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Brahmin (/ˈbrɑːhmɪn/ (from the Sanskrit brāhmaṇa) word represents a class or pillar (varna) of the human society represented by priests,and a caste/tribe. Brahmin class/pillar in Hindu temples is mostly drawn from the Brahmin tribe/caste, but is not limited to any particular tribe/caste. Members of Brahmin caste/tribe are not only Hindu priests, scholars in Hindu society in the Indian Continent, but also merchants, agriculturists, artisans and laborers, , , , .

While, members of the Brahmin tribe/caste, even in Uttar Pradesh where they are most numerous, constitute just 9 percent; in Tamil Nadu they form less than 3 percent and in Andhra Pradesh they are less than 2 percent.  Brahmin priests represent a fraction of the total Brahmin tribe/caste diaspora, .

According to ancient Indian scholars and philosophers, the global human society constitutes of four pillars (classes or ]), 1) the priestly and religious  class or pillar called Brahmin, because the priest is knowledgeable about Brahma (the God), and is responsible for religious rituals in temples and homes and is a person authorized after rigorous training in ] (books of knowledge) and religious rituals to perform the sacred rituals and provide advice and impart knowledge of God to members of the society and assist in attainment of ], the liberation from life cycle, .

A priest is responsible for religious rituals in temples and homes of Hindus and is a person authorized after rigorous training in ] and rituals to perform the sacred rituals, and as a liaison between humans and the God. In general, as family vocations and businesses are inherited in all societies, priesthood used to be inherited among Brahmin priest families, as it requires years of practice of ] from childhood after proper introduction to student life through a religious initiation called ] at the age of about five. , .

The Brahmin priest has to wake up at four in the morning and bathe in cold water, rain or shine, warm or cold. Then, without a break, he has to perform one rite after another: sandhyavandana, ], ], ], ] and one of the 21 sacrifices for hours with all the heat and smoke. Many are the vows and the fasts the Brahmin priest must keep, and many are the ritual baths the priest must take in a day. The ] require that the Brahmin priest adheres to the rules and rituals imposed on the priest not only during the performance of so many rites and rigorous discipline, but also every second of his life, because the Brahmin priest life is dedicated to God. The priest performing rituals, may have his first meal at 1 or 2 PM (and on the day of a ] (funeral)) it will be three or four PM). The Brahmin priest's vegetarian meal and dwelling are simple and humble. , .

The remaining classes/pillars of global human society, per ancient Indian philosophical tradition, being 2) the military class/pillar called the Kshatriyas (royalty & warriors); 3) the business class/pillar called the Vaishyas (traders, merchants,agriculturists etc.), and 4) artisan and laborer (blue collar) class the Shudras (artisans and others), according to the oldest Hindu scripture, the Rigveda, thousands of years of oral tradition finally written down during the Indus-Saraswati Valley civilization, in the Rigvedic era (1700 to 1100 BCE), .

The universal priest (Brahmin) class/pillar of the global society in general is different from the Brahmin tribe/caste into which a person is born, who may aspire and take up any vocation including the priestly (Brahminical) vocation, with certification in rigorous training in Vedas, ], ] and ] practices.  Migration from one class/pillar of the society to another is possible and allowed, but practically difficult due to competition from other castes/tribes that have historically controlled vocations in that pillar/class of the society, .

The four pillars of the society varnas therefore represent a continuing traditional classification of the global society derived from the pre-historic Proto-Indo-European social structure to modern American society. All Indians continue to self-identify themselves, even in modern times, as belonging to one of the four pillars. Out of these four varnas, the tribe/caste of Brahmins belonging to the Brahmin class/pillar/varna alone continue to self-identify themselves as such, in modern times. Brahmin caste/tribe is further divided into a number of sub-castes based on geographical residence, migration and vedic and other spiritual schools, while the other castes/tribes belonging to the remaining three pillars also multiplied in the similar lines, all the innumerable castes/tribes had by the 19th century more or less dissolved into the wider Hindu society due Islamic and Christian incursions and influences .

Brahmin priests were historically engaged in attaining the highest spiritual knowledge (brahmavidya) and adhered to different branches (shakhas) of Vedas<ref>http://www.vedah.net/manasanskriti/Brahmins.html</ref>. Brahmins have taken on many professions – from being priests, ascetics and scholars to warriors and business people, as is attested for example in Kalhana's Rajatarangini. An example mentioned in mythology is the sage Parashurama who is considered an avatar of Vishnu. Sage Parashurama is portrayed as a powerful warrior who defeated the Haiheya kshatriyas twenty one times, was an expert in the use of weapons, and trained others to fight without weapons. He is said to have established the Brahmins as landowners once he destroyed the Kshatriya race. These Brahmins, after having mostly abandoned their priestly functions (although some still perform), took to land-owning (Zamindar) as a profession.

However, certain persons, though very few in number, were born into other varnas but dedicated themselves to such an austere life that they were also recognized as Brahmins in ancient India (e.g., sage Vishwamitra, attained brahmavidya and is the seer of the Gayatri mantra was venerated as "Brahmarishi").

Historically, the semantic change from a tribal state into the Hindu state of the jati-varna matrix saw the conversion and absorption of tribals into the Brahmin class, through adoption of the priestly occupation. In medieval and colonial India, people in different occupations also proselytized themselves into Brahmins, upon becoming wealthy or gaining positions of power.

The priestly class is expected to practice self-abnegation and play the role of being the custodians of Dharma (as a Brāhman who is well versed in Vedic texts). However, the fee paid to the Brahmana for performance of a sacrifice as a return for the priestly duties was material consisting of valuables such as valuable garments, kine, horses or gold.

History

According to Purusha Sukta, a Rigveda hymn, brahmins were born from purusha's face.

• brAhmaNo asya mukhamAseet
• bAhoo rAjanya: krta:
• ooru tadasya yad vaishya
• padbhyAm shoodro ajAyata

Meaning:

• From his mouth came forth
• The men of learning
• And of his arms
• Were warriors made
• From his thighs came
• The trading people
• And his feet gave
• Birth to servants..

Poursheya Brahmins also known as Vishwabrahmin descedants of Lord Vishwakarma. They are divided into five rishis ; each clans's name is mentioned in the Yajurveda (4.3.3).

• Manu (Sanaga)
• Maya (Sanatana)
• Twasta (Abhuvana)
• Shilpi (Pratanasa)
• Vishwajnya (Suparna)

Aarsheya Brahmins are from ‘rishis’ they are known as ‘Saptarishi Brahmin descendants of Brahma also known as Manasa Putras

• Bhrigu
• Atri
• Angirasa
• Vashista
• Pulastya
• Pulalaha
• Kratu

Most sampradayas (sects) of modern Brahmins claim to take inspiration from the Vedas. According to orthodox Hindu tradition, the Vedas are apauruṣeya and anādi (beginning-less), and are revealed truths of eternal validity. The Vedas are considered Śruti ("that which is heard") and are the paramount source on which Brahmin tradition claims to be based. Śruti texts include the four Vedas (the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Samaveda and the Atharvaveda), and their respective Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads.

In 1931, Brahmins accounted for around 6% of the total population of India. Today, they comprise around 5% of the total population. In West Bengal the figures stand at 5%, whereas in Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar and Odisha the Brahmin population is quite near 10%.

Megasthenes writes, that Brahmins are, "philosophers who are first in rank but form the smallest class in point of number." He talks about the Brahmin Shramanas. Megasthenes also writes, "The philosophers are of two kinds: (I) Brachmanes and (2) Sarmanes. The Brachmanes are the best esteemed, for they have a more consistent dogmatic system."

Apart from clerical positions, Brahmins have also historically been ministers (known as Sachivas or Amatyas) in dynasties.

Clerical positions

1. Swami (Priest) - Purohita (performer for domestic ceremonies) and Rtvij (performer of seasonal ceremonies)
2. Acarya or Upadhyaya (Spiritual teacher)
3. Yogin
4. Tapasvin - Mendicant

Classification of priests
Pāṇini classes priests into four classes, according to the four Vedas, and then further describes priests subordinate to them.

1. Adhvaryu (of the Yajur Veda), and their subordinate priests are Pratiprasthata, Nestha, and Unneta
2. Udgatta (of the Rig Veda), and their subordinate priests are Prastota, Pratiharta, Subrahmanya
3. Hotr (of the Sama Veda) or chanter of invocations, and their subordinate priests are Maitra varuna, Achchhavak, Pota
4. Brahma (of the Atharva Veda), and their subordinate priests are Brahmanachhansi, Agnidhra, Gravastuta

Practices

Brahmins, basically adhere to the principles of the Vedas, related to the texts of the Śruti and Smriti which are some the foundations of Hinduism, and practice Sanatana Dharma. Vedic Brāhmaṇas have six occupational duties, of which three are compulsory — studying the Vedas, performing Vedic rituals and practicing dharma. By teaching the insights of the Vedic literature which deals with all aspects of life including spirituality, philosophy, yoga, religion, rituals, temples, arts and culture, music, dance, grammar, pronunciation, metre, astrology, astronomy, logic, law, medicine, surgery, technology, martial arts, military strategy, etc. By spreading its philosophy, and by accepting back from the community, the Brahmins receive the necessities of life.

Brahmins practice vegetarianism or lacto-vegetarianism which has been a custom for centuries, dating back to the pre-Christian era. However, some Brahmins inhabiting regions of Mithila, Assam, Manipur, Punjab, Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Odisha and Nepal, are non-vegetarian.

Male members of all Brahmin sects wear the Yagnopaveetham (Hindi:जनेऊ or sacred thread) that is a symbol of initiation to the Gayatri recital. This ritual is often referred to as Upanayana. This marks the learning of the Gayatri hymn. Brahmin sects also generally identify themselves as belonging to a particular Gotra, a classification based on patrilineal descent, which is specific for each family and indicates their origin.

The Mahanirvana Tantra declares:

The Brahmin, void of hate and attachment (to property), self controlled, truthful, the conqueror of his senses, fee of envy and of all guile, should pursue his own avocations. He should ever be the same to, and the well-wisher of, all men, and teach his well-behaved pupils as if they were his own sons. He should ever avoid falsehood, detraction, and vicious habits, arrogance, friendship for low persons, the pursuit of low objects, and the use of language which gives offense.

Brahmin communities

The Brahmin castes may be broadly divided into two regional groups: Pancha-Gauda Brahmins from the Northern part of India (considered to be the region north of the Vindhya mountains) and Pancha-Dravida Brahmins from the region south of the Vindhya mountains as per the shloka of Kalhana.

सारस्वताः कान्यकुब्जा गौडा उत्कलमैथिलाः। पन्चगौडा इति ख्याता विन्ध्स्योत्तरवासिनः || कर्णाटकाश्च तैलंगा द्राविडा महाराष्ट्रकाः। गुर्जराश्चेति पञ्चैव द्राविडा विन्ध्यदक्षिणे || (Saraswat, Kanyakubja, Gaud, Utkala and Mithila) Pancha Guada (Karnataka Telangaa Dravida Maharashtra Gurjarat) Pancha Dravida

Pancha-Gauda

सारस्वताः कान्यकुब्जा गौडा उत्कलमैथिलाः। पन्चगौडा इति ख्याता विन्ध्स्योत्तरवासिनः || (Saraswat, Kanyakubja, Gaud, Utkala and Mithila)

The Brahmins from Sārasvata, Kanyakubja, Gauda, Mithila and Utkala, who with passage of time spread to North East, East and West, were called Pancha Gauda. This group is originally from Uttarapatha (Āryāvarta). Pancha Gauda Brahmins are divided into five main categories:

Sarasvat Brahmins

• Saraswat Brahmin
• Kashmiri Pandits
• Goud Saraswat Brahmin
• Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin
• Rajapur Saraswat Brahmin
• Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahman
• Mohyal

Kanyakubja Brahmins

• Assamese Brahmins
• Kamrupi Brahmins
• Kanyakubja Brahmin
• Saryupareen Brahmin
• Sanadya Brahmin
• Bengali Brahmin
• Nepali Brahmins
• Goswami/Gossain
• Manipuri Brahmin
• Garhwali Brahmins
• Sakaldwipiya Brahmins

Gauda Brahmins

Mithila Brahmins

Utkala Brahmins

Pancha-Dravida

कर्णाटकाश्च तैलंगा द्राविडा महाराष्ट्रकाः, गुर्जराश्चेति पञ्चैव द्राविडा विन्ध्यदक्षिणे || (Karnatakaashcha Telangaa Dravidaa Maharashtrakaaha, Gurjarashcheti panchauva dravidaa vindhyadakshine)
Brahmins who live in south of Vidhya mountains are called Pancha-Dravida Brahmins and they are divided into following groups. Drava means Water in sanskrit. Peninsular area in India surrounded by water is "Dravida".

• Karnataka
• Telugu
• Dravida (Tamil Nadu & Kerala)
• Maharashtra
• Parts of Gujarat

Andhra Pradesh

Brahmins of Andhra Pradesh known as Telugu Brahmins are broadly classified into five groups: Vaidiki Brahmins, Niyogi, Dravida Brahmins, Vishwabrahmins, and Vaikhānasa.

Niyogis are further divided into the following subcategories: Nandavarika Niyogi, Prathama Shakha Niyogi, Aaru Vela Niyogulu, Karanaalu, Sistukaranalu, Karana kamma vyaparlu, Karanakammulu.

Maharashtra

They include the following : Chitpavan Konkanastha Brahmins, Deshastha Brahmins and Karhade Brahmins. During the days of Maratha India, these Marathi/Konkani Brahmins primarily served as prime ministers or Peshwas, apart from taking up military jobs and converged into the sovereign or the Chhatrapati of Satara. One of the notable Peshwa families is the Bhat family, who happen to be Chitpavan Konkanastha Brahmins. They took up military jobs and ended up being the de facto head of the Maratha Dynasty. Originally the Chitpavan held a low rank in the social hierarchy amongst Marathi Brahmins, however in modern times they enjoy the same social ranking with Deshastha and Karhade Brahmins, inter-marriages between these three communities is now very common.

Karnataka

Kannada Brāhmans(ಕನ್ನಡ ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಣ): The Brāhmans of the Carnatic, or the Canarese country. The Canarese area comprises Mysore State, and the British Districts of Canara, Dharwar and Belgaum.

• Tuluva Brahmins, which consist of Kandavara Brahmins, Karhade Brahmins, Padia Brahmins, Saklapuri Brahmins, Shivalli Brahmins, Smartha Shivalli Brahmins, Sthanika Brahmins, Padarthi Brahmins

Tamil Nadu

• Iyengar (sub-divided into Vadakalai and Thenkalai)
• Iyer (sub-divided further into Vadama, Vathima, Brahacharanam, Ashtasahasram, Sholiyar, Dikshitar, Kaniyalar, Prathamasaki)keasiya

Kerala

Kerala Brahmins include the following categories of Brahmins: Namboothiri Brahmin, Vishwa Brahmin

Vishwa Brahmin (Vishwakarma or Dhiman Brahmins) are born Brahmins. Vishwakarma acharya are divided into five gotras (or clans); each Rishi's name is mentioned in the Yajurveda (4.3.3)

1. Sanaga (Son of Manu (Shiva))
2. Sanatana (Son of Maya (Vishnu))
3. Abhuvana (Son of Tvashtha (Brahma of four faces))
4. Pratanan (Son of Silpi (Indra))
5. Suparna (Son of Vishvajna (Surya))

These VIshwakarma Rishi's were called as Pancha Rishi Brahmins or Pancha Brahmam. From these 5 Faces, Vishwakarma generations started and are the 100% Pure Brahmins as per vedas. The Vishwakarma community is spread widely throughout India and played a vital role in the village economy.

Vanshavali

"Kanyakubj Vanshavali" mentions five branches of Kanyakubja Brahmins as Saryupareen, Sanadhya, Bhumihar, Jujhautiya and Prakrit Kanaujia:

Saryupari Sanadhyashcha Bhumiharo Jijhoutayah
Prakritashcha Iti Panchabhedastasya Prakartitah

Utkala Brahmins

• Utkala Brahmin

The Sanskrit text Brāhmaṇotpatti-Mārtaṇḍa by Pt. Harikrishna Śāstri mentions that a king named Utkala invited Brahmins from the Gangetic Valley to perform a yajna in Jagannath-Puri in Odisha. When the yajna ended, these Brahmins laid the foundation of Lord Jagannath there and settled around Odisha, Jharkhand and Medinipur. The Utkala Brahmins are of three classes 1) Shrautiya (vaidika), 2) Sevayata and 3) Halua Brahmins.

Maithil Brahmins

• Maithil Brahmins

Maithil Brāhamaṇas, are a group of Brahmins typically originating from and living in and around Mithila, which is part of North Bihar. They are a community of highly cohesive, traditional Brahmins who strive to follow rites and rituals according to ancient Hindu canons. They have a reputation for orthodoxy and interest in learning. A large number of Maithil Brahmins migrated a few centuries ago to adjoining areas of South-east Bihar and Jharkhand, as well as to adjoining Terai regions of Nepal. Most of the Maithil Brahmins are Śāktas (worshippers of Śakti) . However, it is also not uncommon to find Vaishnavites among the Maithil Brahmins. Some surnames of Brahmins in Bihar include Shukla, Sharma, Mishra, Kissoon, Bhardwaj, Bhagwan, Choudhary, Jha, Bhatt, Kanojia, Kaileyas, Bhaglani, Pingal, and Lakhlani, amongst others. Maithili is their mother tongue, though many use Angika (a south-eastern dialect of Maithili) as their mother tongue.

Nepali Brahmins

Bahun is a colloquial Nepali term for a member of the Pahari or "Hill" Brahmin (ब्राह्मण) caste, who are traditionally educators, scholars and priests of Hinduism. They are also known as Barmu in Newari, Bavan in Kham. Brahmins are the second largest caste group in Nepal (12.18% of the population), with the Chhetri (Kshatriya) being the first (16.60%). Brahmins were inhabitants of Nepal in prehistoric times. In the ancient history devkota(`देवकोटा’ यो शब्दको विकास ‘संस्कृत' र यसको अपभ्रंस रूप 'देव:कोटी' हुँदै भएको हो।) is the root of the Brahmin (वाहुन) community. They divided into different Brahmin groups.

Brahmins (also Brahmans) have historically been a caste (one of the four varnas, according to The varnarasram system वर्णराश्रम पद्धति). The Brahmin castes may be broadly divided into two regional groups: Pancha-Gauda Brahmins and Pancha-Dravida Brahmins as per the shloka, however this shloka and many communities find their traces from sages mentioned in much older Vedas and puranas.

कर्णाटकाश्च तैलंगा द्राविडा महाराष्ट्रकाः,
गुर्जराश्चेति पञ्चैव द्राविडा विन्ध्यदक्षिणे
—
सारस्वताः कान्यकुब्जा गौडा उत्कलमैथिलाः,
पन्चगौडा इति ख्याता विन्ध्स्योत्तरवासि

Excluding Vaishya the indigenous janajati ethnic groups Gurung, Magar, Tamang, Rai, Limbu, Sherpa, Newar, Mananggay, Mustang-gi, Thakali, Dolpo, Walungi and similar ethnic groups comprise over 50% of the population of the Middle Hills, the Khas Bahun represent 31% of the Hindu population while the second-ranked Arya Khas Chhetri or Kshatriya and Thakuri castes who were traditionally rulers and soldiers make up another 42%. This Sudra leaves only 27% engaged in occupational castes such as blacksmiths, tailors/musicians, tanners/cobblers, potters, sweepers and goldsmiths. This top-heavy social structure contrasts strongly with that of Nepal's Terai plains and the adjacent territories of northern India. In Nepal, there are Kanyakubja Brahmins and Kumaoni Brahmin. Most of the Brahmin community in Nepal belongs to Kanyakubja Brahmins and rest are Kumaoni Brahmin. They moved northward and eastward along Uttar Pradesh of India , Western Tibet, the Himalayan foothills from Kashmir and Kumao/Garwal. They settled first in the Karnali River basin, then the Gandaki and finally the Kosi basin and into Sikkim and Bhutan.

There are references about Brahmins of Nepal in bansawali and purans. By tradition—and by civil law until 1962—they represented the highest of the four Hindu varna or castes. Bahuns from the "hills" have been represented disproportionately in Nepal's education system, political parties and civil service since the country was unified by Prithvi Narayan Shah and his heirs in the 18th century.

Very often, Khas Bahuns can be identified by their middle names being Dev (देव), Nath (नाथ), Mani (मणि), Raj (राज), Prasad (प्रसाद), Devi (देवी) or Kumari (कुमारी). They never use bahadur (बहादुर) in their names because it is associated mainly with Chhetris (Kshatriya) and "martial tribes".

The Audichya Brahmin community is connected with Parashurama (Bhargava-Gotra), and are said to have earned a good deal of confidence and respect among kings.

Gotras and pravaras

Brahmins classify themselves on the basis of their patrilineal descent from a notable ancestor. These ancestors are either ancient Indian sages or kshatriyas (warriors), who chose to become Brahmins. The major gotras that trace descent from sages are: Kaushikasa/Kausika, Srivatsa, Kanva, Jamadagni, Bhrigu, Bharadvâja, Kaundinya, Gautama Maharishi, Sandilya, Bhrigu, Vashista, Parāshara, Atryasa, Harithasa, Kashyapa, Shrotriya, and Agastya gotra. Other gotras are Mitra, Vishvamitra and Chaurasia gotra.

In general, gotra denotes any person who traces descent in an unbroken male line from a common male ancestor. Pāṇini defines gotra for grammatical purposes as 'apatyam pautraprabhrti gotram' (IV. 1. 162), which means: "the word gotra denotes the progeny (of a sage) beginning with the son's son". When a person says, "I am Kashypasa-gotra", he means that he traces his descent from the ancient sage Kashyapa by unbroken male descent. This enumeration of eight primary gotras seems to have been known to Pāṇini. These gotras are not directly connected to Prajapathy or latter brama. The offspring (apatya) of these Eight are gotras; and others than these are called 'gotrâvayava'.

The gotras are divided into three tiers of ganas, then into pakshas, and finally into individual gotras. According to the Âsvalâyana-srautasûtra, there are four subdivisions of the Vashista gana, viz. Upamanyu, Parāshara, Kundina and Vashista (other than the first three). The first has survived in the Bhrigu and Āngirasa gana. According to Baudh, the principal eight gotras were divided into pakshas. The pravara of Upamanyu is Vashista, Bharadvasu, Indrapramada; the pravara of the Parâshara gotra is Vashista, Madhukalya, Shâktya, Pârâsharya; the pravara of the Kundina gotra is Vashista, Maitrâvaruna, Kaundinya and the pravara of Vashistas other than these three is simply Vashista. Therefore some define pravara as the group of sages that distinguishes the founder (lit. the starter) of one gotra from another.

There are two kinds of pravaras, 'sishya-prasishya-rishi-parampara' and 'putrparampara'. Gotrapravaras can be ekarsheya, dwarsheya, triarsheya, pancharsheya, saptarsheya, and up to 19 rishis. Kashyapasa gotra has at least two distinct pravaras in Andhra Pradesh: one with three sages (triarsheya pravara) and the other with seven sages (saptarsheya pravara). This pravara may be either sishya-prasishya-rishi-parampara or putraparampara. Similarly, Srivatsasa gotra has five sages or is called Pancharsheya and are the descendants of Jamadagni. For a sishya-prasishya-rishi-parampara marriage it is not acceptable if half, or more than half, of the rishis are the same in both bride and bridegroom gotras. If it is putraparampara, a marriage is totally unacceptable even if one rishi matches.

Rishis

Due to the diversity in religious and cultural traditions and practices, and the Vedic schools to which they belong, Brahmins are further divided into various subcastes. During the sutra period, roughly between 1000 BCE to 200 BCE, Brahmins became divided into various Shakhas (branches), based on the adoption of different Vedas and different rescension Vedas. Sects for different denominations of the same branch of the Vedas were formed, under the leadership of distinguished teachers among the Brahmins.

There are several Brahmin law givers, such as Angiras, Apasthambha, Atri, Bhrigu, Brihaspati, Boudhayana, Daksha, Gautama, Harita, Katyayana, Likhita, Manu, Parasara, Samvarta, Shankha, Shatatapa, Ushanasa, Vashista, Vishnu, Vyasa, Yajnavalkya, and Yama. These twenty-one rishis were the propounders of the Smritis. The oldest among these smritis are Apastamba, Baudhayana, Gautama, and Vashista Sutras.

Descendants of the Brahmins

Many Indians and non-Indians(though they may have IndianItalic text relatives.) claim descent from the Vedic Rishis of both Brahmin and non-Brahmin descent. For example, the Dasharna and Nagas are said to be the descendants of Kashyapa Muni. The descent of Brahmins is generally indicated by the gotra, which refers to his patrilineage. It is indicated by the name of the 'great sage' to whose descent the Brahmin is said to belong.

• The Kani tribe of South India claim to descend from Agastya Muni.
• The Gondhali, Kanet, Bhot, Lohar, Dagi, and Hessis claim to be from Renuka Devi.
• The Kasi Kapadi Sudras claim to originate from the Brahmin Sukradeva. Their duty was to transfer water to the sacred city of Kashi.
• The Padmashali, a Telugu-speaking weaver caste, claim that they descended from Maharishi Markandeya, a Brahmin devotee of Lord Shiva who wrote the Markandeya Purana. Maharishi Markandeya is from the Bhrigu clan.
• The Saini of Rajasthan (gardener) claim in one of their stories that they descended from a Brahmin and call themselves Parpadh Brahman, which in course of time became Phulmali.
• Dadheech Brahmins/dayama Brahmin trace their roots from Dadhichi Rishi. Many Jat clans claim to descend from Dadhichi Rishi while the Dudi Jats claim to be in the lineage of Duda Rishi.

• The (so-called) backward caste Matangs claim to descend from Matang Muni, who became a Brahmin through his karma.
• According to one legend, the nomadic tribe of Kerala, the Kakkarissi, were descendants of a Brahmin who came out of the mouth of Garuda, the vehicle of Lord Vishnu.
• The Roman Catholic Brahmin caste among the Goan Catholics and Mangalorean Catholics are descended from Konkani Brahmins who converted to Roman Catholicism during the Portuguese colonial rule in Goa.

Brahmin taking up other duties

Brahmins have taken on many professions - from being priests, ascetics and scholars and doctors to warriors and business people, as is attested for example in Kalhana's Rajatarangini. Many brahmins took up the profession of medicine. There are Vaidya brahmins (called Baidya Brahmins) in Bengal , described mythically as descendants of Dhanavantari, the god of medicine and father of Ayurveda. Brahmins with the qualities of Kshatriyas are known as 'Brahmakshatriyas'. An example is the avatara Parashurama who is considered an avataram of Vishnu. Sage Parashurama was a powerful warrior who had defeated the Haiheya kshatriyas twenty one times, was an expert in the use of weapons, and trained others to fight without weapons. The Bhumihar Brahmins were established when Parashurama destroyed the Kshatriya race, and he set up in their place the descendants of Brahmins, who, after a time, having mostly abandoned their priestly functions (although some still perform), took to land-owning.

The Brahmakhatris caste, descendants of the Khatris, however, are a business caste/community of Punjab and belong to the Vaishya caste. Khatri has often been misinterpreted as a variation of the word Kshatriya, meaning warrior, however there are no records of any Khatri kingdoms or empires in Indian history and this claim to Kshatriya is recently made in the 20th century.

Perhaps the word Brahma-kshatriya refers to a person belonging to the heritage of both castes.However, among the Royal Rajput households, brahmins who became the personal teachers and protectors of the royal princes rose to the status of Rajpurohit and taught the princes everything including martial arts. They would also become the keepers of the Royal lineage and its history. They would also be the protectors of the throne in case the regent was orphaned and a minor.

The Pallavas were an example of Brahmakshatriyas as that is what they called themselves. King Lalitaditya Muktapida of Kashmir ruled all of India and even Central Asia.

King Rudravarma of Champa (Vietnam) of 657 A.D. was the son of a Brahmin father.

King Jayavarma I of Kambuja (Kampuchea) of 781 A.D. was a Brahma-kshatriya. The Pandava Brothers were considered Brahma-Kshatriya's Many Pallis of South India claim to be Brahmins (while others claim to be AgnikulaKshatriyas. Kulaman Pallis are nicknamed by outsiders as Kulaman Brahmans. Hemu from Rewari, Haryana was also a Brahmin by birth.

Brahmin Kings

Kashi Naresh, the hereditary ruler of princely state of Varanasi, is a Brahmin and is hailed as dvij-raj, or king of all the Brahmins.

Among the Royal Rajput households, Brahmins who became the personal teachers and protectors of the royal princes rose to the status of Rajpurohit and taught the princes everything, including martial arts.

Mayurasharma a Brahmin scholar and a native of Talagunda (in modern Shimoga district), was the founder of the Kadamba Kingdom of Banavasi.

They would also become the keepers of the Royal lineage and its history. They would also be the protectors of the throne in case the regent was orphaned and a minor. The well-known Brahmin Chanakya was a Rajpurohit for Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Mauryan empire, who helped Chandragupta get a grip on the well-established Nanand prevent was a Brahma-kshatriya. King Lalitaditya Muktapida of Kashmir ruled all of India and even Central Asia.

King Rudravarma of Champa (Vietnam) of 657 A.D. was the son of a Brahmin father.

Medieval king Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya or Hemu, resident of Rewari, born into a family of Purohits, decendents of seers Bhrigu and Chyavana, who had initially lived at Ashrams near Dhosi Hill, part of Vedic period state of Brahmavarta in the present state of Haryana, started the manufacture of cannons for the first time in North India in 1540s, with Portuguese know-how and dealt in gunpowder supplies to Sher Shah Suri's army. Later he became Prime Minister and Chief of Army of the Suris and emperor of north India in 1556, defeating Akbar's army at Agra and Battle for Delhi at Tughlakabad Fort in Delhi. He had won 22 battles continuously against Afghans and Mughals during 1553-56, spanning from Bengal to Punjab .

Brahmins with the qualities of a Vaisya or merchant are known as 'Brahmvyasya'. An example of such persons are people of the Ambastha caste, which exist in South India.

Sampradayas

The three sampradayas (sects) of Brahmins, mostly in South India are the Smarta sampradaya, the Srivaishnava sampradaya and the Madhvacharya (Swami Ananda-Teertha) Madhva sampradaya. Aadi Shakaracharya contributed towards the revival of Vedic Religion at a time when Buddhism was most popular. He toured through out India and re-established the faith in Vedas and Hindu gods. He composed countless verses (stotras) praising all the principle forms of gods and goddesses like Shiva, Vishnu, Durga, Lakshmi, Saraswati etc., at various pilgrim centers. In the later times Ramanujacharya and Madhvaacharya gave new definitions and reviewd Vedas according to the then Social and religious circumstances and established other Sampradayas viz Shri-Vaishnav and Madhva. While the two sampradayas were more confined in their strict form mostly to South India, Madhva Sampradaya flourished in a new way in the form of ISKCON. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu who was the founder of ISKCON was a disciple of another Madhva-Saint and Philosopher, Swami Vyasa-Teertha who came after Madhvacharya.

Smartism

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Smartism (or Smarta Sampradaya, Smarta Tradition, as it is termed in Sanskrit) is a liberal or nonsectarian denomination of the Hindu religion. This tradition is based on the Advaithic teachings of Adi Sankaracharya. He united various sects of Hinduism under on umbrella by accepting all the major Hindu deities as forms of the one Brahman. He implored the Smarthas to have an Ishta devatha in the form of Siva, Sakthi, Vishnu, Ganesha, Murugan (Subrahmanya) or Sun. The term Smarta refers to adherents who follow the Vedas and Shastras.

Vaishnavism

One form of Vaishnavism is Madhwa (Dwaita Sampradaya or Madhva Sampradaya), and the other is Sri Vaishnava (Vishishtadvaita sampradaya). Madhwa Brahmins are mainly located in the Carnatic plains and some of them are seen in Andhra, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. They follow the teachings of Sri Madhvacharya, who was born in South Canara district of Karnataka in the 12th Century. He preached Dvaita, which says that God and atma (soul) are different entities, which is contradictory to the teachings of Sri Adi Sankaracharya, who preached Advaita vedanta (non-duality). In South India, Sri Vaishnava sampradayam was propagated by Srimad Ramanujacharya.

Shaivism

Shaivism (sometimes called Shivaism) is a belief system where Lord Shiva is worshipped as the Supreme Lord. It is a derivative faith of the core Vedic tradition. Saiva sects contains many subsects, such as Asdisaivas, Rudrasaivas, Veerasiavas, Paramasaivas, etc. Ravana, the ruler of Lanka in the Hindu epic Ramayana, was a staunch Siva devotee, who was the grandson of creator Brahma.

Buddhism

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Although the orthodox Brahmin and Sramana communities were typically opponents, Buddha admired the Brahmin attributes of 1) The Truth (Sacca or Satya), 2) Austerities (Tapas), 3) Chastity (Brahmacariya), 4) Study of Vedic lore (Ajjhena or Adhyayana), 5) Munificence (Caga or Tyaga).

In Buddha's time there were two major types of wandering ascetics, the Paribbajakas and Sramanas. Paribbajakas were exclusively Brahmins.

There were some Buddhist Brahmins that contributed much to the Brahmin communities or to Brahmin ascetic communities. Gautamiputra Satakarni, the Satavahana king, declares himself to be the sole protector of the Brahmins.

Brahmins were treated as equals to all the rest, in the eyes of the Buddha and there are countless references to Brahmins throughout the Buddhist scriptures also. Buddha rejected the notion of gradation along caste lines and of the legitimacy of the higher social status, as well as the notion of ritual purity as claimed by the Brahmins compared to others. Many of the major Buddhist followers and teachers were from Brahmins. They include Sariputra, Maudgalyayana, Mahakashyapa, Nagarjuna, Asvaghosha, Padmasambhava, Shantarakshita, Nagasena, Kumarajiva and Shantideva, all of whom were referred by their titles devoid of their caste as Arahats etc. The word Brahmin, meaning "priest class", was redefined by the Buddha and it continued to be used alongside Arahat in their relevant contexts. Max Muller points out that in the Dhamapada, Buddha etymologizes the word "Bahama", the Prakrit form of "Brahmana", by playing off the Sanskrit/Prakrit etymon -bra.

In the Ambattha Sutra, we find the Buddha debated many Brahmins who were clearly not Arahats. Also in many important dharanis, Brahmins are mentioned in an entirely different capacity from Arahats, and therefore there is a marked difference depending on the context. The Buddha insisted that Brahmins had to live up to seek the truth, hence reach liberation(Nirvana) through the Dhamma, and this could not be by ascriptive factor of birth alone. In the Dhammapada, the Buddha mentions Brahmins and Arahats in very different capacities and dedicates an entire chapter to what it means to be a real Brahmin called the Brahmana-vagga as well.

The Buddha did not believe in caste discrimination but he did endorse a fair division of labour based on merit and equality, while condemning pathological division of labour through slavery, forced labour, superstition etc. According to him, Brahmins were not to discriminate against lower castes and those of their own who joined the sangha, through the notion of purity and superior social status, which according to the buddha was false. but were to serve them wholeheartedly. Many sutras indicate that the Buddha himself was a Brahmin in a previous life and, due to his good merit as in the previous lives, was reborn as the Buddha.

The notion of ritual purity provided a conceptual foundation for the caste system, by identifying occupations and duties associated with impure or taboo objects as being themselves impure. Regulations imposing such a system of ritual purity and taboos are absent from the Buddhist monastic code, and not generally regarded as being part of Buddhist teachings On the contrary, the early Buddhist scriptures defined purity as determined by one's state of mind, and refer to anyone who behaves unethically, of whatever caste, as "rotting within", or "a rubbish heap of impurity".

There are many places in which the Buddha explains his use of the word brahman. At Sutta Nipata 1.7, Vasala Sutta, verse 12, he states: "Not by birth is one an outcast; not by birth is one a brahman. By deed one becomes an outcast, by deed one becomes a brahman."

Scholar Asim Chatterjee adds,

No one can deny that the Brahmin pupils of Gautama had save the Sangha in its hour of peril. The rebellion of Devadatta was foiled by Sariputta, and after the demise of the teacher, Mahakassapa, by convening the first council, at Rajagrha, practically rescued the entire Buddhist Sangha from sinking into oblivion".

Jainism

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Jain Brahmins are known by different names according to the regions they are in India. These titles are Arcaka, Indra, Jain Brahmin, Pandit, Purohit, or Upadhye.

• The first convert of Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism was Indrabhuti (aka Gautamswami) the Brahmin, who headed a group of other Brahmins and converted them to Jainism. He was from the village Gobbar (also called Govarya) near Rajgriha. It is said that the Tapsas, who were competing with Gautama to reach the top of a hill, achieved moksha by seeing Gautama win.
• Akalanka of the 8th century is said to the pioneer in the field of Jain logic.
• Dhanapala (10th century) was a renowned stotra writer. He was converted by his brother Shobana. He is best-known for his hymns named Rsabhapancasika, written in Prakrit (Jaina-Maharastri).
• Dhangiri, a reputedly wealthy Brahmin, in the town of Tumbhivan, lost his interest in wealth and decided to take Diksha, after hearing the sermons of the Jain Acharya Sinhgiri.
• Sajjambhava was another born from Rajgriha and was elected the head of the Jain temple. He is famous for his composition of the "Dasavaikalika Sutra."
• Shushil Kumar, an Acharya known better to Jains as "Guruji", was born a Vaidik in the Shakarpur village of the Haryana province. At the age of 15, he took Diksha (became a sanyassin) into the Sthanakvasi, a Shwetambara subsect.
• Vidyanand is a Brahmin Acharya of the Digambar Jain sect and compiled in the Sanskrit language, "Ashta Shahastri" with eight thousand verses.
• Umasvati was a composer who was so loved by Jains that he is considered by the Dhigambar sect to be a Dhigambar member and the Svetambara sect to be a Svetambara member.
• There is a Brahmin community in South Karnataka which is traditional follower of Jainism and is known as Jain Brahmin. They have a hostel for students in Mysore, known as Jain Brahmin Hostel. This community is different from the Jain priests in Jain temples.

Other sects

There are additional sampradayas, which are not as widely followed:

The Mahima Dharma or "Satya Mahima Alekha Dharma" was founded by the Brahmin Mukunda Das of present-day Odisha, popularly known by followers as Mahima Swami according to the Bhima Bhoi text. He was born in the last part of the 18th century, in the former state of Baudh, a son of Ananta Mishra. He was Brahmin by caste as mentioned in Mahima Vinod of Bhima Bhoi in Vol.11. This sampradaya is similar to Vaishnavism. Although the members of this sect do not worship Lord Vishnu as their Ishta-Deva, they believe that the Srimad Bhagavatam is sacred. The founder of this sect was a Vaishnavite before founding the new order. This sampradaya was founded in the latter part of the 18th century.

There is also the Avadhoot Panth, wherein Lord Dattatreya and his forms such as Narasimha Saraswati and Sai Baba of Shirdi are worshiped. Lord Dattatreya is worshiped by many as the Hindu trinity – Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva in one divine entity. Many even worship Dattatreya as an Avatar of Vishnu or of Shiva.

Burma (Myanmar)

Template:Burmese characters

Historically, Brahmins, known as ponna (Template:My) in modern-day Burmese, formed an influential group in Burma prior to British colonialism. Until the 1900s, ponna referred to Indians who had arrived prior to colonial rule, distinct from kala, Indians who arrived during British rule. During the Konbaung dynasty, court Brahmins were consulted by kings before moving royal capitals, waging wars, making offerings to Buddhist sites like the Mahamuni Buddha, and for astrology. Burmese Brahmins can be divided into four general groups, depending on their origins:

• Manipur Brahmins (Template:Lang-my): Brahmins who were sent to Burma after Manipur became a Burmese vassal state in the 1700s and ambassadors from Manipur
• Arakanese Brahmins (Template:Lang-my): Brahmins brought to Burma from Arakan after it was conquered by the Konbaung king Bodawpaya
• Sagaing Brahmins: the oldest Brahmins in Burmese society, who consulted the Pyu, Burman and Mon kingdoms prior to the Konbaung dynasty
• Indian Brahmins: Brahmins who arrived with British colonial rule when Burma became a part of the British Raj

According to Burmese chronicles, Brahmins in Burma were subject to the four-caste system, which included brahmanas (Template:My), kshatriyas (Template:My), vaishya (Template:My), and shudra (Template:My). Because the Burmese monarchy enforced the caste system for Indians, Brahmins who broke caste traditions and laws were subject to punishment. In the Arakanese kingdom, punished Brahmins often became kyun ponna (Template:My), literally 'slave Brahmins', who made flower offerings to Buddha images and performed menial tasks. During the Konbaung dynasty, caste was indicated by the number of salwe (threads) worn; Brahmins wore nine, while the lowest caste wore none. Brahmins are also fundamental in the Nine-God cult, called the Nine Divinities (Phaya Ko Su Template:My) which is essentially a Burmese puja (puzaw in Burmese) for appeasing nine divinities, Buddha and the eight arahats, or a group of nine deities, five Hindu gods and four nat spirits. This practice continues to be practiced in modern-day Burma.

Thailand

Brahmins in Thailand are known as 'Phram' or 'Paahm' (Template:Lang-th) and claim ancestry to Indian Brahmins who migrated to Thailand in the 6th century AD There are fewer Brahmins in Thailand than in Burma.

One of the theories that orthodox Brahmins of Thailand believe in is that the earth shall be destroyed by fire, and that a new Earth will be created after the destruction.

In the 19th century at Bangkok all the medical practitioners were Chinese or Cochin - Chinese, while astronomy and divination was in the hands of the Brahmins.

See also

• Jujhautiya Brahmin
• Buddhist Brahmins
• Jain Brahmins
• Sikh Brahmins

References

1. http://www.vedah.net/manasanskriti/Brahmins.html
2. http://www.vepachedu.org/caste.html
3. http://www.vepachedu.org/brahmana-tribe.html
4. http://www.vepachedu.org/brahmana-tribe.html#The_Mouths_that_Recited_Vedas_are_
5. http://www.vepachedu.org/brahmana-tribe.html#Francois_Gautier_
6. http://www.vedah.net/manasanskriti/Brahmins.html
7. http://www.vepachedu.org/manasanskriti/Brahmins.html
8. http://www.vedah.net/manasanskriti/Brahmins.html
9. http://www.vepachedu.org/ manasanskriti/Brahmins.html
10. http://www.vedah.net/manasanskriti/Brahmins.html
11. http://www.vepachedu.org/manasanskriti/Brahmins.html
12. http://www.vedah.net/manasanskriti/Brahmins.html
13. http://www.vepachedu.org/manasanskriti/Brahmins.html
14. http://www.vedah.net/manasanskriti/Brahmins.html
15. http://www.vepachedu.org/manasanskriti/Brahmins.html
16. http://www.vedah.net/manasanskriti/Brahmins.html
17. http://www.vepachedu.org/manasanskriti/Brahmins.html
18. http://www.vepachedu.org/caste.htm
19. ^ Saraswati, Swami Sahajanand (2003). Swami Sahajanand Saraswati Rachnawali in Six volumes (in Volume 1). Delhi: Prakashan Sansthan. pp. 519 (Volume 1). ISBN 81-7714-097-3.
20. ^ Crooke, William (1999). The Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh. 6A, Shahpur Jat, New Delhi-110049, India: Asian Educational Services. pp. 1809 (at page 64). ISBN 81-206-1210-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
21. Indian Economic and Social History Review 1987, Himanshu P Ray, 24: 443
22. Ancient India: a history of its culture and civilization, Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi, p.166-170
23. A social history of India, by SN Sadasivan
24. Castes and tribes of Southern India, By Edgar Thurston, K. Rangachari
25. Hopkins, Religions of India, p.192 states: "As to the fees, the rules are precise, and the propounders of them are unblushing. The priest performs the sacrifice for the fee alone, and it must consist of valuable garments, kine, horses, or gold; – when each is to be given is carefully stated. Gold is coveted most, for ‘this is immortality, the seed of Agni'"
26. Purusha Suktha ramanuja.org Verse 13 | http://www.ramanuja.org/purusha/sukta-4.html
27. Economic and Political Weekly Vol. 38, No. 45 (Nov. 8-14, 2003), pp. 4794-4802 | http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4414253?uid=2&uid=4&sid=21102491255617
28. ^ Kashyap, Rangasami Laksminarayana (2003). Kr̥ṣṇayajurvedīya Taittirīya-saṃhitā. ISBN 8179940055. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
29. "Tiers In Heaven | Aakar Patel". Outlookindia.com. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
30. "Brahmins In India". Outlookindia.com. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
31. ^ P. 184 Chandragupta Maurya And His Times By Radhakumud Mookerji
32. P. 1586 The Ashṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini, Volume 2 By Pāṇini, edited by Srisa Chandra Vasa
33. The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies By Thomas McEvilley
34. Article on Brahmins of Andhra Pradesh at Vepachedu Educational Foundation
36. Sreenivasarao Vepachedu. "Brahmin, brahmana, caste, tribe, gotra, rishi, ritual, india, hindu, religion, Mana Sanskriti (Our Culture), Issue 69". Vedah.net. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
37. "Dictionary - Definition of Peshwa". Websters-online-dictionary.org. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
38. "peshwa (Maratha chief minister) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
39. ^ "Shrimant Bajirao Peshwa : Great warrior and protector of Hindu Dharma - Valiant Hindu Kings | Hindu Janajagruti Samiti". Hindujagruti.org. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
40. The Satara Raj, 1818-1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture - Sumitra Kulkarni - Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
41. "India : Rise of the peshwas - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
42. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India By R.V. Russell
43. The Tale of Tuluva Brahmins
44. Saraswati, Swami Sahajanand (2003). Swami Sahajanand Saraswati Rachnawali in Six volumes (in Volume 1 at p. 518, Parishist by Acharya Tarineesh Jha, 515-519). Prakashan Sansthan. ISBN 81-7714-097-3.
45. page# 156
46. Article on Gotras of Brahmins at Vepachedu Educational Foundation
47. Article on Gotras and pravaras of Brahmins at Vepachedu Educational Foundation
48. Manu Smriti on learning of the Vedas
49. Article on various sects and rishis of Brahmins at Vepachedu Educational Foundation
50. Bhanu, B. V., People of India, p. 948.
51. Padmasali Brahmin origin
52. P. 845, People of India: Rajasthan edited by K. S. Singh
53. http://saraswatdirectory.com/saraswat6.php
54. Mahabharata by Veda Vyasa
55. Parashara
56. Satyavati
57. IBTL. "Bajirao Peshwa - A Greatest Indian Warrior". Ibtl.in. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
58. ^ P. 201, Professor A.L. Basham, My Guruji and Problems and Perspectives of Ancient, by Sachindra Kumar Maity
59. Page on Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya on wikipedia
60. P. 37 Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study By Charles Leslie
61. P. 43 The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism By H.W. Schumann
62. P. 104 The Classical Age edited by Raj Pruthi
63. ^ "27th Sutta of Digha Nikaya" (PDF). Digha Nikaya. columbia university.
64. ^ "verse 385;verse 386". Dhammapada. Buddhanet.
65. "Treasury of Truth (Dhammapada) Chapter 26, The Brahmana". Buddhanet.net. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
66. "001.1 – Prophecy of Dipankara Buddha". Jataka Online. 2009-04-12. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
67. (Robinson, Johnson & Thanissaro 2005, p. 51) harv error: no target: CITEREFRobinsonJohnsonThanissaro2005 (help)
68. Sue Hamilton, Early Buddhism: A New Approach: The I of the Beholder. Routledge 2000, pages 47, 49.
69. Translation by Piyadassi Thera
70. P. 41 A comprehensive history of Indian Buddhism By Asim Kumar Chatterjee
71. P. 103 The A to Z of Jainism By Kristi L. Wiley
72. P.21 Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana =: Jaina Iconography By Umakant Premanand Shah
73. P. 136 A History of Classical Poetry: Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit By Siegfried Lienhard
74. ^ "Mahima Dharma, Bhima Bhoi and Biswanathbaba"
75. ^ Leider, Jacques P. "Specialists for Ritual, Magic and Devotion: The Court Brahmins of the Konbaung Kings". The Journal of Burma Studies. 10: 159–180. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
76. P. 91 Thailand into the spirit world by Marlane Guelden
77. P. 327 The London encyclopaedia: or Universal dictionary of science, art ..., Volume 6
78. P. 18 Chambers's papers for the people, Volumes 9-10 By William Chambers, Robert Chambers

Further reading

• Swami Sahajanand Saraswati Rachnawali (Selected works of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati), Prakashan Sansthan, Delhi, 2003.
• Baldev Upadhyaya, Kashi Ki Panditya Parampara, Sharda Sansthan, Varanasi, 1985.
• M. A. Sherring, Hindu Tribes and Castes as Reproduced in Benaras, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, First ed 1872, new ed 2008.
• Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya, Hindu Castes and Sects, Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, first edition 1896, new edition 1995.
• E. A. H. Blunt, The Caste System of North India, S. Chand Publishers, 1969.
• Christopher Alan Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
• Anand A. Yang, Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar, University of California Press, 1999.
• Acharya Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Rachnawali, Rajkamal Prakashan, Delhi.
• Bibha Jha, Bhumihar Brahmins: A Sociological Study, PhD thesis submitted to the Patna University.
• M. N. Srinivas, Social Change in Modern India, Orient Longman, Delhi, 1995.
• Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi essays.
• Viswakarma and his Descendants, by Alfred Edward Roberts, , 1909.
• Apte (1965). (Fourth Revised and Enlarged ed.). New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Missing or empty |title= (help).
• Apte (1966). (Reprint 1997 ed.). New Delhi. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Missing or empty |title= (help).
• Macdonell (1924). (1966 ed.). New Delhi. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Missing or empty |title= (help).
• Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). Delhi. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Missing or empty |title= (help).
• Sontakke, N. S.; Rājvade, V. K., eds. (1972). IAST (First ed.). Pune: IAST. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Missing |editor2= (help).

External links

• Brahmin Community.. They maintain website http://brahmsamaj.org for brahmin
• e-learning of Basic Vedic Mantras & rituals from Home for Brahmins – Online Vedic Courses through Video Conferencing
• Baiswara Brahmin Utthan Organisation
• Daily duties of Brahmins
• Hindu Brahmin at Hindubrahmin.com
• List of Brahmin Castes and Sub-castes at Kamat.com
• Brahmin Patrika Blog

• Articles with links needing disambiguation from May 2012
• Brahmins
• Priestly castes
• Varnas in Hinduism
• Hindu communities
• Indo-Aryan peoples