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| Ciconiiformes Temporal range: Late Eocene to Recent | |
|---|---|
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| An adult Saddle-billed Stork | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Infraclass: | Neognathae |
| Order: | Ciconiiformes Bonaparte, 1854 |
| Families | |
Traditionally, the order Ciconiiformes has included a variety of large, long-legged wading birds with large bills: storks, herons, egrets, ibises, spoonbills, and several others. Ciconiiformes are known from the Late Eocene. At present the only family retained in the order is the storks, Ciconiidae.
Taxonomic issues with Ciconiiformes
Following the development of research techniques in molecular biology in the late 20th century, in particular methods for studying DNA-DNA hybridisation, a great deal of new information has surfaced, much of it suggesting that many birds, although looking very different from one another, are in fact more closely related than was previously thought. Accordingly, the radical and influential Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy greatly enlarged the Ciconiiformes, adding many more families, including most of those usually regarded as belonging to the Sphenisciformes (penguins), Gaviiformes (divers), Podicipediformes (grebes), Procellariiformes (tubenosed seabirds), Charadriiformes, (waders, gulls, terns and auks), Pelecaniformes (pelicans, cormorants, gannets and allies), and the Falconiformes (diurnal birds of prey). The flamingo family, Phoenicopteridae, is related, and is sometimes classed as part of the Ciconiiformes.
However, morphological evidence suggests that the traditional Ciconiiformes should be split between two lineages, rather than expanded, although some non-traditional Ciconiiformes may be included in these two lineages.
The exact taxonomic placement of New World Vultures remains unclear. Though both are similar in appearance and have similar ecological roles, the New World and Old World Vultures evolved from different ancestors in different parts of the world and are not closely related. Just how different the two families are is currently under debate, with some earlier authorities suggesting that the New World vultures belong in Ciconiiformes. More recent authorities maintain their overall position in the order Falconiformes along with the Old World Vultures or place them in their own order, Cathartiformes. The South American Classification Committee has removed the New World Vultures from Ciconiiformes and instead placed them in Incertae sedis, but notes that a move to Falconiformes or Cathartiformes is possible.
Some official bodies have adopted the proposed Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy almost entirely, however a more common approach worldwide has been to retain the traditional groupings, and modify rather than replace them in the light of new evidence as it comes to hand. The family listing here follows this more conservative practice. Bird taxonomy has been in a state of flux for some years, and it is reasonable to expect that the large differences between different classification schemes will continue to gradually resolve themselves as more evidence becomes available.
References
- ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr.; C. D. Cadena; A. Jaramillo; M. Nores; J. F. Pacheco; M. B. Robbins; T. S. Schulenberg; F. G. Stiles; D. F. Stotz & K. J. Zimmer. 2007. A classification of the bird species of South America. South American Classification Committee. Retrieved on 2007-10-15
- Sibley, Charles (1990). Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04969-2.
- Sibley, Charles (1990). Phylogeny and Classification of Birds. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04085-7.
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Animal Planet. "Wading Birds." Pet Guides and Wild Animal Guides:Animal Planet. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://animals.howstuffworks.com>. Boles, W. (n.d). A review of the Australian fossil storksof the genus Ciconia (Aves : Ciconiidae), with the description of a new species. Records Of The Australian Museum, 57(2), 165-178 Bryan, A., Brant, H., Jagoe, C., Romanek, C., & Brisbin, I. (2012). Mercury Concentrations in Nestling Wading Birds Relative to Diet in the Southeastern United States: A Stable Isotope Analysis. Archives Of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 63(1), 144-152. Daniel K. W. Chu; Connie Y. H. Leung; Gilbert, M. M. (n.d). Avian Coronavirus in Wild Aquatic Birds. Journal Of Virology, 85(23), 12815. Discipline. (n.d.). JSTOR: An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie. JSTOR: An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2423852?seq=12&Search=yes&searchText=morphology&searchText=ciconiiformes&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dciconiiformes%2Bmorphology%26gw%3Djtx%26acc%3Don%26prq%3Dciconiiformes%26Search%3DSearch%26hp%3D25 (1) EBSCO Publishing Service Selection Page - Ehost2. (n.d.). EBSCO Publishing Service Selection Page. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=3ef63263-f1ef-448e-a12e-946ab839e76f%40sessionmgr113&vid=2&hid=121 (2) EBSCO Publishing Service Selection Page - Ehost2. (n.d.). EBSCO Publishing Service Selection Page. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=4b22699b-f339-4c05-b520-b50d947772fe%40sessionmgr113&vid=2&hid=121 Goutner, V., Becker, P., Liordos, V., & Tsachalidis, E. (2011). Mercury in White Stork ( Ciconia ciconia) Chick Feathers from Northeastern Mediterranean Areas in Relation to Age, Brood Size, and Hatching Order. Archives Of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 61(2), 327-336 Meijer, H. (n.d). A new species of giant marabou stork (Aves: Ciconiiformes) from the Pleistocene of Liang Bua, Flores (Indonesia). Zoological Journal Of The Linnean Society, 160(4), 707-724.
External links
Data related to Ciconiiformes at Wikispecies
