughed, but he could just as fast get anger. Maria Graham (later Lady Callcott), who worked in the palace in early 1820s, said that the Emperor was "subject to sudden explosions of violent passion," she wrote, "followed by a generous and frank civility, a readiness to do more than necessary to undo the ill that might have been done, or the pain that might have been caused in the moments of rage." A British diplomat made a similar comment: "The improvident measures adopted by the Government are the result of the fits of passion to which he gives way, but no man regret more than himself the quarrels ... when the fit is over."

"Against me they argue that I was born in Portugal. I thought that twenty three years of existence in this land, of which ten were dedicated to the public cause, had given me the right to be Brazilian", said Pedro I. Frustrated and disgusted by the Liberal Party's intransigence, he became unnable and unwilling to deal with his deteriorating political situation. Meanwhile, Portuguese exiles campaigned to convince him to give up on Brazil and fight for his daughter's crown. According to Roderick J. Barman in "an emergency the Emperor's abilities shone forth—he became cool in nerve, resourceful and steadfast in action. Life as a constitutional monarch, full of tedium, caution, and conciliation, ran against the essence of his character." On the other hand, the historian remarked, he "found in his daughter's case everything that appealed most to his character. By going to Portugal he could champion the oppressed, display his chivalry and self-denial, uphold constitutional rule, and enjoy the freedom of action he craved."

His desire to abdicate was openly revealed by him in early 1829. Upon his return from a trip with Amélie to Minas Gerais province in... he mentioned again his intent. He later discussed with the Council of State.

"I will do everything for the people and nothing by the people." "Here you have my act of abdication, I'm returning to Europe and leaving a country that I loved very much, and still love."

Return to Europe

War of restoration

"The era in which princes were respected solely because they are simply princes has ended; in the century in which we live, in which the peoples are quite well informed of their rights, it is necessary that princes should be and also should know that they are men and not divinities, that for them knowledge and good sense are indispensable so that they are the more quickly loved than respected. The respect of a free people for their ruler ought to be born of the conviction which they hold that their ruler is capable of making them achieve that level of felicity they aspire to; and if such is not the case, unhappy ruler, unhappy people."

Sailing from the Azores with a fleet of 34 vessels, Pedro entered Porto on 9 July 1832 without a fight. The Miguelist plan was to draw Pedro's forces into the interior, where they could be surrounded. At the battle of Ponte Ferreira, the liberals fought off the Miguelists, and withdrew back into Porto. In the subsequent weeks, the absolutists besieged the city. The siege of Porto lasted for a year; assaults by the Miguelists and attempted break-outs by the liberals were repulsed. Pedro took a risk and in June 1833 sent an expedition by sea to the ill-defended Algarve. This proved a war winning strategy as although the siege of Porto continued it became a secondary theatre of operations. Within a week, the Miguelist fleet was defeated at the battle of Cape Saint Vincent by the British admiral Charles Napier. In July 1833, Pedro arrived in Lisbon. This gave the liberals both of Portugal's major cities, Lisbon and Porto, where they commanded a sizeable following among the middle classes. In contrast, the absolutists controlled the rural areas, where they were supported by the aristocracy, and by a peasantry that was galvanized by the Church. Marshal Saldanha eventually broke the siege of Porto in August 1833, but by the end of the month Lisbon was under siege. Miguelist attacks on 5 and 14 September were repulsed; the liberal lines held. Saldanha broke the siege on 10 October 1833, and forced the Miguelists northeast toward Santarém. Maria da Glória was proclaimed Queen, with Dom Pedro as Regent. Pedro dismissed Miguelist ministers and clergy and appropriated church property. In early 1834, Saldanha defeated Miguelist forces at the battles of Pernes and Almoster. Liberal forces were victorious at the battle of Asseiceira in May, and entered Santarém on 18 May 1834.

On 22 April 1834 the Quadruple Alliance was drawn up. Portugal, Spain, Britain and France agreed to banish Dom Miguel from Portugal and Don Carlos from Spain. Spain committed to keep troops in Portugal until the end of the Portuguese Liberal Wars, Britain promised naval support for Dom Pedro and Isabella II of Spain, and Portugal agreed to supply an auxiliary force for operations against Don Carlos in Spain. By 27 May 1834, Miguel's officers were unwilling to risk a final battle after nearly two years of warfare, despite still having 18,000 men in the ranks. Miguel was induced to seek terms of capitulation and by the Concession of Evoramonte renounced all claims to the throne of Portugal and agreed to go into exile. Maria II's betrothal to Miguel was annulled, and she married her stepmother's brother, Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg.

Death

Pedro had finally put his daughter Maria da Gloria back on the throne but this would be his last act. He died of tuberculosis in Queluz, the palace of his birth, aged 35 at 2:30 pm on 24 September 1834. In 1972, his body was returned to Brazil and re-interred in the present Ipiranga Monument, while his heart remains, to this day, in the Church of our lady of Lapa in Porto, Portugal

Legacy

Titles and honors

Styles of Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil
Reference style	His Imperial Majesty
Spoken style	Your Imperial Majesty
Alternative style	Sire

Royal styles of Pedro IV, King of Portugal
Reference style	His Most Faithful Majesty
Spoken style	Your Most Faithful Majesty
Alternative style	Sire

Titles and styles

• 12 October 1798 – 11 June 1801: His Royal Highness The Most Serene Infante Dom Pedro, Grand Prior of Crato
• 11 June 1801 – 20 March 1816: His Royal Highness The Prince of Beira
• 20 March 1816 – 9 January 1817: His Royal Highness The Prince of Brazil
• 9 January 1817 – 10 March 1826: His Royal Highness The Prince Royal
• 12 October 1822 – 7 April 1831: His Imperial Majesty The Emperor
• 10 March 1826 – 2 May 1826: His Most Faithful Majesty The King
• 15 June 1831 – 24 September 1834: His Imperial Majesty The Duke of Braganza

As Brazilian Emperor his full style and title were: "His Imperial Majesty Dom Pedro I, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil".

As Portuguese King his full style and title were: "His Most Faithful Majesty Dom Pedro IV, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc."

Nobility

As heir to the Portuguese crown:

• Duke of Braganza
• Duke of Barcelos
• Duke of Guimarães
• Marquis of Vila Viçosa
• Count of Ourém
• Count of Barcelos
• Count of Faria and Neiva
• Count of Arraiolos
• Count of Guimarães

Honors

Emperor Pedro I was Grand Master of the following Brazilian Orders:

• Order of Christ
• Order of Aviz
• Order of Saint James of the Sword
• Order of the Southern Cross
• Order of Pedro I
• Order of the Rose

As King Pedro IV, he was Grand Master of the following Portuguese Orders:

• Order of Christ
• Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz
• Order of Saint James of the Sword
• Order of the Tower and Sword
• Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa

After having abdicated the Portuguese crown:

• Grand Cross of the Portuguese Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valor, Loyalty and Merit on 20 September 1834

He was a recipient of the following foreign honors:

• Knight of the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece
• Grand Cross of the Spanish Order of Charles III
• Grand Cross of the Spanish Order of Isabella the Catholic
• Grand Cross of the French Order of Saint Louis
• Knight of the French Order of the Holy Spirit
• Knight of the French Order of Saint Michael
• Grand Cross of the Austro-Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen

Genealogy

Ancestry

Issue

Name	Portrait	Lifespan	Notes
By Maria Leopoldina of Austria (22 January 1797 – 11 December 1826; married by proxy on 13 May 1817)
Maria II of Portugal		4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853	Queen of Portugal from 1826 until 1853. Maria II's first husband, Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg, died a few months after the marriage. Her second husband was Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who became King Dom Fernando II after the birth of their first child. She had eleven children resulting from this marriage. Maria II was heir to her brother Pedro II as Princess Imperial until her exclusion of the Brazilian line of succession by law no. 91 of 30 October 1835.
Miguel, Prince of Beira	N/A	26 April 1820	Prince of Beira from birth to his death.
João Carlos, Prince of Beira	N/A	6 March 1821 – 4 February 1822	Prince of Beira from birth to his death.
Princess Januária of Brazil		11 March 1822 – 13 March 1901	Married Prince Louis, Count of Aquila, son of Don Francesco I, ruler of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. She had four children resulting from this marriage. Officially recognized as an Infanta of Portugal on 4 June 1822, she was later considered excluded from the Portuguese line of succession after Brazil became independent.
Princess Paula of Brazil	N/A	17 February 1823 – 16 January 1833	She died at age 9, probably of meningitis. Born in Brazil after its independence, Paula was excluded from the Portuguese line of succession.
Princess Francisca of Brazil		2 August 1824 – 27 March 1898	Married Prince François, Prince of Joinville, son of Louis Philippe I, ruler of the Kingdom of the French. She had three children resulting from this marriage. Born in Brazil after its independence, Francisca was excluded from the Portuguese line of succession.
Pedro II of Brazil		2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891	Emperor of Brazil from 1831 until 1889. He was married to Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, daughter of Don Francesco I, ruler of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. He had four children resulting from this marriage. Born in Brazil after its independence, Pedro II was excluded from the Portuguese line of succession and did not become King Dom Pedro V of Portugal upon his father's abdication.
By Amélie of Leuchtenberg (31 July 1812 – 26 January 1873; married by proxy on 2 August 1829)
Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil		1 December 1831 – 4 February 1853	She lived her entire life in Europe and never visited Brazil. Maria Amélia was betrothed to Archduke Maximilian, later Emperor Don Maximiliano I of Mexico, but died before her marriage. Born years after her father abdicated the Portuguese crown, Maria Amélia was never in the line of succession to the Portuguese throne.
By Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos (27 December 1797 – 3 November 1867)
Isabel Maria de Alcântara, Duchess of Goiás		23 May 1824 – 1898	She was the only child of Pedro I born out of wedlock who was officially legitimized by him. On 24 May 1826 Isabel Maria was given the title of "Duchess of Goiás", the treatment of Highness and the right to use the honorific "Dona" (Lady). She was the first person to hold the rank of duke in the Empire of Brazil. These honors did not confer to her the status of Brazilian princess or place her in the line of succession. In his will, Pedro I gave her a share of his estate. She later lost her Brazilian title and honors upon her 17 April 1843 marriage to a foreigner, Ernst Fischler von Treuberg, Count of Treuberg.
Pedro de Alcântara Brasileiro	N/A	7 December 1825 – 27 December 1825	Pedro I seems to have considered giving him the title of "Duke of São Paulo", which was never realized due to the child's early death.
Maria Isabel de Alcântara Brasileira	N/A	13 August 1827 – 25 October 1828	Pedro I considered giving her the title of "Duchess of Ceará", the treatment of Highness and the right to use the honorific "Dona" (Lady). This was never put into effect due to her early death. Nonetheless, it is quite common to see many sources calling her "Duchess of Ceará", even though the title is not used "in official books, no registry of her title; also not mentioned in papers related to her funeral".
Maria Isabel de Alcântara, Countess of Iguaçu		28 February 1830 – 1896	Countess of Iguaçu through marriage in 1848 to Pedro Caldeira Brant, son of Felisberto Caldeira Brant, Marquis of Barbacena. She was never given any titles by her father due to his marriage to Amélie. However, Pedro I acknowledged her as his daughter in his will, but gave her no share of his estate, except for a request that his widow aid in her education and upbringing.
By Maria Benedita, Baroness of Sorocaba (18 December 1792 – 5 March 1857)
Rodrigo Delfim Pereira		4 November 1823 – 31 January 1891	In his will, Pedro I acknowledged him as his son and gave him a share of his estate. Rodrigo Delfim Pereira became a Brazilian diplomat and lived most of his life in Europe.
By Henriette Josephine Clemence Saisset (N/A – N/A)
Pedro de Alcântara Brasileiro	N/A	23 August 1829 – N/A	In his will, Pedro I acknowledged him as his son and gave him a share of his estate.

Notes

{{notes | notes =

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200. Barman 1988, pp. 136–138.
201. Macaulay 1986, p. 193.
202. Viana 1994, p. 476.
203. Macaulay 1986, pp. 195, 219, 221.
204. Macaulay 1986, pp. x, 193, 229.
205. Viana 1994, p. 445.
206. Macaulay 1986, p. 244.
207. Macaulay 1986, p. 243.
208. Calmon 1950, pp. 155–158.
209. Macaulay 1986, p. 174.
210. Macaulay 1986, pp. 216–217, 246.
211. Macaulay 1986, p. 215.
212. Lustosa 2006, pp. 129, 131.
213. Macaulay 1986, p. 214.
214. Lustosa 2006, p. 131.
215. Macaulay 1986, p. 108.
216. Lustosa 2006, pp. 128–129.
217. Sousa 1972, Vol 3, p. 109.
218. Sousa 1972, Vol 3, p. 117.
219. Macaulay 1986, p. 172.
220. Sousa 1972, Vol 2, p. 187.
221. Sousa 1972, Vol 3, p. 113.
222. Barman 1988, p. 156.
223. ^ Barman 1988, p. 157.
224. Barman 1988, p. 138.
225. Barman 1988, p. 159.
226. Macaulay 1986, p. 252.
227. Barman 1999, p. 40.
228. Costa 1972, pp. 177–180.
229. Costa 1972, pp. 180–181.
230. Costa 1972, pp. 182–184.
231. Costa 1972, pp. 187–191.
232. Costa 1972, p. 195.
233. Costa 1972, pp. 196–198.
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244. Barman 1999, p. 11.
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246. Barman 1999, p. 438.
247. Morato 1835, p. 17.
248. Morato 1835, pp. 33–34.
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250. Morato 1835, pp. 17–18.
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255. Viana 1968, p. 204.
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257. Rodrigues 1975, Vol 4, p. 22.
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261. Barman 1999, p. 148.

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• Barman, Roderick J. (1999). Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3510-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Branco, João Carlos Feo Cardoso de Castello (1838). Resenha das familias titulares do reino de Portugal: Acompanhada das notícias biográphicas de alguns indivíduos da mesmas famílias (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Calmon, Pedro (1950). O Rei Cavaleiro (in Portuguese) (6 ed.). São Paulo: Edição Saraiva. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Calmon, Pedro (1975). História de D. Pedro II (in Portuguese). Vol. 1–5. Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Carvalho, J. Mesquita de (1968). Dicionário prático da língua nacional ilustrado. Vol. 1 (12 ed.). São Paulo: Egéria. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Costa, Horácio Rodrigues da (1972). "Os Testemunhos do Grito do Ipiranga". Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (in Portuguese). 295. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional.
• Costa, Sérgio Corrêa da (1972) . Every Inch a King: A Biography of Dom Pedro I First Emperor of Brazil. Translated by Samuel Putnam. London: Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7091-2974-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Costa, Sérgio Corrêa da (1995). As quatro coroas de D. Pedro I. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra. ISBN 978-85-219-0129-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Dicionários Editora (1997). Dicionário de Sinônimos (2 ed.). Porto: Porto Editora. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Freira, Laudelino (1946). Grande e novíssimo dicionário da língua portuguesa. Vol. 2. Rio de Janeiro: A Noite. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2009). Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. ISBN 978-85-7302-963-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Lustosa, Isabel (2006). D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-359-0807-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Macaulay, Neill (1986). Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798–1834. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-0681-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Lima, Manuel de Oliveira (1997). O movimento da Independência (in Portuguese) (6th ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Lira, Heitor (1977). História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870) (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais: Itatiaia.
• Morato, Francisco de Aragão (1835). Memória sobre a soccessão da coroa de Portugal, no caso de não haver descendentes de Sua Magestade Fidelíssima a rainha D. Maria II (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Typographia de Firmin Didot. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Needell, Jeffrey D. (2006). The Party of Order: the Conservatives, the State, and Slavery in the Brazilian Monarchy, 1831–1871. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5369-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Rangel, Alberto (1928). Dom Pedro Primeiro e a Marquesa de Santos (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Tours, Indre-et-Loire: Arrault. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Palácio de Queluz (1986). D. Pedro d'Alcântara de Bragança, 1798-1834 (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Secretária de Estado. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Rodrigues, José Carlos (1863). A Constituição política do Império do Brasil (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Typographia Universal de Laemmert. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Rodrigues, José Honório (1975). Independência: revolução e contra-revolução (in Portuguese). Vol. 4. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Francisco Alves Editora.
• Saraiva, António José (2001) . The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese Inquisition and Its new Christians 1536 – 1765. Translated by H.P. Solomon and I.S.D. Sasson. Leiden, South Holland: Brill. ISBN 90-04-12080-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Sousa, Otávio Tarquínio de (1972). A vida de D. Pedro I (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio.
• Sousa, Otávio Tarquínio de (1972). A vida de D. Pedro I (in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio.
• Sousa, Otávio Tarquínio de (1972). A vida de D. Pedro I (in Portuguese). Vol. 3. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio.
• Viana, Hélio (1966). D. Pedro I e D. Pedro II. Acréscimos às suas biografias (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Viana, Hélio (1968). Vultos do Império (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Viana, Hélio (1994). História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república (in Portuguese) (15th ed.). São Paulo: Melhoramentos. ISBN 978-85-06-01999-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

External links

Media related to Pedro I of Brazil at Wikimedia Commons

v t e Empire of Brazil
General topics	History (Independence of Brazil, First Reign, Regency, Second Reign) Economy Nobility Provinces Units of measurement
Monarchy	Emperor of Brazil Pedro I Pedro II Brazilian imperial family Prince Imperial of Brazil Prince of Grão-Pará Prince of Brazil
Politics	Political instances Prime Minister General Assembly Moderating Power Others Constitution of 1824 Reverse parliamentarism
Military	Armed Forces Imperial Brazilian Army Military Academy Fatherland Volunteers List of generals Imperial Brazilian Navy Naval School List of ships Military Ranks Wars Independence War (1822–1824) Confederation of the Equator (1824) Cisplatine War (1825–1828) Ragamuffin War (1835–1845) Cabanagem (1835–1840) Platine War (1851–1852) Uruguayan War (1864–1865) Paraguayan War (1864–1870)
Slavery	Abolitionists Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil André Rebouças Joaquim Nabuco José do Patrocínio Luís Gama Francisco José do Nascimento Others Abolitionism in Brazil Netto Question Eusébio de Queirós Law Rio Branco Law Lei Áurea

v t e Brazilian imperial family
Forefathers	Queen Maria I* King-Emperor John VI* Queen-Empress Carlota*
1st generation	Emperor Pedro I* Empress Leopoldina* Empress Amélie
2nd generation	Emperor Pedro II Empress Teresa Cristina Maria II of Portugal* Januária, Princess Imperial and Countess of Aquila* Princess Paula Francisca, Princess of Joinville Princess Maria
3rd generation	Afonso, Prince Imperial Isabel, Princess Imperial Prince Gaston of Orléans, Count of Eu Leopoldina, Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Pedro, Prince Imperial
4th generation	Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará Prince Luís Princess Maria Pia Prince Antônio Gastão Prince Pedro Augusto Prince Augusto Leopoldo Prince José Fernando Prince Luís Gastão
Consorts are in italics - * member of the Portuguese royal family

v t e Monarchs of Portugal
House of Burgundy (1139–1383)	Afonso I Sancho I Afonso II Sancho II Afonso III Denis I Afonso IV Peter I Ferdinand I Beatrice I
House of Aviz (1385–1580)	John I Edward I Afonso V John II Manuel I John III Sebastian I Henry I Anthony I
House of Habsburg (1581–1640)	Philip I Philip II Philip III
House of Braganza (1640–1910)	John IV Afonso VI Peter II John V Joseph I Maria I with Peter III John VI Peter IV Maria II Miguel I Maria II with Ferdinand II Peter V Luís I Carlos I Manuel II
Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.

v t e Dukes of Braganza
Feudal Dukes	Afonso Fernando I Fernando II Jaime Teodósio I João I Teodósio II João II
Heir to the Throne	Teodósio Afonso Isabel Luísa João João Maria Bárbara Pedro José Maria Francisca José João Pedro de Alcântara Maria da Glória Pedro Carlos Luís Filipe
Claimant to the Throne	Miguel Miguel Duarte Nuno Duarte Pio

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• Brazilian monarchs
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