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Comparison of programming languages

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The following table compares general and technical information for the most popular programming languages as determined by the TIOBE Programming Community index. Less popular programming languages may be added as well. SAS, PL/SQL, Visual FoxPro, and VB.NET are among the most popular and will be added as soon as possible. Please see the individual products' articles for further information.

Language General model of execution Influences Principal paradigm Typing discipline Introduced Popularity Usage trend


Ada Compilation Algol, Pascal, C++ (Ada 95), Smalltalk (Ada 95) multi-paradigm: concurrent, distributed, generic-programming, imperative, object-oriented static, strong, safe, nominative 1983 18 0
C Compilation Algol, B imperative, flow-driven static, weak 1973 2 -1
C++ Compilation C, Simula, Algol 68 multi-paradigm: imperative, object-oriented, generic static, weak 1980 3 +1
C# Compilation Java, C++ object-oriented dynamic, strong, both safe and unsafe, nominative 2000 7 0
COBOL Compilation ? ? ? 1959 15 -1
ColdFusion Compilation ? ? ? 1995 16 +9
Common Lisp Compilation Lisp, Smalltalk multi-paradigm: functional, object-oriented dynamic 1984 14 +1
D Compilation C++ multi-paradigm: imperative, object-oriented, generic ? 2000 19 +8
Delphi Compilation Pascal, Object Pascal multi-paradigm: imperative, object-oriented static, strong 1995 10 -1
Java Interpretation/JIT compilation/Dynamic compilation C++, Objective-C object-oriented static, strong 1996 1 +1
JavaScript Interpretation C, LiveScript multi-paradigm: imperative, object-oriented, functional dynamic 1995 9 +2
Mathematica Interpretation Lisp Multiple paradigms dynamic, strong 1986 >50 ?
Objective-C Compilation/JIT compilation C, Smalltalk object-oriented dynamic, strong 1986 49 ?
Perl Interpretation C, shell, awk, sed, Lisp multi-paradigm: imperative, object-oriented dynamic 1987 6 -3
PHP Interpretation Perl, C multi-paradigm: imperative, object-oriented dynamic, strong 1995 4 +1
Python Interpretation ABC, Perl multi-paradigm: imperative, object-oriented, functional dynamic (duck), strong 1991 8 0
Ruby Interpretation Smalltalk, Perl multi-paradigm: imperative, object-oriented, functional, concurrent dynamic (duck), strong 1995 20 +10
Scheme Interpretation Lisp, Algol 60 functional dynamic 1975 14 +1
Smalltalk JIT compilation Sketchpad, Simula object-oriented dynamic 1971 35 ?
Visual Basic Compilation QuickBASIC event-driven static, strong 1991 5 +1
Visual Basic .NET JIT compilation Visual Basic object-oriented, event-driven static, strong 2001 17 +11
  1. From the first column of the May, 2006 TIOBE Programming Community Index. Languages are ranked sequentially from most popular to least popular based on the world-wide availability of skilled engineers, courses, and third party vendors. Google, MSN, and Yahoo are used to calculate the rank. In determining popularity of a language, the language may include or exclude certain dialects or other languages. See what's included or excluded in the Exceptions and inclusions chart below.
  2. From the Delta in Position column of the May, 2006 TIOBE Programming Community Index. This number indicates the language's change in popularity over the last year. In determining the usage trend for a language, the language may include or exclude certain dialects or other languages. See what's included or excluded in the Exceptions and inclusions chart below.
Exceptions and inclusions
Exceptions and inclusions used in determining popularity and usage trend
Language Exceptions/Inclusions
Awk Included: awk, gawk, mawk, nawk
C# Included: C#, C-Sharp, C Sharp
ColdFusion Included: ColdFusion, Cold Fusion, CFMX, CFML
D Exception: "3-D Programming"
Delphi/Kylix Included: Delphi, Kylix
IDL Exception: "corba"
Lisp/Scheme Included: Lisp, Scheme
Python Included: Python, Jython, IronPython (Jan Persson)
T-SQL Included: T-SQL, Transact-SQL
Tcl/Tk Included: Tcl/Tk, Tcl, Tk
VB.NET Included: VB.NET, Visual Basic.NET, Visual Basic .NET, Visual Basic 2005, VB 2005
Visual FoxPro Included: FoxPro, Fox Pro, VFP
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