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House of Stewart (Stuart)
Armorial of the Stuart monarch for use in England, 1603 onwards
Parent house	Clan Stewart
Country	Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Ireland, Kingdom of France, Kingdom of Great Britain
Founded	1371
Founder	Robert II of Scotland
Current head	Extinct
Final ruler	Anne of Great Britain
Titles	High Steward of Scotland, Earl of Lennox, Duke of Aubigny, Earl of Moray, Marquess of Bute, King of Scots, King of England, King of Ireland, Queen of Great Britain
Cadet branches	Stewart of Appin Stewart of Ardvorlich Steuart of Ballechin Stewart of Castle Stewart Stewart of Darnley Stewart of Galloway

The House of Stewart, or Stuart, is a European royal house. Founded by Robert II of Scotland, the Stewarts first became monarchs of the Kingdom of Scotland during the late 14th century, and subsequently held the position of the Kings of Great Britain and Ireland. Their patrilineal ancestors (from Brittany) had held the office of High Steward of Scotland since the 12th century, after arriving by way of Norman England. The dynasty inherited further territory by the 17th century which covered the entire British Isles, including the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Ireland, also upholding a claim to the Kingdom of France.

In total, nine Stewart monarchs ruled just Scotland from 1371 until 1603. After this there was a Union of the Crowns under James VI & I who had become the senior genealogical claimant to The Crown holdings of the extinct House of Tudor. Thus there were six Stewart monarchs who ruled both England and Scotland as well as Ireland (although the later Stuart era was interrupted by an interregnum lasting from 1649–1660, as a result of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms). Additionally, at the foundation of the Kingdom of Great Britain after the Acts of Union, which politically united England and Scotland, the first monarch was Anne of Great Britain. After her death, all the holdings passed to the House of Hanover, under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701.

During the reign of the Stewarts, Scotland developed from a relatively poor and feudal country into a prosperous, fairly modern and centralised state. They ruled during a time in European history of transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. Monarchs such as James IV were known for sponsoring exponents of the Northern Renaissance such as the poet Robert Henryson, and others. After the Stewarts gained control of all of Great Britain, the arts and sciences continued to develop; many of William Shakespeare's best known plays were authored during the Jacobean era, while institutions such as the Royal Society and Royal Mail were established during the reign of Charles II.

Origins

Etymology

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The name Stewart derives from the political position of office similar to a governor, known as a steward. It was originally adopted as the family surname by Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland, who was the third member of the family to hold the position. Prior to this, family names were not used, but instead they had patronyms defined through the father; for example the first two High Stewards were known as FitzAlan and FitzWalter respectively. During the 16th century the French spelling Stuart was adopted by Mary, Queen of Scots when she was living in France. She sanctioned the change to ensure the correct pronunciation of the Scots version of the name Stewart, because retaining the letter 'w' would have made it difficult for French speakers. The spelling Stuart was also used by her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley; he was the father of James VI and I, so the spelling Stuart for the British royal family officially derives from him.

Background

The ancestral origins of the Stewart family are quite obscure—what is known for certain is that they can trace their ancestry back to Alan FitzFlaad, a Breton who came over to Great Britain not long after the Norman conquest. Alan had been the hereditary steward of the Bishop of Dol in the Duchy of Brittany; Alan had a good relationship with the ruling Norman monarch Henry I of England who awarded him with lands in Shropshire. The FitzAlan family quickly established themselves as a prominent Anglo-Norman noble house, with some of its members serving as High Sheriff of Shropshire. It was the great-grandson of Alan named Walter FitzAlan who became the first hereditary High Steward of Scotland, while his brother William's family would go on to become Earls of Arundel.

When the civil war in the Kingdom of England broke out known as The Anarchy, between legitimist claimant Matilda, Lady of the English and her cousin who had usurped her; King Stephen, Walter had sided with Matilda. Another supporter of Matilda was her uncle David I of Scotland from the House of Dunkeld. After Matilda was pushed out of England into the County of Anjou, essentially failing in her legitimist attempt for the throne, many of her supporters in England fled also. It was then that Walter followed David up to the Kingdom of Scotland, where he was granted lands in Renfrewshire and the title for life of Lord High Steward. The next monarch of Scotland, Malcolm IV made the High Steward title a hereditary arrangement. While High Stewards, the family were based at Dundonald, Ayrshire between the 12th and 13th centuries.

History

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Stewart of Stewart	Stewart of Albany	Arms of Stewart of Buchan Stewart of Buchan
Stewart of Barclye	Stewart of Garlies	Stewart of Minto
Stewart of Atholl	Stewart of Bute	Stuart of Bute
Stewart of Ardvorlich	Stewart of Physgill	Stewart of Rothesay

The sixth High Steward of Scotland, Walter Stewart (1293–1326), married Marjorie, daughter of Robert the Bruce, and also played an important part in the Battle of Bannockburn gaining further favour. Their son Robert was heir to the House of Bruce, the Lordship of Cunningham and the Bruce lands of Bourtreehill; he eventually inherited the Scottish throne when his uncle David II died childless in 1371.

In 1503, James IV attempted to secure peace with England by marrying King Henry VII's daughter, Margaret Tudor. The birth of their son, later James V, brought the House of Stewart into the line of descent of the House of Tudor, and the English throne. Margaret Tudor later married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and their daughter, Margaret Douglas, was the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. In 1565, Darnley married his half-cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, the daughter of James V. Darnley's father was Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, a member of the Stewart of Darnley branch of the House. Lennox was a descendant of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland, also descended from James II, being Mary's heir presumptive. Thus Darnley was also related to Mary on his father's side and because of this connection, Mary's heirs remained part of the House of Stewart. Following John Stewart of Darnley's ennoblement for his part at the Battle of Baugé in 1421, and the grant of lands to him at Aubigny and Concressault, the Darnley Stewarts' surname was gallicised to Stuart.

Both Mary, Queen of Scots, and Lord Darnley had strong claims on the English throne, through their mutual grandmother, Margaret Tudor. This eventually led to the accession of the couple's only child James as King of Scotland, England, and Ireland in 1603. However, this was a Personal Union, as the three Kingdoms shared a monarch, but had separate governments, churches, and institutions. Indeed the personal union did not prevent an armed conflict, known as the Bishops’ Wars, breaking out between England and Scotland in 1639. This was to become part of the cycle of political and military conflict that marked the reign of Charles I of England, Scotland & Ireland, culminating in a series of conflicts known as the War of the Three Kingdoms. The trial and execution of Charles I by the English Parliament in 1649 began 11 years of republican government known as the English Interregnum. Scotland initially recognised the late King's son, also called Charles, as their monarch, before being subjugated and forced to enter Cromwell's Commonwealth by General Monck's occupying army. During this period, the principal members of the House of Stuart lived in exile in mainland Europe. The younger Charles returned to Britain to assume his three thrones in 1660 as "Charles II of England, Scotland & Ireland", but would date his reign from his father's death eleven years before.

In feudal and dynastic terms, the Scottish reliance on French support was revived during the reign of Charles II, whose own mother was French. His sister Henrietta married into the French Royal family. Charles II left no legitimate children, but his numerous illegitimate descendants included the Dukes of Buccleuch, the Dukes of Grafton, the Dukes of Saint Albans and the Dukes of Richmond.

These French and Roman Catholic connections proved unpopular and resulted in the downfall of the Stuarts, whose mutual enemies identified with Protestantism and because James VII & II offended the Anglican establishment by proposing tolerance not only for Catholics but for Protestant Dissenters. The Glorious Revolution caused the overthrow of King James in favour of his son-in-law and his daughter, William and Mary. James continued to claim the thrones of England and Scotland to which he had been crowned, and encouraged revolts in his name, and his grandson Charles (also known as Bonnie Prince Charlie) led an ultimately unsuccessful rising in 1745, ironically becoming symbols of conservative rebellion and Romanticism. Some blame the identification of the Roman Catholic Church with the Stuarts for the extremely lengthy delay in the passage of Catholic Emancipation until Jacobitism (as represented by direct Stuart heirs) was extinguished; however it was as likely to be caused by entrenched anti-Catholic prejudice among the Anglican establishment of England. Despite the Whig intentions of tolerance to be extended to Irish subjects, this was not the preference of Georgian Tories and their failure at compromise played a subsequent role in the present division of Ireland.

Present-day

The Royal House of Stuart became extinct with the death of Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart, brother of Charles Edward Stuart, in 1807. Duke Francis of Bavaria is the current senior heir.

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Also, once he becomes king, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge will be the first British Monarch to have descended from Charles I for 300 years since Queen Anne, as his mother, Diana, Princess of Wales descended 5 times from the Stuart kings from the lines of both Charles II and James II.

List of monarchs

Monarchs of Scotland

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Portrait	Name	From	Until	Relationship with predecessor
	Robert II of Scotland	22 February 1371	19 April 1390	nephew of David II of Scotland who died without issue. Robert's mother Marjorie Bruce was daughter of Robert I of Scotland.
	Robert III of Scotland	19 April 1390	4 April 1406	son of Robert II of Scotland.
	James I of Scotland	4 April 1406	21 February 1437	son of Robert III of Scotland.
	James II of Scotland	21 February 1437	3 August 1460	son of James I of Scotland.
	James III of Scotland	3 August 1460	11 June 1488	son of James II of Scotland.
	James IV of Scotland	11 June 1488	9 September 1513	son of James III of Scotland.
	James V of Scotland	9 September 1513	14 December 1542	son of James IV of Scotland.
	Mary I of Scotland	14 December 1542	24 July 1567	daughter of James V of Scotland.

Monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland

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These monarchs used the title "King/Queen of Great Britain", although that title had no basis in law until the Acts of Union 1707 came into effect on 1 May 1707.

Portrait	Name	From	Until	Relationship with predecessor
	James VI of Scotland and James I of England	24 July 1567 and 24 March 1603	27 March 1625	son of Mary, Queen of Scots and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. King of Scotland alone, 1567—1603, until inheriting the titles King of England and Ireland, including claim to France from the extinct Tudors.
	Charles I of England, Scotland & Ireland	27 March 1625	30 January 1649 (executed)	son of James VI of Scotland & I of England & Ireland.
	Charles II of England, Scotland & Ireland	30 January 1649	6 February 1685	son of Charles I of England, Scotland & Ireland. In exile from 1649 to 1660, during a republican period of government known as the Commonwealth of England.
	James VII of Scotland and James II of England and Ireland	6 February 1685	13 February 1689	brother of Charles II of England, Scotland & Ireland, who died with no legitimate issue. Son of Charles I. Overthrown at the Revolution of 1688.
	Mary II of England, Scotland and Ireland	13 February 1689	28 December 1694	daughter of James II of England and Ireland & VII of Scotland, who was still alive and pretending to the throne. Co-monarch was William III & II who outlived his wife.
	Anne of Great Britain and Ireland	8 March 1702	1 May 1707	sister of Mary II. daughter of James II of England and Ireland & VII of Scotland. Name of state changed to Great Britain with the political Acts of Union 1707, though family has used title since James I & VI. Died issueless, rights pass to House of Hanover.

Patrilineal descent

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Patrilineal descent, descent from father to son, is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations – which means that the historically accurate royal house of the Stuart monarchs was the House of Stuart.

1. Alan, 'Dapifer sacrae ecclesiae Dolensis archiepiscopi Dolensis' . Steward of the bishops of Dol in Brittany.
2. Flaad fitz Alan, Dapifer Dolensis. At Monmouth in 1101 or 1102 and described as frater Alani Dapiferi
3. Alan fitz Flaad, Dapifer Dolensis. Founder of Sporle Priory.
4. Walter fitz Alan, Dapifer Regis Scotie. (c. 1110–1177) Walter son of Alan in foundation charter of the Cluniac priory of Paisley c. 1163.
5. Alan fitz Walter, 2nd High Steward of ScotlandDapifer Regis Scotie. (c. 1150–1204)
6. Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland, Senescallus Regis Scotie. (c. 1198–1241) Generous patron of Paisley Abbey and Justicier of Scotia i.e. Scotland, north of the Forth.
7. Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland, Senescallus Scotie. (c. 1220–1282) First to use new title Steward of Scotland. Called Alexander of Dundonald perhaps because he was born there. Defeated Haakon IV of Norway at Largs in October 1263.
8. Sir John Stewart of Bonkyl, 1246–1298
9. Sir Alan Stewart of Dreghorn, 1280–1333
10. Sir Alexander Stewart, d. 1374
11. Sir Alexander Stewart, d. 1404
12. Sir John Stewart, 1st Lord Aubigny, 1370–1429
13. Sir Alan Stewart of Darnley, 1407–1439
14. John Stewart, 1st Earl of Lennox, 1430–1495
15. Matthew Stewart, 2nd Earl of Lennox, 1472–1513
16. John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox, 1490–1526
17. Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, 1516–1571
18. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, 1545–1567
19. James VI of Scotland and I of England, 1566–1625
20. Charles I of Scotland and England, 1600–1649
21. Charles II of Scotland and England,1630-1685
22. James VII of Scotland and II of England, 1633–1701
23. Mary II of Scotland and England, 1662–1694 and Anne of Great Britain, 1665–1714

See also

• Jacobitism, for more on the House of Stuart and its decline
• John Barbour the first Stewart court poet and genealogist
• The family trees of the Stuarts: Scottish branch – England and Scotland united
• List of Scottish monarchs
• List of British monarchs
• Clan Stewart
• Corsehill Stewarton in Ayrshire and the Stuart connection.

Notes

1. titular claim rather than de facto
2. While the Earls of Galloway are the senior surviving line of the Stuarts, they descend from a line which originated from the second son of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland. They do not have any claims to English, Scottish, Irish and French thrones, but continue to be part of the British nobility—the legitimist Jacobite line ceased to be Stuart with the death of Henry Benedict Stuart.
3. The progenitor of the Stewarts (Stuarts) is Walter fitz Alan, himself a Normanized Breton.

References

1. Mackenzie, A. M., MA., D.Litt., The Rise of the Stewarts, London, 1935, pps.8 -9.
2. "J.H. Round: The Origin of the Stewarts: Part 1". MedievalGenealogy.org.uk. Retrieved on 13 November 2008.
3. ^ Bartlett, England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225, 544.
4. Lieber, Encyclopædia Americana, 30.
5. ^ King, The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign, 249.
6. Alleyne, Richard (7 April 2008). "Act repeal could make Franz Herzog von Bayern new King of England and Scotland". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 22 June 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
7. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
8. Descent from before Walter fitz Alan is from: fabpedigree.com Jamie Allen's Family Tree, and may be unreliable.
9. David, Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, p. 221
10. Barrow, The Kingdom of the Scots, p. 287
11. ^ Barrow, The Kingdom of the Scots, p. 314
12. Round, Studies in Peerage, p. 129
13. Round, Studies in Peerage, p. 123
14. ^ Barrow, Stewart Family, ODNB
15. Barrow, The Kingdom of the Scots, p. 321

Sources

• King, Edmund (1994). The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820364-0.

• Barrow, G. W. S. (2003), The Kingdom of the Scots, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-7486-1802-3
• Barrow, G. W. S. (2004), Stewart family (per. c.1110–c.1350), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49411, retrieved 11 October 2010
• Round, J. Horace (1901), Studies in Peerage and Family History, Westminster, London: Archibald Constable & Co Ltd

Further reading

• Addington, Arthur C. The Royal House of Stuart: The Descendants of King James VI of Scotland (James I of England). 3v. Charles Skilton, 1969–76.
• Cassavetti, Eileen. The Lion & the Lilies: The Stuarts and France. Macdonald & Jane’s, 1977.

External links

• Stewart Scotland on the official website of the British monarchy
• Stuart Britain on the official website of the British monarchy
• Jacobites on the official website of the British monarchy
• the official website of the Stewarts of Argyll

• Accuracy disputes from November 2007
• Articles needing cleanup from November 2007
• Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from November 2007
• Misplaced Pages pages needing cleanup from November 2007
• Use dmy dates from August 2011
• House of Stuart
• European royal families