This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Wtmitchell (talk | contribs) at 23:56, 11 December 2012 (Reverted edits by 66.168.82.36 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG (HG)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Revision as of 23:56, 11 December 2012 by Wtmitchell (talk | contribs) (Reverted edits by 66.168.82.36 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG (HG))(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)- This article is about the breast tissue. For the entomology term, see the glossary of Lepidopteran terms. For an artistic cloud motif, see aureola. For the cactus feature, see Areole.
| Areola | |
|---|---|
 Close-up of a human female breast showing the areola. | |
 Breast schematic diagram(adult female human cross section) Legend: 1. Chest wall 2. Pectoralis muscles 3. Lobules 4. Nipple 5. Areola 6. Duct 7. Fatty tissue 8. Skin | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | areola mammae |
| TA98 | A16.0.02.012 |
| TA2 | 7106 |
| FMA | 67796 |
| Anatomical terminology[edit on Wikidata] | |
In anatomy, an areola (/əˈriːələ/) is any small circular area on the body coloured differently from the surrounding tissue. The term is most commonly used to describe the pigmented area on the human breast around the nipple (areola mammae) but it can also be used to describe other small circular areas such as the inflamed region surrounding a pimple.
The plural of "areola", is "areolæ"/"areolae", which is pronounced /əˈriːəliː/ or /əˈriːəlaɪ/. "Areola" is the diminutive of Latin area, "open place".
Human mammary areola
Careful inspection of a mature human female nipple will reveal several small openings arranged radially around the tip of the nipple (lactiferous ducts) from which milk is released during lactation. Other small openings in the areola are sebaceous glands, known as Montgomery's glands (or glands of Montgomery), which provide lubrication to protect the area around the nipple and assist with suckling and pumping of the lactation. These can be quite obvious and raised above the surface of the areola, giving the appearance of "goose-flesh". This tissue, in addition to supporting the flow of milk, also bears the brunt of physical stress that the suckling involves.
Color
Another reason for its color comes from an abundance of two polymers: eumelanin (the brown pigment) and pheomelanin (the red pigment). The genetically-directed amount of these pigments determines the color of the areola. They can range from pale yellow or pink to dark brown or nearly black, but generally tend to be paler among people with lighter skin tones and darker among people with darker skin tones.
Additionally, it has been claimed that a reason for the differing color is to make the nipple area more visible to the infant.
An individual's areolae may also change color over time in response to hormonal changes caused by menstruation, certain medications, and aging. Most notably, the areolae may darken substantially during pregnancy — some regression to the original color may occur after the baby is born, though this varies between individuals.
Size and shape
The size and shape of areolae are also highly variable, with those of sexually mature women usually being larger than those of men and prepubescent girls. Human areolae are mostly circular in shape, but many women and some men have areolae that are noticeably elliptical.
The average diameter of male areolae is around 25 mm (1 in). Sexually mature women have an average of 38.1 mm (1.5 in), but sizes range up to 100 mm (4 in) or greater. Lactating women, or women with particularly large breasts, may have even larger areolæ.
Rated according to the Tanner scale of physical development, in stage four, the areolæ are raised. In stage five, they are no longer raised.
Diseases
- Paget's disease of the breast is a malignant condition that outwardly may have the appearance of eczema, with skin changes involving the areola and nipple.
See also
References
- OED 2nd edition, 1989.
- Entry "areola" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
- http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0007579
- http://health.yahoo.net/experts/breastcancer/what-color-your-areola-tells-about-you
- M. Hussain, L. Rynn, C. Riordan and P. J. Regan, Nipple-areola reconstruction: outcome assessment; European Journal of Plastic Surgery, Vol. 26, Num. 7, December, 2003
- ^ Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas; Tolles, Juliana (2011). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2011. McGraw-Hill Medical.
| Anatomy of the breast | |
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| Structure | |
| Other | |