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Translation

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Translation, as some unfortunate individuals mistake it for, is NOT practically lining up words. It is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Whereas interpreting undoubtedly antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature; there exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2000 BCE) into Southwest Asian languages of the second millennium BCE.

Translators always risk inappropriate spill-over of source-language idiom and usage into the target-language translation. On the other hand, spill-overs have imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched the target languages. Indeed, translators have helped substantially to shape the languages into which they have translated.

Due to the demands of business documentation consequent to the Industrial Revolution that began in the m

  1. The Oxford Companion to the English Language, Namit Bhatia, ed., 1992, pp. 1,051–54.
  2. J.M. Cohen, "Translation", Encyclopedia Americana, 1986, vol. 27, p. 12.
  3. Christopher Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", The Polish Review, vol. XXVIII, no. 2, 1983, pp. 84-87.