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The list of rulers of China includes rulers of China with various titles. From the Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty, rulers usually held the title "King" (Chinese: 王 Wáng). With the division of China into separate Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shi Huang created a new title for himself, that of "Emperor" (皇帝 Huángdì). This title of Emperor of China continued to be used for the remainder of China's Imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912. While many other monarchs existed in and around China throughout its history, this list covers only those with a quasi-legitimate claim to the majority of China, or those who have traditionally been named in king-lists. The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way comprehensive.
Chinese monarchs were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names – for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing – but, where possible, the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated.
These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.
Follow these links to see how they are related:
Chinese emperors family tree (ancient) → Chinese emperors family tree (early) → Chinese emperors family tree (middle) → Chinese emperors family tree (late)
Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors 三皇五帝
Main article: Three Sovereigns and Five EmperorsAlthough it is ingrained in Chinese mythology that the earliest mythological rulers of China included three huáng (皇, generally translated "Sovereign" or "August one", denoting demi-god status) and five dì (帝, generally translated "Emperor", but denoting much more reverential status than the modern term "Emperor"), their identities have differed between different sources, with some individuals such as the Yellow Emperor being regarded as either Sovereign or Emperor, depending on the source. The two characters would later be taken together by Qin Shi Huang to form the new title huángdì (皇帝, Emperoror), thus claiming legendary status for himself. These figures are all legendary, not historical.
| Sovereigns/Emperors | Title | Other names | Years of reign | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sovereign (Emperor) | Nüwa | 女媧 | — | (180,000 years) |
| Sovereign (Emperor) | Youchao | 有巢 | — | (110,000 years) |
| (Sovereign) Emperor | Suiren | 燧人 | — | (456,000 years) |
| Sovereign (Emperor) | Fu Xi | 伏羲 | — | 2852–2737 BC |
| Sovereign (Emperor) | Yan Emperor | 炎帝 | Shennong | 2737–2699 BC |
| (Sovereign) Emperor | Yellow Emperor | 黃帝 | Gongsun Xuanyuan | 2699–2588 BC |
| Emperor | Shaohao | 少昊 | Jin Tian | 2587–2491 BC |
| Emperor | Zhuanxu | 顓頊 | Gaoyang | 2490–2413 BC |
| Emperor | Ku | 帝嚳 | Gaoxin | 2412–2343 BC |
| Emperor | Zhi | 摯 | Qingyang-shi | 2343–2333 BC |
| Emperor | Yao | 堯 | Yaotang-shi | 2333–2234 BC |
| Emperor | Shun | 舜 | Youyu-shi | 2233–2184 BC |
| 1 — According to the Records of the Grand Historian. 2 — According to the Songs of Chu. 3 — According to the Book of Rites. 4 — According to the Shangshu dazhuan (尚書大傳) and Baihu tongyi (白虎通義). 5 — According to the Diwang shiji (帝王世紀) |
Traditional dates are provided. | |||
Xia Dynasty 夏
Main article: Xia DynastyC. 2070–1600 BC
| Reign name² | Given name | Notes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yǔ | 禹 | Also known as: Dà Yǔ, 大禹 (Yǔ the Great) | |||||
| Qǐ | 啟 | Son of Yǔ; beginning of hereditary succession | |||||
| Tài Kāng | 太康 | Kāng | 康 | ||||
| Zhòng Kāng | 仲康 | Kāng | 康 | ||||
| Xiāng | 相 | ||||||
| No king | About 40 years | ||||||
| Shào Kāng | 少康 | Kāng | 康 | ||||
| Zhù | 杼 | ||||||
| Huái | 槐 | ||||||
| Máng | 芒 | ||||||
| Xiè | 泄/洩 | ||||||
| Jiàng | 降 | ||||||
| Jiōng | 扃 | ||||||
| Yìn Jiǎ | 胤甲 | Jǐn | 廑 | ||||
| Kǒng Jiǎ | 孔甲 | ||||||
| Gāo | 皋 | ||||||
| Fā | 發 | ||||||
| Lǚ Guǐ | 履癸 | Jié | 桀 | Reign ended in Battle of Mingtiao | |||
| 1 — The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. | |||||||
| 2 — The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Xià (夏). | |||||||
Shang Dynasty
Main article: Shang DynastyC. 1600–1046 BC
| Temple name | Regnal name² | Given name³ | Reign years | Capital | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tiān Yǐ | 天乙 | Tāng | 湯 | 1600–1300 BC | Bó 亳 | ||
| Wài Bǐng | 外丙 | Shèng | 勝 | ||||
| Zhòng Rén | 仲壬 | Yōng | 庸 | ||||
| Tàizōng | 太宗 | Tài Jiǎ | 太甲 | Zhì | 至 | ||
| Wò Dīng | 沃丁 | Xuàn | 絢 | ||||
| Tài Gēng | 太庚 | Biàn | 辯 | ||||
| Xiǎo Jiǎ | 小甲 | Gāo | 高 | ||||
| Yōng Jǐ | 雍己 | Zhòu | 伷 | ||||
| Tài Wù | 太戊 | Mì | 密 | ||||
| Zhòng Dīng | 仲丁 | Zhuāng | 莊 | Áo 隞 | |||
| Wài Rén | 外壬 | Fā | 發 | ||||
| Jiān Jiǎ | 戔甲 | Zhěng | 整 | Xiàng 相 | |||
| Zhōngzōng | 中宗 | Zǔ Yǐ | 祖乙 | Téng | 滕 | Bì 庇 | |
| Zǔ Xīn | 祖辛 | Dàn | 旦 | ||||
| Wò Jiǎ | 沃甲 | Yú | 踰 | ||||
| Zǔ Dīng | 祖丁 | Xīn | 新 | ||||
| Nán Gēng | 南庚 | Gēng | 更 | Yǎn 奄 | |||
| Yáng Jiǎ | 陽甲 | Hé | 和 | ||||
| Pán Gēng | 盤庚 | Xún | 旬 | 1300–1251 BC | Yīn 殷 | ||
| Xiǎo Xīn | 小辛 | Sòng | 頌 | ||||
| Xiǎo Yǐ | 小乙 | Liǎn | 斂 | ||||
| Gāozōng | 高宗 | Wǔ Dīng | 武丁 | Zhāo | 昭 | 1250–1192 BC | |
| Zǔ Gēng | 祖庚 | Yuè | 躍 | 1191–1148 BC | |||
| Zǔ Jiǎ | 祖甲 | Zài | 載 | ||||
| Lǐn Xīn | 廩辛 | Xiān | 先 | ||||
| Kāng Dīng | 康丁 | Xiāo | 囂 | ||||
| Wǔ Yǐ | 武乙 | Qú | 瞿 | 1147–1113 BC | |||
| Wén Dīng | 文丁 | Tuō | 托 | 1112–1102 BC | |||
| Dì Yǐ | 帝乙 | Xiàn | 羡 | 1101–1076 BC | |||
| Di Xin | 帝辛 | Shòu | 受 | 1075–1046 BC | |||
| 1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. | |||||||
| 2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Shang (商). | |||||||
| 3 The Shang royal family name was Zǐ (子). | |||||||
| 4 The period of the Shang dynasty starting from Pan Geng is also frequently referred to as the Yin (殷) dynasty. because he changed capital to Yin. | |||||||
| 5 Also known as Tai Ding (太丁). | |||||||
Zhou Dynasty 周
Main article: Zhou DynastyCirca 1046–256 BC, traditionally divided into:
- Western Zhou dynasty, c. 1046–771 BC
- Eastern Zhou dynasty, 770–256 BC, which is in turn split into:
- the Spring and Autumn Period, 770–476 BC
- the Warring States period, 475–221 BC
| Posthumous name | Given name | Reign years | Common name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pinyin | Chinese | Pinyin | Chinese | ||
| Wǔ Wáng | 武王 | Fā | 發 | 1046–1043 BC | King Wu of Zhou |
| Chéng Wáng | 成王 | Sòng | 誦 | 1042–1021 BC | King Cheng of Zhou |
| Kāng Wáng | 康王 | Zhāo | 釗 | 1020–996 BC | King Kang of Zhou |
| Zhāo Wáng | 昭王 | Xiá | 瑕 | 995–977 BC | King Zhao of Zhou |
| Mù Wáng | 穆王 | Mǎn | 滿 | 976–922 BC | King Mu of Zhou |
| Gōng Wáng | 共王 | Yīhù | 繄扈 | 922–900 BC | King Gong of Zhou |
| Yì Wáng | 懿王 | Jiān | 囏 | 899–892 BC | King Yi of Zhou |
| Xiào Wáng | 孝王 | Bìfāng | 辟方 | 891–886 BC | King Xiao of Zhou |
| Yí Wáng | 夷王 | Xiè | 燮 | 885–878 BC | King Yi of Zhou |
| Lì Wáng | 厲王 | Hú | 胡 | 877–841 BC | King Li of Zhou |
| Gonghe 共和 (regency) | 841–828 BC | Gonghe | |||
| Xuān Wáng | 宣王 | Jìng | 靜 | 827–782 BC | King Xuan of Zhou |
| Yōu Wáng | 幽王 | Gōngshēng | 宮湦 | 781–771 BC | King You of Zhou |
| Ping Wang | 平王 | Yijiu | 宜臼 | 770–720 BC | King Ping of Zhou |
| Huan Wang | 桓王 | Lin | 林 | 719–697 BC | King Huan of Zhou |
| Zhuang Wang | 莊王 | Tuo | 佗 | 696–682 BC | King Zhuang of Zhou |
| Xi Wang | 釐王 | Huqi | 胡齊 | 681–677 BC | King Xi of Zhou |
| Hui Wang | 惠王 | Lang | 閬 | 676–652 BC | King Hui of Zhou |
| Xiang Wang | 襄王 | Zheng | 鄭 | 651–619 BC | King Xiang of Zhou |
| Qing Wang | 頃王 | Renchen | 壬臣 | 618–613 BC | King Qing of Zhou |
| Kuang Wang | 匡王 | Ban | 班 | 612–607 BC | King Kuang of Zhou |
| Ding Wang | 定王 | Yu | 瑜 | 606–586 BC | King Ding of Zhou |
| Jian Wang | 簡王 | Yi | 夷 | 585–572 BC | King Jian of Zhou |
| Ling Wang | 靈王 | Xiexin | 泄心 | 571–545 BC | King Ling of Zhou |
| Jing Wang | 景王 | Gui | 貴 | 544–521 BC | King Jing of Zhou |
| Dao Wang | 悼王 | Meng | 猛 | 520 BC | King Dao of Zhou |
| Jing Wang | 敬王 | Gai | 丐 | 519–476 BC | King Jing of Zhou |
| Yuan Wang | 元王 | Ren | 仁 | 475–469 BC | King Yuan of Zhou |
| Zhending Wang | 貞定王 | Jie | 介 | 468–442 BC | King Zhending of Zhou |
| Ai Wang | 哀王 | Quji | 去疾 | 441 BC | King Ai of Zhou |
| Si Wang | 思王 | Shu | 叔 | 441 BC | King Si of Zhou |
| Kao Wang | 考王 | Wei | 嵬 | 440–426 BC | King Kao of Zhou |
| Weilie Wang | 威烈王 | Wu | 午 | 425–402 BC | King Weilie of Zhou |
| An Wang | 安王 | Jiao | 驕 | 401–376 BC | King An of Zhou |
| Lie Wang | 烈王 | Xi | 喜 | 375–369 BC | King Lie of Zhou |
| Xian Wang | 顯王 | Bian | 扁 | 368–321 BC | King Xian of Zhou |
| Shenjing Wang | 慎靚王 | Ding | 定 | 320–315 BC | King Shenjing of Zhou |
| Nan Wang | 赧王 | Yan | 延 | 314–256 BC | King Nan of Zhou |
| 1 The first generally-accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. | |||||
Qin Dynasty 秦
| Title | Given Name | Period of Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qín Shǐ Huáng | 秦始皇 | Zhèng | 政 | 221–210 BC |
| Qín Èr Shì | 秦二世 | Húhài | 胡亥 | 209–207 BC |
| Qín Sān Shì | 秦三世 | Ziyīng | 子嬰 | 207 BC |
| 1 — Qin Shi Huang became king of the State of Qin in 246 BC, but did not unite China and proclaim himself "Emperor" until 221 BC. | ||||
| 2 — Ziying is often referred to by his personal name and as king, rather than emperor, of Qin (秦王子嬰). | ||||
Han Dynasty 漢/汉
Main article: List of emperors of the Han Dynasty| Emperors of the Han dynasty | ||
|---|---|---|
| Han dynasty | ||
| Western Han | 漢 | |
| (Xin dynasty) | ||
| Lülin and Chimei | ||
| Eastern Han | ||
| Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → ROC / PRC | ||
Three Kingdoms Period 三國/三国
| Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wei(魏) or 220–265 | |||||||
| Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names. | |||||||
| Wén Dì | 文帝 | 曹丕 | Cáo Pī | 220–226 | Huángchū | 黃初 | 220–226 |
| Míng Dì | 明帝 | 曹叡 | Cáo Ruì | 226–239 | Tàihé | 太和 | 227–233 |
| Qīnglóng | 青龍 | 233–237 | |||||
| Jǐngchū | 景初 | 237–239 | |||||
| Qí Wáng | 齊王 | 曹芳 | Cáo Fāng | 239–254 | Zhèngshǐ | 正始 | 240–249 |
| Jiāpíng | 嘉平 | 249–254 | |||||
| Gāoguìxiāng Gōng | 高貴鄉公 | 曹髦 | Cáo Máo | 254–260 | Zhèngyuán | 正元 | 254–256 |
| Gānlù | 甘露 | 256–260 | |||||
| Yuán Dì | 元帝 | 曹奐 | Cáo Huàn | 260–265 | Jǐngyuán | 景元 | 260–264 |
| Xiánxī | 咸熙 | 264–265 | |||||
| Shu(蜀) or Shu Han(蜀漢) 221–263 | |||||||
| Convention: use personal name | |||||||
| Zhāoliè Dì | 昭烈帝 | 劉備 | Liú Bèi | 221–223 | Zhāngwǔ | 章武 | 221–223 |
| Hòuzhǔ | 後主 | 劉禪 | Liú Shàn | 223–263 | Jiànxīng | 建興 | 223–237 |
| Yánxī | 延熙 | 238–257 | |||||
| Jǐngyào | 景耀 | 258–263 | |||||
| Yánxīng | 炎興 | 263 | |||||
| Wu(吳) 222–280 | |||||||
| Convention: use personal name | |||||||
| Dà Dì | 大帝 | 孫權 | Sūn Quán | 222–252 | Huángwǔ | 黃武 | 222–229 |
| Huánglóng | 黃龍 | 229–231 | |||||
| Jiāhé | 嘉禾 | 232–238 | |||||
| Chìwū | 赤烏 | 238–251 | |||||
| Tàiyuán | 太元 | 251–252 | |||||
| Shénfèng | 神鳳 | 252 | |||||
| Kuàijī Wáng | 會稽王 | 孫亮 | Sūn Liàng | 252–258 | Jiànxīng | 建興 | 252–253 |
| Wǔfèng | 五鳳 | 254–256 | |||||
| Tàipíng | 太平 | 256–258 | |||||
| Jǐng Dì | 景帝 | 孫休 | Sūn Xiū | 258–264 | Yǒngān | 永安 | 258–264 |
| Wūchéng Hóu | 烏程侯 | 孫皓 | Sūn Hào | 264–280 | Yuánxīng | 元興 | 264–265 |
| Gānlù | 甘露 | 265–266 | |||||
| Bǎodǐng | 寶鼎 | 266–269 | |||||
| Jiànhéng | 建衡 | 269–271 | |||||
| Fènghuáng | 鳳凰 | 272–274 | |||||
| Tiāncè | 天冊 | 275–276 | |||||
| Tiānxǐ | 天璽 | 276 | |||||
| Tiānjì | 天紀 | 277–280 | |||||
Jin Dynasty 晉/晋
| Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) |
Personal Names | Period of Reigns |
Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name | |||||||||||
| Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty 西晉/西晋 265-317 | |||||||||||
| Wǔ Dì | 武帝 | Sīmǎ Yán | 司馬炎 | 265-290 | Tàishǐ | 泰始 | 265-274 | ||||
| Xiánníng | 咸寧 | 275-280 | |||||||||
| Tàikāng | 太康 | 280-289 | |||||||||
| Tàixī | 太熙 | 290 | |||||||||
| Huì Dì | 惠帝 | Sīmǎ Zhōng | 司馬衷 | 290-306 | Yǒngxī | 永熙 | 290 | ||||
| Yǒngpīng | 永平 | 291 | |||||||||
| Yuánkāng | 元康 | 291-299 | |||||||||
| Yǒngkāng | 永康 | 300-301 | |||||||||
| Yǒngníng | 永寧 | 301-302 | |||||||||
| Tàiān | 太安 | 302-303 | |||||||||
| Yǒngān | 永安 | 304 | |||||||||
| Jiànwǔ | 建武 | 304 | |||||||||
| Yǒngān | 永安 | 304 | |||||||||
| Yǒngxīng | 永興 | 304-306 | |||||||||
| Guāngxī | 光熙 | 306 | |||||||||
| Huái Dì | 懷帝 | Sīmǎ Chì | 司馬熾 | 307-311 | Yǒngjiā | 永嘉 | 307-313 | ||||
| Mǐn Dì | 愍帝 | Sīmǎ Yè | 司馬鄴 | 313-317 | Jiànxīng | 建興 | 313-317 | ||||
| Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty 東晉/东晋 317–420 | |||||||||||
| Yuán Dì | 元帝 | Sīmǎ Ruì | 司馬睿 | 317-322 | Jiànwǔ | 建武 | 317-318 | ||||
| Dàxīng | 大興 | 318-321 | |||||||||
| Yǒngchāng | 永昌 | 321-322 | |||||||||
| Míng Dì | 明帝 | Sīmǎ Shào | 司馬紹 | 322-325 | Yǒngchāng | 永昌 | 322-323 | ||||
| Tàiníng | 太寧 | 323-325 | |||||||||
| Chéng Dì | 成帝 | Sīmǎ Yǎn | 司馬衍 | 325-342 | Tàiníng | 太寧 | 325 | ||||
| Xiánhé | 咸和 | 326-334 | |||||||||
| Xiánkāng | 咸康 | 335-342 | |||||||||
| Kāng Dì | 康帝 | Sīmǎ Yuè | 司馬岳 | 342-344 | Jiànyuán | 建元 | 343-344 | ||||
| Mù Dì | 穆帝 | Sima Dān | 司馬聃 | 345-361 | Yǒnghé | 永和 | 345-356 | ||||
| Shēngpíng | 升平 | 357-361 | |||||||||
| Āi Dì | 哀帝 | Sīmǎ Pī | 司馬丕 | 361-365 | Lónghé | 隆和 | 362-363 | ||||
| Xīngníng | 興寧 | 363-365 | |||||||||
| Fèi Dì | 廢帝 | Sīmǎ Yì | 司馬奕 | 365-371 | Tàihé | 太和 | 365-371 | ||||
| Jiǎnwén Dì | 簡文帝 | Sīmǎ Yù | 司馬昱 | 371-372 | Xiánān | 咸安 | 371-372 | ||||
| Xiāowǔ Dì | 孝武帝 | Sīmǎ Yào | 司馬曜 | 372-396 | Níngkāng | 寧康 | 373-375 | ||||
| Tàiyuán | 太元 | 376-396 | |||||||||
| Ān Dì | 安帝 | Sīmǎ Dézōng | 司馬德宗 | 396-418 | Lóngān | 隆安 | 397-401 | ||||
| Yuánxīng | 元興 | 402-404 | |||||||||
| Yìxī | 義熙 | 405-418 | |||||||||
| Gōng Dì | 恭帝 | Sīmǎ Déwén | 司馬德文 | 419-420 | Yuánxī | 元熙 | 419-420 | ||||
Sixteen Kingdoms Period 十六國/十六国
| Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use personal name | ||||
| Han Zhao Empire 漢趙/汉赵 304-329 (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire 漢/汉 and Former Zhao Empire 前赵) | ||||
| Han Empire 304-318 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4) | Liu Yuan|劉淵 liu2 yuan1 | 304-310 | Jiànxīng (建興) 304-307 Yǒngfèng (永鳳) 308 |
| Did not exist | Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2) | Liu He|劉和 liu2 he2 | 7 days in 310 | Guāngxīng (光興) 310 (continuation) |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) | Liu Cong|劉聰 liu2 cong1 | 310-318 | Guāngxīng (光興) 310 (continuation) Jiāpíng (嘉平) 311-315 |
| Did not exist | Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4) | Liu Can|劉粲 liu2 can4 | a month and days in 318 | Hànchāng (漢昌) 318 (until renaming as Former Zhao) |
| Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 前赵 318-329 | ||||
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 zhu3) | Liu Yao|劉曜 liu2 yao4 | 318-329 | Guāngchū (光初) 318-329 (until conquest by Later Zhao) |
| Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 后赵 319–351 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | Shi Le|石勒 shi2 le4 | 319-333 | Zhaòwáng (趙王) 319-327 Tàihé (太和) 328-329 |
| Did not exist | Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2) | Shi Hong|石弘 shi2 hong2 | 333-334 | Yánxī (延熙) 333 (continuation) Jiànwǔ (建武) 334 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | Shi Hu|石虎 shi2 hu3 | 334-349 | Jiànwǔ (建武) 334-348 Taìníng (太寧) 349 |
| Did not exist | Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2) | Shi Shi|石世 shi2 shi4 | 73 days in 349 | Taìníng (太寧) 349 (continuation) |
| Did not exist | Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2) | Shi Zun|石遵 shi2 zun1 | 183 days in 349 | Taìníng (太寧) 349 (continuation) |
| Did not exist | Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2) | Shi Jian|石鑒 shi2 jian4 | 103 days within 349-350 | Qīnglóng (青龍) (changed mid-year) |
| Did not exist | Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2) | Shi Zhi|石祗 shi2 zhi1 | 350-351 | Yǒngníng (永寧) 350-351 (until Ran Min's coup) |
| Cheng Han Empire 成漢/成汉 303-347 (addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire) | ||||
| Cheng Empire 303-338 | ||||
| Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) | Li Te|李特 li3 te4 | 303 | Jiànchū (建初) or Jǐngchū (景初) 303 |
| Did not exist | Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2) | Li Liu|李流 li3 liu2 | several months in 303 | Jiànchū (建初) or Jǐngchū (景初) 303 (continuation) |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | Li Xiong|李雄 li3 xiong2 | 303-334 | Jiànchū (建初) or Jǐngchū (景初) 303 (continuation) Jiànxīng (建興) 304-305 |
| Did not exist | Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 si4) | Li Ban|李班 li3 ban1 | 7 months in 334 | Yùhéng (玉衡) 334 (continuation) |
| Did not exist | You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1) | Li Qi|李期 li3 qi1 | 334-338 | Yùhéng (玉恆) 334-337 (continuation) Hànxīng (漢興) |
| Han Empire 338-347 | ||||
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) | Li Shou|李壽 li3 shou4 | 338-343 | Hànxīng (漢興) 338-343 (continuation) |
| Did not exist | Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2) | Li Shi|李勢 li3 shi4 | 343-347 | Hànxīng (漢興) 343 (continuation) Tàihé (太和) 344-345 |
| Qian (Former) Yan Empire 前燕 337-370 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4) | Murong Huang|慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3 | 337-348 | Yànwáng (燕王) 337-348 |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4) | Murong Jun|慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4 | 348-360 | Yànwáng (燕王) 348 (continuation) Yànyuán (燕元) 349-351 |
| Did not exist | You Di (幽帝 you1 di4) | Murong Wei|慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3 | 360-370 | Jiànxī (建熙) 360-365 (continuation) Jiànyuán (建元) 366-370 |
| Hou (Later) Yan Empire 后燕 384-407 | ||||
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4) | Murong Chui|慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2 | 384-396 | Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 386-396 |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4) | Murong Bao|慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3 | 396-398 | Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 396-398 |
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) | Murong Sheng|慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4 | 398-401 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398 Changluo (長樂 chang2 le4) 399-401 |
| Did not exist | Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) | Murong Xi|慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1 | 401-407 | Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406 Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 407 |
| Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 南燕 398-410 | ||||
| Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) | Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4) | Murong De|慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2 | 398-405 | Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 400-405 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Murong Chao|慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1 | 405-410 | Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410 |
| Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 北燕 407-436 | ||||
| Did not exist | Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4) | Gao Yun|高雲 gao1 yun2 | 407-409 | Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4) | Feng Ba|馮跋 feng2 ba2 | 409-430 | Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430 |
| Did not exist | Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4) | Feng Hong|馮弘 feng2 hong2 | 430-436 | Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436 |
| Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 前凉 320-376 | ||||
| Did not exist | Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1) | Zhang Mao|張茂 zhang1 mao4 | 320-324 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324 |
| Did not exist | Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1) | Zhang Jun|張駿 zhang1 jun4 | 324-346 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346 |
| Did not exist | Huan Gong (桓公 huan2 gong1) | Zhang Chonghua|張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2 | 346-353 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353 |
| Did not exist | Ai Gong (哀公 ai1 gong1) | Zhang Yaoling|張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2 | 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353 |
| Did not exist | Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2) | Zhang Zuo|張祚 zhang1 zuo4 | 353-355 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 354-355 |
| Did not exist | Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1) | Zhang Xuanjing|張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4 | 355-363 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 361-363 |
| Did not exist | Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1) | Zhang Tianxi|張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2 | 364-376 | Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376 |
| Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 后凉 386–403 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2) | Lü Guang|呂光 uu3 guang1 | 386-399 | Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389 Lunjiā (麟嘉 lun2 jiā) 389-396 |
| Did not exist | Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2) | Lü Shao|呂紹 luu3 shao4 | 399 | Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399 |
| Did not exist | Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2) | Lü Zuan|呂纂 luu3 zuan3 | 399-401 | Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401 |
| Did not exist | Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1) | Lü Long|呂隆 luu3 long2 | 401-403 | Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403 |
| Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 南凉 397–414 | ||||
| Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) | Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2) | Tufa Wugu|禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1 | 397-399 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399 |
| Did not exist | Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2) | Tufa Lilugu|禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1 | 399-402 | Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 399-402 |
| Did not exist | Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2) | Tufa Rutan|禿髮傉檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru4 tan2 | 402-414 | Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404 Jiāping (嘉平 ping2) 409-414 |
| Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 北凉 397-439 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460) | ||||
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Duan Ye|段業 duan4 ye4 | 397-401 | Shen Xi (神璽 shen2 xi3) 397-399 Tian Xi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 399-401 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2) | Juqu Mengxun|沮渠蒙遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4 | 401-433 | Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412 Xuanshi (玄始 xuan2 shi3) 412-428 |
| Did not exist | Ai Wang (哀王 ai1 wang2) | Juqu Mujian|沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1 | 433-439 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 433-439 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Juqu Wuhui|沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4 | 442-444 | Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443 Qianshou (乾壽 qian2 shou4) 443-444 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Juqu Anzhou|沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1 | 444-460 | Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460 |
| Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 西凉 400-421 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2) | Li Gao|李暠 li3 gao3 | 400-417 | Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 406-416 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Li Xin|李歆 li3 xin1 | 417-420 | Jiāxing (嘉興 xing1) 417-420 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Li Xun|李恂 li3 xun2 | 420-421 | Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421 |
| Qian Former Qin Empire 前秦 351–394 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4) | Fu Jian|苻健 fu2 jian4 | 351-355 | Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 351-355 |
| Did not exist | Li Wang (厲王 li4 wang2) | Fu Sheng|苻生 fu2 sheng1 | 355-357 | Shouguang (壽光 shou4 guang1) 355-357 |
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Xuan Zhao Di (宣昭帝 xuan1 zhao1 di4) | Fu Jian|苻堅 fu2 jian1 | 357-385 | Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 357-359 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 359-364 |
| Did not exist | Ai Ping Di (哀平帝 ai1 ping2 di4) | Fu Pi|苻丕 fu2 pi1 | 385-386 | Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 385-386 |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Gao Di (高帝 gao1 di4) | Fu Deng|苻登 fu2 deng1 | 386-394 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 385-394 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Fu Chong|苻崇 fu2 chong2 | several months in 394 | Yanchu (延初 yan2 chu1) 394 |
| Hou (Later) Qin Empire 后秦 384–417 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Zhao Di (武昭帝 wu3 zhao1 di4) | Yao Chang|姚萇 yao2 chang2 | 384-393 | Bai Que (白雀 bai2 que4) 384-386 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 386-393 |
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Wen Huan Di (文桓帝 wen2 huan2 di4) | Yao Xing|姚興 yao2 xing1 | 394-416 | Huangchu (皇初 huang2 chu1) 394-399 Hongshi (弘始 hong2 shi3) 399-416 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Yao Hong|姚泓 yao2 hong2 | 416-417 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 416-417 |
| Xi (Western) Qin Kingdom 西秦 385-400,409-431 | ||||
| Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) | Xuan Lie Wang (宣烈王 xuan1 lie4 wang2) | Qifu Guoren|乞伏國仁 qi3 fu2 guo2 ren2 | 385-388 | Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 385-388 |
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Wu Yuan Wang (武元王 wu3 yuan2 wang2) | Qifu Gangui|乞伏乾歸 qi3 fu2 gan1 gui1 | 388-400,409-412 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 388-400 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 409-412 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Zhao Wang (文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2) | Qifu Chipan|乞伏熾磐 qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2 | 412-428 | Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 412-419 Jianhong (建弘 jian4 hong2) 420-428 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Qifu Mumo|乞伏暮末 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4 | 428-431 | Yonghong (永弘 yong3 hong2) 428-431 |
| Xia Empire 夏 407-431 | ||||
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4) | Helian Bobo|赫連勃勃 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2 | 407-425 | Longsheng (龍升 long2 sheng1) 407-413 Fengxiang (鳳翔 feng4 xiang2) 413-418 |
| Did not exist | Qin Wang (秦王 qin2 wang2) | Helian Chang|赫連昌 he4 lian2 chang1 | 425-428 | Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 425-428 |
| Did not exist | Ping Yuan Wang (平原王 ping2 yuan2 wang2) | Helian Ding|赫連定 he4 lian2 ding4 | 428-431 | Shengguang (勝光 sheng4 guang1) 425-428 |
Sovereignties established by Wu Hu
| Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use personal name | |||
| Ran Wei Kingdom 冉魏 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts) | |||
| Wu Dao Tian Wang (武悼天王 wu3 dao4 tian1 wang2) | Ran Min|冉閔 ran3 min3 | 350-352 | Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 350-352 |
| Xi (Western) Yan Empire 西燕 384-394 | |||
| Wei Di (威帝 wei1 di4) | Murong Hong|慕容泓 mu4 rong2 hong2 | 384 | Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384 |
| Did not exist | Murong Chong|慕容沖 mu4 rong2 chong1 | 384-386 | Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384-385 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 385-386 |
| Did not exist | Duan Sui|段隨 duan4 sui2 | 386 | Changping (昌平 chang1 ping2) 386 |
| Did not exist | Murong Yi|慕容顗 mu4 rong2 yi3 | 386 | Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 386 |
| Did not exist | Murong Yao|慕容瑤 mu4 rong2 yao2 | 386 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 386 |
| Did not exist | Murong Zhong|慕容忠 mu4 rong2 zhong1 | 386 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 386 |
| Did not exist | Murong Yong|慕容永 mu4 rong2 yong3 | 386-394 | Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 386-394 |
| Shu Kingdom 蜀 405-413 | |||
| Cheng Du Wang (成都王 cheng2 du1 wang2) | Qiao Zong|譙縱 qiao2 zong4 | 405-413 | Did not exist |
| Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe 匈奴支系铁弗部首领 (mid-3rd century-391) | |||
| Did not exist | Liu Qubei|劉去卑 liu2 qu4 bei1 | mid-3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Gaoshengyuan|劉誥升爰 liu2 gao4 sheng1 yuan2 | mid-3rd century – late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Hu|劉虎 liu2 hu3 | early 4th century (309?) – 341 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Wuheng|劉務恒 liu2 wu4 heng2 | 341-356 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Eloulou|劉閼陋頭 liu2 e4 lou4 tou2 | 356-358 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Xiwuqi|劉悉勿祈 liu2 xi1 wu4 qi2 | 358-359 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Weichen|劉衛辰 liu2 wei4 chen2 | 359-391 | Did not exist |
| Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe 宇文部鮮卑首領 (late-3rd century-345) | |||
| Did not exist | Yuwen Mohuai|宇文莫槐 yu3 wen2 mo4 huai2 | late 3rd century-293 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Puhui|宇文普回 yu3 wen2 pu3 hui2 or Yuwen Pu Bo|宇文普撥 yu3 wen2 pu3 bo1 | 293-late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Qiubuqin|宇文丘不勤 yu3 wen2 qiu1 bu4 qin2 | late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Mogui|宇文莫圭 yu3 wen2 mo4 gui1 | late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?) | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Xiduguan|宇文悉獨官 yu3 wen2 xi1 du2 guan1 | early 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Qidegui|宇文乞得歸 yu3 wen2 qi3 de5 gui1 | early 3rd century – 333 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Yidougui|宇文逸豆歸 yu3 wen2 yi4 dou4 gui1 | 333-345 | Did not exist |
| Dukes of Liaoxi 辽西公 303-338 | |||
| Did not exist | Duan Wuwuchen|段務勿塵 duan4 wu4 wu4 chen2 | 303-310 or 311 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan Jilujuan|段疾陸眷 duan4 ji2 lu4 juan4 | 310 or 311 – 318 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan Shefuchen|段涉復辰 duan4 she4 fu4 chen2 | 318 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan Pidi|段匹磾 duan4 pi3 di1 | 318-321 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan Mopei|段末柸 duan4 mo4 pei1 | 318-325 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan Ya|段牙 duan4 ya2 | 325 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan Liao|段遼 duan4 liao2 | 326-338 | Did not exist |
| Chieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid-6th century (555?) ) | |||
| First Phase of Chouchi 前仇池 (late 2nd century-371) | |||
| Did not exist | Yang Teng|楊騰 yang2 teng2 | late 2nd century- early 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Ju|楊駒 yang2 ju1 | early 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Qianwan|楊千萬 yang2 qian1 wan4 | early 3rd century – mid-3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Feilong|楊飛龍 yang2 fei1 long2 | mid-3rd century – late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Maosou|楊茂搜 yang2 mao4 sou1 | late 3rd century – 317 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Nandi|楊難敵 yang2 nan2 di2 | 317-334 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Yi|楊毅 yang2 yi4 | 334-337 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Chu|楊初 yang2 chu1 | 337-355 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Guo|楊國 yang2 guo2 | 355-356 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Jun|楊俊 yang2 jun4 | 356-360 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Shi|楊世 yang2 shi4 | 360-370 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Cuan|楊篡 yang2 cuan4 | 370-371 | Did not exist |
| Second Phase of Chouchi 后仇池 385-473 | |||
| 武王 wu3 wang2 | Yang Ding|楊定 yang2 ding4 | 385-394 | Did not exist |
| 惠文王 hui4 wen2 wang2 | Yang Sheng|楊盛 yang2 sheng4 | 394-425 | Did not exist |
| 孝昭王 xiao4 zhao1 wang2 | Yang Xuan|楊玄 yang2 xuan2 | 425-429 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Baozong|楊保宗 yang2 bao3 zong1 | 429 and 443 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Nandang|楊難當 yang2 nan2 dang1 | 429-441 | Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 436-440 |
| Did not exist | Yang Baochi|楊保熾 yang2 bao3 chi4 | 442-443 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Wende|楊文德 yang2 wen2 de2 | 443-454 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Yuanhe|楊元和 yang2 yuan2 he2 | 455-466 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Sengsi|楊僧嗣 yang2 seng1 si4 | 466-473 | Did not exist |
| Kings of Wuxing 武兴王 473-506 and 534-555 | |||
| Did not exist | Yang Wendu|楊文度 yang2 wen2 du4 | 473-477 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Wenhong|楊文弘 yang2 wen2 hong2 | 477-482 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Houqi|楊後起 yang2 hou4 qi3 | 482-486 | Did not exist |
| An Wang (安王 an1 wang2) | Yang Jishi|楊集始 yang2 ji2 shi3 | 482-503 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Shaoxian|楊紹先 yang2 shao4 xian1 | 503-506, 534-535 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Zhihui|楊智慧 yang2 zhi4 hui4 | 535-545 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Pixie|楊辟邪 yang2 pi4 xie2 | 545-553 | Did not exist |
| Note: Yang Zhi Hui and Yang Bi Xie could be the same person | |||
| Kings of Yinping 陰平王 477- mid-6th century | |||
| Did not exist | Yang Guangxiang|楊廣香 yang2 guang3 xiang1 | 477-483? | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Jiong|楊炯 yang2 jiong3 | 483-495 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Chongzu|楊崇祖 yang2 chong2 zu3 | 495-before 502 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Mengsun|楊孟孫 yang2 meng4 sun1 | before 502-511 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Ding|楊定 yang2 ding4 | 511- ? | Did not exist |
| Chieftains of Tuoba Tribe 索头部鲜卑族首领 219-377 (as Kings of Dai 代王 305?-377) | |||
| As a well known fact, Tuoba Family was the ruling family of Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence Table of Northern Wei Dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table. | |||
| Note: All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as 王(wang2) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu. | |||
| 神元王 shen2 yuan2 wang2 | Tuoba Li Wei(拓拔力微 tou4 ba2 li4 wei2) | 219-277 | Did not exist |
| Note: His temple name was Shi Zu|始祖 shi2 zu3. Another column was not created since only he was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name | |||
| 章王 zhang1 wang2 | Tuoba Xi Lu(拓拔悉鹿 tou4 ba2 xi1 lu4) | 277-286 | Did not exist |
| 平王 ping2 wang2 | Tuoba Chuo(拓拔綽 tou4 ba2 chuo4) | 286-293 | Did not exist |
| 思王 si1 wang2 | Tuoba Fu(拓拔弗 tou4 ba2 fu2) | 293-294 | Did not exist |
| 昭王 zhao1 wang2 | Tuoba Lu Guan(拓拔祿官 tou4 ba2 lu4 guan1) | 294-307 | Did not exist |
| 穆王 mu4 wang2 | Tuoba Yi Tuo(拓拔猗 (㐌 - 拖 without 手) tou4 ba2 yi1 yi2) | 295-305 | Did not exist |
| 穆王 mu4 wang2 | Tuoba Yi Lu(拓拔猗盧 tou4 ba2 yi1 lu2) | 295-316 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Tuoba Pu Gen(拓拔普根 tou4 ba2 pu3 gen1) | 316 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 拓拔? tou4 ba2 ? | 316 | Did not exist |
| 平文王 ping2 wen2 wang2 | Tuoba Yu Luu(拓拔鬱律 tou4 ba2 yu4 luu4) | 316-321 | Did not exist |
| 惠王 hui4 wang2 | Tuoba He Ru(拓拔賀傉 tou4 ba2 he4 ru4) | 321-325 | Did not exist |
| 煬王 yang2 wang2 | Tuoba He Na(拓拔紇那 tou4 ba2 he2 na3) | 325-329 and 335-337 | Did not exist |
| 烈王 lie4 wang2 | Tuoba Yi Huai(拓拔翳槐 tou4 ba2 yi4 huai2) | 329-335 and 337-338 | Did not exist |
| 昭成王 zhao1 cheng2 wang2 | Tuoba Shi Yi Jian(拓拔什翼健 tou4 ba2 shi2 yi4 jian4) | 338-377 | Jianguo (建國 jian4 guo2) 338-377 |
Northern and Southern Dynasties 南北朝
| Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Northern dynasty 北朝 | |||
| Bei Northern Wei Dynasty 北魏 386-535 | |||
| Convention: Bei (Northern) Wei + posthumous name | |||
| As a well known fact Tuoba family changed their family name to 元(yuan2) during the reign of Xiao Wen Di in 496 so we will also change from there. | |||
| Dao Wu Di (道武帝 daò wǔ dì) | Tuoba Gui (拓拔珪 tuò bá guī) | 386-409 | Dengguo (登國 dēng guó) 386-396 Huangshi (皇始 huáng shǐ) 396-398 Tianxing (天興 tiān xīng) 398-404 Tianci (天賜 tiān cì) 404-409 |
| Ming Yuan Di (明元帝 míng yuán dì) | Tuoba Si (拓拔嗣 tuò bá sì) | 409-423 | Yongxing (永興 yǒng xīng) 409-413 Shenrui (神瑞 shén ruì) 414-416 Taichang (泰常 tài cháng) 416-423 |
| Tai Wu Di (太武帝 tài wǔ dì) | Tuoba Tao (拓拔燾 tuò bá táo) | 424-452 | Shiguang (始光 shǐ guāng) 424-428 Shenjia (神䴥 shén jiā) 428-431 Yanhe (延和 yán hé) 432-434 Taiyan (太延 tài yán) 435-440 Taipingzhenjun (太平真君 tài píng zhēn jūn) 440-451 Zhengping (正平 zhèng píng) 451-452 |
| Nan An Wang (南安王 nán ān wáng) | Tuoba Yu (拓拔余 tuò bá yú) | 452 | Chengping (承平 chéng píng) 452 |
| Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wén chéng dì) | Tuoba Jun (拓拔濬 tuò bá jùn) | 452-465 | Xingan (興安 xīng ān) 452-454 Xingguang (興光 xīng guāng) 454-455 Tai'an (太安 tài ān) 455-459 Heping (和平 hé píng) 460-465 |
| Xian Wen Di (獻文帝 xiàn wén dì) | Tuoba Hong (拓拔弘 tuò bá hóng) | 466-471 | Tian'an (天安 tiān ān) 466-467 Huangxing (皇興 huáng xīng) 467-471 |
| Xiao Wen Di (孝文帝 xiào wén dì) | Yuan Hong (元宏 yuán hóng) | 471-499 | Yanxing (延興 yán xīng) 471-476 Chengming (承明 chéng míng) 476 Taihe (太和 tìi hé) 477-499 |
| Xuan Wu Di (宣武帝 xuān wǔ dì) | Yuan Ke (元恪 yuán kè) | 499-515 | Jingming (景明 jǐng míng) 500-503 Zhengshi (正始 zhèng shǐ) 504-508 Yongping (永平 yǒng píng) 508-512 Yanchang (延昌 yán chāng) 512-515 |
| Xiao Ming Di (孝明帝 xiào míng dì) | Yuan Xu (元詡 yuán xǔ) | 516-528 | Xiping (熙平 xī píng) 516-518 Shengui (神龜 shén guī) 518-520 Zhengguang (正光 zhèng guāng) 520-525 Xiaochang (孝昌 xiào chāng) 525-527 Wutai (武泰 wǔ tài) 528 |
| Youzhu (幼主 yòu zhǔ) | Yuan Zhao (元釗 yuán xhāo) | 528 | None |
| Xiao Zhuang Di (孝莊帝 xiào zhuāng dì) | Yuan Ziyou (元子攸 yuán zǐ yōu) | 528-530 | Jianyi (建義 jiàn yì) 528 Yongan (永安 yǒng ān) 528-530 |
| Chang Guang Wang (長廣王 cháng guǎng wáng) | Yuan Ye (元曄 yuán yè) | 530-531 | Jianming (建明 jiàn míng) 530-531 |
| Jie Min Di (節閔帝 jié mǐn dì) | Yuan Gong (元恭 yuán gōng) | 531-532 | Putai (普泰 pǔ tài) 531-532 |
| An Ding Wang (安定王 ān dìng wáng) | Yuan Lang (元朗 yuán lǎng) | 531-532 | Zhongxing (中興 zhōng xīng) 531-532 |
| Xiao Wu Di (孝武帝 xiào wǔ dì) or Chu Di (出帝 chū dì) |
Yuan Xiu (元脩 yuán xiū) | 532-535 | Taichang (太昌 tài chāng) 532 Yongxing (永興 yǒng xīng) 532 Yongxi (永熙 yǒng3 xī) 532-535 |
| Dong (Eastern) Wei Dynasty 东魏 534-550 | |||
| Convention: Dong (Eastern) Wei + posthumous name | |||
| Xiao Jing Di (孝靜帝 xiào jìng dì) | Yuan Shanjian (元善見 yuán shàn jiàn) | 534-550 | Tianping (天平 tiān píng) 534-537 Yuanxiang (元象 yuán xiàng) 538-539 Xinghe (興和 xīng hé) 539-542 Wuding (武定 wǔ dìng) 543-550 |
| Bei (Northern) Qi Dynasty 北齐 550-577 | |||
| Convention: Bei (Northern) Qi + posthumous name | |||
| Wen Xuan Di (文宣帝 wén xuān dì) | Gao Yang (高洋 gāo yáng) | 550-559 | Tianbao (天保 tiān bǎo) 550-559 |
| Fei Di (廢帝 fèi dì) | Gao Yin (高殷 gāo yīn) | 559-560 | Qianming (乾明 qián míng) 560 |
| Xiao Zhao Di (孝昭帝 xiào zhāo dì) | Gao Yan (高演 gāo yǎn) | 560-561 | Huangjian (皇建 huáng jiàn) 560-561 |
| Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wǔ chéng dì) | Gao Dan (高湛 gāo dān) | 561-565 | Taining (太寧 tài níng) 561-562 Heqing (河清 hé qīng) 562-565 |
| Hou Zhu (後主 hòu zhǔ) | Gao Wei (高緯 gāo wěi) | 565-577 | Tiantong (天統 tiān tǒng) 565-569 Wuping (武平 wǔ píng) 570-576 Longhua (隆化 lóng huà) 576 |
| You Zhu (幼主 yòu zhǔ) | Gao Heng (高恆 gāo héng) | 577 | Chengguang (承光 chéng guāng) 577 |
| Fan Yang Wang (范陽王 fàn yáng wáng) | Gao Shaoyi (高紹義 gāo shào yì) | 577-579? | Did not exist |
| Xi (Western) Wei Dynasty 西魏 535-556 | |||
| Convention: Xi (Western) Wei + posthumous name | |||
| Wen Di (文帝 wén dì) | Yuan Baoju (元寶炬 yuán bǎo jù) | 535-551 | Datong (大統 dà tǒng) 535-551 |
| Fei Di (廢帝 fèi dì) | Yuan Qin (元欽 yuán qīn) | 552-554 | Did not exist |
| Gong Di (恭帝 gōng dì) | Tuoba Kuo (拓拔廓 tuò bá kuò) | 554-556 | Did not exist |
| Bei (Northern) Zhou Dynasty 北周 557-581 | |||
| Convention: Bei (Northern) Zhou + posthumous name | |||
| Xiao Min Di (孝閔帝 xiào mǐn dì) | Yuwen Jue (宇文覺 yǔ wén jué) | 557 | Did not exist |
| Ming Di (明帝 míng dì) or Xiao Ming Di (孝明帝 xiào míng dì) | Yuwen Yu (宇文毓 yǔ wén yù) | 557-560 | Wucheng (武成 wǔ chéng) 559-560 |
| Wu Di (武帝 wǔ dì) | Yuwen Yong (宇文邕 yǔ wén yōng) | 561-578 | Baoding (保定 bǎo dìng) 560-565 Tianhe (天和 tiān hé) 566-572 Jiande (建德 jiàn dé) 572-578 Xuanzheng (宣政 xuān zhèng) 578 |
| Xuan Di (宣帝 xuān dì) | Yuwen Yun (宇文贇 yǔ wén yūn) | 578-579 | Dacheng (大成 dà chéng) 579 |
| Jing Di (靜帝 jìng dì) | Yuwen Chan (宇文闡 yǔ wén chǎn) | 579-581 | Daxiang (大象 dà xiàng) 579-581 Dading (大定 dà dìng) 581 |
| Southern dynasty 南朝 420-589 | |||
| Song Dynasty 刘宋 (420-479) | |||
| Convention: Song + posthumous name, sometimes except Liu Yu who was referred using personal name. | |||
| Wu Di (武帝 wǔ dì) | Liu Yu (劉裕 liú yù) | 420-422 | Yongchu (永初 yǒng chū) 420-422 |
| Shao Di (少帝 shào dì) | Liu Yifu (劉義符 liú yì fú) | 423-424 | Jingping (景平 jǐng píng) 423-424 |
| Wen Di (文帝 wén dì) | Liu Yilong (劉義隆 liú yì lóng) | 424-453 | Yuanjia (元嘉 yuán jiā) 424-453 |
| Xiaowu (孝武帝 xiaò wǔ dì) | Liu Jun (劉駿 liú jùn) | 454-464 | Xiaojian (元嘉 xiaō jiàn 454-456 Daming (大明 dà míng) 457-464 |
| Qian Fei Di (前廢帝 qián feì dì) | Liu Ziye (劉子業 liú zǐ yè) | 465 | Yongguang (永光 yǒng guāng) 465 Jinghe (景和 jǐng hé) 465 |
| Ming Di (明帝 míng dì) | Liu Yu (劉彧 liú yù) | 465-472 | Taishi (泰始 taì shǐ) 465-471 Taiyu (泰豫 taì yù) 472 |
| Houfei Di (後廢帝 hoù feì dì) or Cangwu Wang (蒼梧王 cāng wú wáng) | Liu Yu (劉昱 liú yù) | 473-477 | Yuanhui (元徽 yuán huī) 473-477 |
| Shun Di (順帝 shùn dì) | Liu Zhun (劉準 liú zhǔn) | 477-479 | Shengming (昇明 shēng míng) 477-479 |
| Qi Dynasty 齐 479-502 | |||
| Convention: Qi + posthumous name | |||
Emperor Gao of Southern Qi
|
Xiao Daocheng (蕭道成 xiāo dào chēng | 479-482 | Jianyuan (建元 jiàn yuán) 479-482 |
Emperor Wu of Southern Qi
|
Xiao Ze (蕭賾 xiāo zé) | 482-493 | Yongming (永明 yǒng míng) 483-493 |
Prince of Yulin
|
Xiao Zhaoye (蕭昭業 xiāo zhāo yè) | 493-494 | Longchang (隆昌 lóng chāng) 494 |
Prince of Hailing
|
Xiao Zhaowen (蕭昭文 xiāo zhāo wén) | 494 | Yanxing (延興 yán xīng) 494 |
Emperor Ming of Southern Qi - Ming Di
|
Xiao Luan (蕭鸞 xiāo luán) | 494-498 | Jianwu (建武 jiàn wǔ) 494-498 Yongtai (永泰 yǒng tài) 498 |
Marquess of Donghun - Dong Hun Hou
|
Xiao Baojuan (蕭寶卷 xiāo bǎo juǎn) | 499-501 | Yongyuan (永元 yǒng yuán) 499-501 |
Emperor He of Southern Qi - He Di
|
Xiao Baorong (蕭寶融 xiāo bào róng) | 501-502 | Zhongxing (中興 zhōng xīng) 501-502 |
| Liang Dynasty 梁 (502-557) | |||
| Convention: Liang + posthumous name | |||
Emperor Wu of Liang - Wu Di
|
Xiao Yan (蕭衍 Xiāo Yǎn) | 502-549 | Tianjian (天監 tiān-jiān) 502-519 Putong (普通 pǔ-tōng) 520-527 Datong (大通 dà-tōng) 527-529 Zhongdatong (中大通 zhōng-dà-tōng) 529-534 Datong (大同 dà-tóng) 535-546 Zhongdatong (中大同 zhōng-dà-tóng) 546-547 Taiqing (太清 tài-qīng) 547-549 |
Emperor Jianwen of Liang - Jianwen Di
|
Xiao Gang (蕭綱 xiāo gāng) | 549-551 | Dabao (大寶 dà bǎo) 550-551 |
Prince of Yuzhang - Yu Zhang Wang
|
蕭棟 xiāo dòng | 551-552 | Tianzheng (天正 tiān zhèng) 551-552 |
Emperor Yuan of Liang - Yuan Di
|
蕭繹 xiāo yì | 552-555 | Chengsheng (承聖 chéng shèng) 552-555 |
Marquess of Zhenyang - Zhen Yang Hou
|
蕭淵明 xiāo yuān míng | 555 | Tiancheng (天成 tiān chéng) 555 |
Emperor Jing of Liang - Jing Di
|
蕭方智 xiāo fāng zhì | 555-557 | Shaotai (紹泰 shào tài) 555-556 Taiping (太平 tài píng) 556-557 |
| Chen Dynasty 陈 557-589 | |||
| Convention: Chen + posthumous name | |||
| Emperor Wu of Chen - Wu Di (武帝 wǔ dì) | Chen Baxian (陳霸先 chén bà xiān) | 557-559 | Yongding (永定 yǒng dìng) 557-559 |
| Emperor Wen of Chen - Wen Di (文帝 wén dì) | Chen Qian (陳蒨 chén qiàn) | 559-566 | Tianjia (天嘉 tiān jiā) 560-566 Tiankang (天康 tiān kāng) 566 |
| Emperor Fei of Chen - Fei Di (廢帝 fèi dì) | Chen Bozong (陳伯宗 chén bó zōng) | 566-568 | Guangda (光大 guāng dà) 566-568 |
| Emperor Xuan of Chen - Xuan Di (宣帝 xuān dì) | Chen Xu (陳頊 chén xū) | 569-582 | Taijian (太建 tài jiàn) 569-582 |
| Houzhu (後主 hòu zhǔ) | Chen Shubao (陳叔寶 chén shú bǎo) | 583-589 | Zhide (至德 zhì dé) 583-586 Zhenming (禎明 zhēn míng) 587-589 |
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 ) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: Nan (Southern) Liang + posthumous name | ||||
| Note: some historians set Nan Liang as a continuation of the Liang Dynasty since it was founded by descendants of the Xiao's, the ruling family of the Liang Dynasty. | ||||
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhōng zōng) | Xuan Di (宣帝 xuān dì) | Xiao Cha (蕭詧 xiāo chá) | 555-562 | Dading (大定 dà dìng) 555-562 |
| Shi Zong (世宗 shì zōng) | Xiao Ming Di (孝明帝 xiào míng dì) | Xiao Kui (蕭巋 xiāo kuī) | 562-585 | Tianbao (天保 tiān bǎo) 562-585 |
| Did not exist | Xiao Jing Di (孝靖帝 xiào jìng dì) or Ju Gong (莒公 jǔ gōng) | Xiao Cong (蕭琮 xiāo cóng) | 585-587 | Guangyun (廣運 guǎng yùn) 562-585 |
Sui Dynasty 隋
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) | Range of years | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Sui" + posthumous name | |||||||
| Wén Dì | 文帝 | 楊堅 | Yáng Jiān | 581-604 | Kāihuáng | 開皇 | 581-600 |
| Rénshòu | 仁壽 | 601-604 | |||||
| Yáng Dì | 煬帝 | 楊廣 | Yáng Guǎng | 605-617 | Dàyè | 大業 | 605-617 |
| Gōng Dì | 恭帝 | 楊侑 | Yáng Yòu | 617-618 | Yìníng | 義寧 | 617-618 |
| none awarded | 楊浩 | Yáng Hào | 618 | ||||
| Gōng Dì | 恭帝 | 楊侗 | Yáng Tóng | 618-619 | Huángtài | 皇泰 | 618-619 |
| 1 Declared emperor by Li Yuan (the later Emperor Gaozu of Tang), implying a retirement for Emperor Yang (whom he "honoured" as Taishang Huang, or retired emperor) at the western capital Daxing (Chang'an), but only the commanderies under Li's control recognized this change; for the other commanderies under Sui control, Emperor Yang was still regarded as emperor, not as retired emperor. Now generally regarded as a legitimate emperor, due to his recognition by Li Yuan. | |||||||
| 2 After news of Emperor Yang's death in 618 reached Daxing and the eastern capital Luoyang, Li Yuan deposed Emperor Gong and took the throne himself, establishing Tang Dynasty, but the Sui officials at Luoyang declared Emperor Gong's brother Yang Tong (later also known as Emperor Gong) emperor. The legitimacy of his reign is disputed. | |||||||
| 3 Declared emperor by Yuwen Huaji, the general under whose leadership the plot to kill Emperor Yang was carried out, but killed by him later in 618; Yuwen Huaji then declared himself emperor of a brief Xu (許) state. As Yang Hao was completely under Yuwen's control and only "reigned" briefly, he is not usually regarded as a legitimate emperor. | |||||||
Tang Dynasty 唐
Main article: List of Tang Emperors| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟;號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Tang" + temple name | |||||||
| Gao Zu (Kao-Tsu) (高祖 gao1 zu3) | 李淵 li3 yuan1 | 618-626 | Wude (武德 wu3 de2) 618-626 | ||||
| Tai Zong (Tai-Tsung) (太宗 tai4 zong1) | 李世民 li3 shi4 min2 | 627-649 | Zhenguan (貞觀 zhen1 guan1) 627-649 | ||||
| Gao Zong (Kao-Tsung) (高宗 gao1 zong1) | 李治 li3 zhi4 | 650-683 | Yonghui (永徽 yong3 hui1) 650-655 Xianqing (顯慶 xian3 qing4) 656-661 | ||||
| Zhong Zong (Chung-Tsung) (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | Li Xian (李顯 Lǐ Xiǎn) or Li Zhe (李哲 Lǐ Zhé) | 684, 705-710 | Sisheng (嗣聖 si4 sheng4) 684 Shenlong (神龍 shen2 long2) 705-707 | ||||
| Rui Zong (Jui-Tsung) (睿宗 rui4 zong1) | 李旦 li3 dan4 | 684-690, 710-712 | Wenming (文明 wen2 ming2) 684-690 Jingyun (景雲 jing3 yun2) 710-711 | ||||
| Zhou Dynasty (690–705) 周 | |||||||
| Convention: family name + posthumous name | |||||||
| Wu Zetian (武則天 wu3 ze2 tian1) (no official temple name) | Wǔ Zhào(武曌) | 690-705 | Tianshou (天授 tian1 shou4) 690-692 Ruyi (如意 ru2 yi4) 692 | ||||
| Continuation of Tang Dynasty 唐 | |||||||
| Shang Di (殤帝 shang1 di4) | 李重茂 li3 chong2 mao4 | 710 | Tanglong (唐隆 tang2 long2) 710 | ||||
| Xuan Zong (玄宗 xuan2 zong1) | 李隆基 li3 long2 ji1 | 712-756 | Xiantian (先天 xian1 tian1) 712-713 Kaiyuan (開元 kai1 yuan2) 713-741 | ||||
| Su Zong (肅宗 su4 zong1) | 李亨 li3 heng1 | 756-762 | Jide (至德 zhi4 de2) 756-758 Qianyuan (乾元 qian2 yuan2) 758-760 | ||||
| Dai Zong (代宗 dai4 zong1) | 李豫 li3 yu4 | 762-779 | Baoying (寶應 bao3 ying4) 762-763 Guangde (廣德 guang3 de2) 763-764 | ||||
| De Zong (德宗 de2 zong1) | 李适 li3 gua1 | 780-805 | Jianzhong (建中 1jian4 zhong1) 780-783 Xingyuan (興元 xing1 yuan2) 784 | ||||
| Shun Zong (順宗 shun4 zong1) | 李誦 li3 song4 | 805 | Yongzhen (永貞 yong3 zhen1) 805 | ||||
| Xian Zong (憲宗 xian4 zong1) | 李純 li3 chun2 | 806-820 | Yuanhe (元和 yuan2 he2) 806-820 | ||||
| Mu Zong (穆宗 mu4 zong1) | 李恆 li3 heng2 | 821-824 | Changqing (長慶 chang2 qing4) 821-824 | ||||
| Jing Zong (敬宗 jing4 zong1) | 李湛 li3 zhan4 | 824-826 | Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 824-826 | ||||
| Wen Zong (文宗 wen2 zong1) | 李昂 li3 ang2 | 826-840 | Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 826 Dahe (大和 da4 he2) or Taihe (tai4 he2 太和) 827-835 | ||||
| Wu Zong (武宗 wu3 zong1) | 李炎 li3 yan2 | 840-846 | Huichang (會昌 hui4 chang1) 841-846 | ||||
| Xuan Zong (宣宗 xuan1 zong1) | 李忱 li3 chen2 | 846-859 | Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 847-859 | ||||
| Yi Zong (懿宗 yi4 zong1) | 李漼 li3 cui3 | 859-873 | Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 859 Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 860-873 | ||||
| Xi Zong (僖宗 xi1 zong1) | 李儇 li3 xuan1 | 873-888 | Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 873-874 Ch'ien Fu (乾符 qian2 fu2) 874-879 | ||||
| Zhao Zong (昭宗 zhao1 zong1) | 李曄 li3 ye4 | 888-904 | Longji (龍紀 long2 ji4) 889 Dashun (大順 da4 shun4) 890-891 | ||||
| Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) or Zhao Xuan Di(昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4) |
李柷 li3 zhu4 | 904-907 | Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904-907 | ||||
| 1 Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4), Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) and Zhao Xuan Di (昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4) are posthumous names, not temple names. A new column for only three commonly used posthumous names was not be created since other Tang emperors are commonly referred using temple names. | |||||||
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十国
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the Five Dynasties 五代 | ||||
| Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name | ||||
| Hou (Later) Liang Dynasty 后梁 907-923 | ||||
| Taìzǔ (太祖) | Xiànwǔ (獻武) | Zhū Wēn (朱溫) | 907-912 | Kaīpíng (开平) 907-911 Qiánhuà (乾化) 911-912 |
| Zhu Yougui 朱友珪 | 912-913 | Qiánhuà (乾化) 912-913 Fengli 913 | ||
| Did not exist | Mòdì (末帝) | Zhū Zhèn (朱瑱) | 913-923 | Qiánhuà (乾化) 913-915 Zhēnmíng (贞明) 915-921 Lóngdé (龙德) 921-923 |
| Hou (Later) Tang Dynasty 后唐 923-936 | ||||
| Zhuang Zong (莊宗 Zhuāngzōng) | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Lǐ Cúnxù (李存勗) | 923-926 | Tongguang (同光 Tóngguāng) 923-926 |
| Ming Zong (明宗Míng zōng) | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Lǐ Sìyuán (李嗣源) or Lǐ Dǎn (李亶) | 926-933 | Tiancheng (天成 Tiān chéng) 926-930 Changxing (長興 Cháng xīng) 930-933 |
| Did not exist | Min Di (閔帝 Mǐndì) | Lǐ Cónghòu (李從厚) | 933-934 | Yingshun (應順 Yìngshùn) 913-915 |
| Did not exist | Mo Di (末帝 Mò dì) | Lǐ Cóngkē (李從珂) | 934-936 | Qingtai (清泰 Qīngtaì) 934-936 |
| Hou (Later) Jin Dynasty 后晋 936-947 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭 shi4 jing4 tang2) | 936-942 | Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 936-942 |
| Did not exist | Chu Di (出帝 chu1 di4) | Shi Chonggui (石重貴 shi4 chong2 gui4) | 942-947 | Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 942-944 Kaiyun (開運 kai1 yun4) 944-947 |
| Hou (Later) Han Dynasty 后汉 947-950 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Liu Zhiyuan (劉知遠 liu3 zhi1 yuan3) | 947-948 | Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 947 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948 |
| Did not exist | Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4) | Liu Chengyou (劉承祐 liu3 cheng2 you4) | 948-950 | Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948-950 |
| Hou (Later) Zhou Dynasty 后周 951-960 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Guo Wei (郭威 guo1 wei1) | 951-954 | Guangshun (廣順 guang3 shun4) 951-954 Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954 |
| Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Chai Rong (柴榮 chai2 rong2) | 954-959 | Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954-959 |
| Did not exist | Gong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4) | Chai Zongxun (柴宗訓 chai2 zong1 xun4) | 959-960 | Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 959-960 |
| the Ten Kingdoms 十国 | ||||
| Convention: use personal names, noticed otherwise | ||||
| Wu Yue Kingdom 吴越 904-978 | ||||
| 太祖 tai4 zu3 | 武肅王 wu3 su4 wang2 | Qian Liu|錢鏐 qian2 liu2 | 904-932 | Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 908-923 Baoda (寶大 bao3 da4) 923-925 |
| Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) | 文穆王 wen2 mu4 wang2 | Qian Yuanguan|錢元瓘 qian2 yuan2 guan4 | 932-941 | Did not exist |
| Cheng Zong 成宗 cheng2 zong1) | 忠獻王 zhong1 xian4 wang2 | Qian Zuo|錢佐 qian2 zuo3 | 941-947 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 忠遜王 zhong1 xun4 wang2 | Qian Zong|錢倧 qian2 zong1 | 947 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2 | Qian Chu|錢俶 qian2 chu4 | 947-978 | Did not exist |
| Min Kingdom 闽 909-945 including Yin Kingdom 殷 943-945 | ||||
| 太祖 tai4 zu3 | 忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2 | Wang Shenzhi|王審知 wang2 shen3 zhi1 | 909-925 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Wang Yanhan|王延翰 wang2 yan2 han4 | 925-926 | Did not exist |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) | Wang Yanjun|王延鈞 wang2 yan2 jun1 | 926-935 | Longqi (龍啟 long2 qi3) 933-935 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 935 |
| Kang Zong (康宗 kang1 zong1) | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Wang Jipeng|王繼鵬 wang2 ji4 peng2 | 935-939 | Tongwen (通文 tong1 wen2) 936-939 |
| Jing Zong (景宗 jing3 zong1) | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Wang Yanxi|王延羲 wang2 yan2 xi1 | 939-944 | Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 939-944 |
| Did not exist | Tian De Di (天德帝 tian1 de2 di4) (as Emperor of Yin) | Wang Yanzheng|王延政 wang2 yan2 zheng4 | 943-945 | Tiande (天德 tian1 de2) 943-945 |
| Jing Nan 荆南 or Nan Ping Kingdom 南平 906-963 | ||||
| Did not exist | 武信王 wu3 xin4 wang2 | Gao Jixing|高季興 gao1 ji4 xing1 | 909-928 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 文獻王 wen2 xin4 wang2 | Gao Conghui|高從誨 gao1 cong2 hui4 | 928-948 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 貞懿王 yi4 wang2 | Gao Baorong|高寶融 gao1 bao3 rong2 | 948-960 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 侍中 shi4 zhong1 | Gao Baoxu|高寶勗 gao1 bao3 xu4 | 960-962 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Gao Jichong|高繼沖 gao1 ji4 chong1 | 962-963 | Did not exist |
| Chu Kingdom 楚 897-951 | ||||
| Did not exist | 武穆王 wu3 mo4 wang2 | Ma Yin|馬殷 ma3 yin1 | 897-930 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 衡陽王 heng2 yang2 wang2 | Ma Xisheng|馬希聲 ma3 xi1 sheng1 | 930-932 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2 | Ma Xifan|馬希範 ma3 xi1 fan4 | 932-947 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 廢王 fei4 wang2 | Ma Xiguang|馬希廣 ma3 xi1 guang3 | 947-950 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 恭孝王 gong1 xiao4 wang2 | Ma Xi E|馬希萼 ma3 xi1 e4 | 950 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Ma Xichong|馬希崇 ma3 xi1 chong2 | 950-951 | Did not exist |
| Wu Kingdom 吴 904-937 | ||||
| 太祖 tai4 zu3 | 孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4 | Yang Xingmi|楊行密 yang2 xing2 mi4 | 904-905 | Tianyou (天祐 tian1 you4) 904-905 |
| 烈宗 lie4 zong1 | 景帝 jing3 di4 | Yang Wo|楊渥 yang2 wo4 | 905-908 | Tianyou (天祐 tian1 you4) 905-908 |
| 高祖 gao1 zu3 | 宣帝 xuan1 di4 | Yang Longyan|楊隆演 yang2 long2 yan3 | 908-921 | Tianyou (天祐 tian1 you4) 908-919 Wuyi (武義 wu3 yi4) 919-921 |
| Did not exist | 睿帝 rui4 di4 | Yang Pu|楊溥 yang2 pu3 | 921-937 | Shunyi (順義 shun4 yi4) 921-927 Qianzhen (乾貞 qian2 zhen1) 927-929 |
| Nan (Southern) Tang Kingdom 南唐 937-975 | ||||
| Convention for this kingdom only : Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names. Hou Zhu was referred to as Li Hou Zhu|李後主 li3 hou4 zhu3. | ||||
| 先主 xian1 zhu3 or Lie Zu|烈祖 lie4 zu3 | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Li Bian|李 (曰 on top of 弁) li3 bian4 | 937-943 | Shengyuan (昇元 sheng1 yuan2) 937-943 |
| 中主 zhong1 zhu3 or Yuan Zong|元宗 yuan2 zong1 | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Li Jing|李璟 li3 jing3 | 943-961 | Baoda (保大 bao3 da4) 943-958 Jiaotai (交泰 jiao1 tai4) 958 |
| Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 | 武王 wu3 wang2 | 李煜 li3 yu4 | 961-975 | Did not exist |
| Nan (Southern) Han Kingdom 南汉 917-971 | ||||
| 高祖 gao1 zu3 | 天皇大帝 tian1 huang2 da4 di4 | Liú Yán|劉巖 or Liú Yǎn|劉龑 |
917-925 | Qiánhēng (乾亨) 917-925 Báilóng (白龍) 925-928 |
| Did not exist | 殤帝 shang1 di4 | Liú Fēn|劉玢 | 941-943 | Guāngtiān (光天) 941-943 |
| 中宗 zhong1 zong1 | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Liú Shèng|劉晟 | 943-958 | Yìngqián (應乾) 943 Qiánhé (乾和) 943-958 |
| 後主 hou4 zhu3 | Did not exist | Liú Chǎng|劉鋹 | 958-971 | Dàbbǎo (大寶) 958-971 |
| Bei (Northern) Han Kingdom 北汉 951-979 | ||||
| 世祖 shi4 zu3 | 神武帝 shen2 wu3 di4 | Liu Min|劉旻 liu3 min2 | 951-954 | Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 951-954 |
| 睿宗 rui4 zong1 | 孝和帝 xiao4 he2 di4 | Liu Chengjun|劉承鈞 liu3 cheng2 jun1 | 954-970 | Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 954-957 Tianhui (天會 tian1 hui4) 957-970 |
| 少主 shao4 zhu3 | Did not exist | Liu Jien|劉繼恩 liu3 ji4 en1 | 970 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 英武帝 ying1 wu3 di4 | Liu Jiyuan|劉繼元 liu3 ji4 yuan2 | 970-982 | Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 970-982 |
| Qian (Former) Shu Kingdom 前蜀 907–925 | ||||
| 高祖 gao1 zu3 | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Wang Jian|王建 wang2 jian4 | 907-918 | Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 907 Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng22) 908-910 |
| 後主 hou4 zhu3 | Did not exist | Wang Yan|王衍 wang2 yan3 | 918-925 | Qiande (乾德 qian2 de2) 918-925 Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 925 |
| Hou (Later) Shu Kingdom 后蜀 934–965 | ||||
| 高祖 gao1 zu3 | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Meng Zhixiang|孟知祥 meng4 zhi1 xiang2 | 934 | Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934 |
| 後主 hou4 zhu3 | Did not exist | Meng Chang|孟昶 meng4 chang3 | 938-965 | Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934-938 Guangzheng (廣政 guang3 zheng4) 938-965 |
Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms
| Name of Posts | Personal Names | Period on post | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Captaincy General of Wuping/Hunan (武平/湖南節度使) | ||||
| Captain General of Wuping|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3 | Liu Yan|劉言 liu3 yan2 | 950-953 | ||
| Captain General of Wuping|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3 | Wang Kui|王逵 wang2 kui2 or Wang Jin Kui|王進逵 wang2 jin4 kui2 | 953-956 | ||
| Captain General of Hunan|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3 | Zhou Xingfeng|周行逢 zhao1 xing2 feng2 | 956-962 | ||
| Captain General of Hunan|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3 | Zhou Baoquan|周保權 zhao1 bao3 quan2 | 962-963 | ||
| Captaincy General of Quanzhang (泉漳節度使) | ||||
| Captain General of Quanzhang|泉漳都指揮使 quan2 zhang1 du1 zhi3 hui1 shi3 | Liu Congxiao|留從效 liu2 cong2 xiao4 | 945-962 | ||
| Captain General of Quanzhang|泉漳留守 quan2 zhang1 liu2 shou3 | Liu Shaozi|留紹鎡 liu2 shao4 zi1 | 962 | ||
| Captain General of Quanzhang|泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3 | Zhang Hansi|張漢思 zhang1 han4 si1 | 962-963 | ||
| Captain General of Quanzhang|泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3 | Chen Hongjin|陳洪進 chen2 hong2 jin4 | 963-978 | ||
Liao Dynasty 辽
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miàohào) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 shìhào) | Born Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號 niánhào) and their corresponding range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name | ||||
| Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ) | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Yelü Abaoji (耶律阿保機 Yēlǜ Ābǎojī) | 907-926 | Shence (神冊 Shéncè) 916-922 Tianzan (天贊 Tiānzàn) 922-926 |
| Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng) | Not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律德光 Yēlǜ Déguāng | 926-947 | Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 927-938 Huitong (會同 Huìtóng) 938-947 |
| Shizong (世宗 Shìzōng) | Not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律阮 Yēlǜ Ruǎn | 947-951 | Tianlu (天祿 Tiānlù) 947-951 |
| Muzong (穆宗 Mùzōng) | Not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律璟 Yēlǜ Jǐng | 951-969 | Yingli (應曆 Yìnglì) 951-969 |
| Jingzong (景宗 Jǐngzōng) | Not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律賢 Yēlǜ Xián | 969-982 | Baoning (保寧 Bǎoníng) 969-979 Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 979-982 |
| Shengzong (聖宗 Shèngzōng) | Not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律隆緒 Yēlǜ Lóngxù | 982-1031 | Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 982 Tonghe (統和 Tǒnghé) 983-1012 |
| Xingzong (興宗 Xīngzōng) | Not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律宗真 Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn | 1031–1055 | Jingfu (景福 Jǐngfú) 1031-1032 Chongxi (重熙 Chóngxī) 1032-1055 |
| Daozong (道宗 Dàozōng) | Not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律洪基 Yēlǜ Hóngjī | 1055–1101 | Qingning (清寧 Qīngníng) 1055-1064 Xianyong (咸雍 Xiányōng) 1065-1074 |
| Did not exist | Tianzuodi (天祚帝 Tiānzuòdì) | 耶律延禧 Yēlǜ Yánxǐ | 1101–1125 | Qiantong (乾統 Qiántǒng) 1101-1110 Tianqing (天慶 Tiānqìng) 1111-1120 |
Song Dynasty 宋
For a list of Song emperors on a separate page, click here.
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào) | Posthumous Names (short form)( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Born Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Song" + temple name or posthumous name except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing (宋帝昺 Sòng Dì Bǐng) | ||||
| Bei (Northern) Song dynasty 北宋, 960- 1127 | ||||
| Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ) | 孝帝 | Zhao Kuangyin (趙匡胤 Zhào Kuāngyìn) | 960-976 | Jianlong (建隆 Jiànlóng) 960-963 Qiande (乾德 Qiándé) 963-968 |
| Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng) | 德帝 | Zhao Kuangyi (趙匡義 Zhào Kuāngyì) or Zhao Guangyi (趙光義 Zhào Guāngyì) or Zhao Jiong (趙炅 Zhào Jiǒng) | 976-997 | Taipingxingguo (太平興國 Tàipíngxīngguó) 976-984 Yongxi (雍熙 Yōngxī) 984-987 |
| Zhenzong (真宗 Zhēnzōng) | 章帝 | Zhao Heng (趙恆 Zhào Héng) | 997-1022 | Xianping (咸平 Xiánpíng) 998-1003 Jingde (景德 Jǐngdé) 1004-1007 |
| Renzong (仁宗 Rénzōng) | 文帝 | Zhao Zhen (趙禎 Zhào Zhēn) | 1022–1063 | Tiansheng (天聖 Tiānshèng) 1023-1032 Mingdao (明道 Míngdào) 1032-1033 |
| Yingzong (英宗 Yīngzōng) | 宣帝 | Zhao Shu (趙曙 Zhào Shù) | 1063–1067 | Zhiping (治平 Zhìpíng) 1064-1067 |
| Shenzong (神宗 Shénzōng) | 欽帝 | Zhao Xu (趙頊 Zhào Xū) | 1067–1085 | Xining (熙寧 Xīníng) 1068-1077 Yuanfeng (元豐 Yuánfēng) 1078-1085 |
| Zhezong (哲宗 Zhézōng) | 昭帝 | Zhao Xu (趙煦 Zhào Xǔ) | 1085–1100 | Yuanyou (元祐 Yuányòu) 1086-1094 Shaosheng (紹聖 Shàoshèng) 1094-1098 |
| Huizong (徽宗 Huīzōng) | 顯帝 | Zhao Ji (趙佶 Zhào Jí) | 1100–1125 | Jianzhongjingguo (建中靖國 Jiànzhōngjìngguó) 1101 Chongning (崇寧 Chóngníng) 1102-1106 |
| Qinzong (欽宗 Qīnzōng) | 仁帝 | Zhao Huan (趙桓 Zhào Huán) | 1126–1127 | Jingkang (靖康 Jìngkāng) 1125-1127 |
| Nan (Southern) Song dynasty 南宋, 1127-1279 | ||||
| Gaozong (高宗 Gāozōng) | 憲帝 | Zhao Gou (趙構 Zhào Gòu) | 1127–1162 | Jianyan (建炎 Jiànyán) 1127-1130 Shaoxing (紹興 Shàoxīng) 1131-1162 |
| Xiaozong (孝宗 Xiàozōng) | 成帝 | Zhao Shen (趙昚 Zhào Shèn) | 1162–1189 | Longxing (隆興 Lóngxīng) 1163-1164 Qiandao (乾道 Qiándào) 1165-1173 |
| Guangzong (光宗 Guāngzōng) | 慈帝 | Zhao Dun (趙惇 Zhào Dūn) | 1189–1194 | Shaoxi (紹熙 Shàoxī) 1190-1194 |
| Ningzong (寧宗 Níngzōng) | 恭帝 | Zhao Kuo (趙擴 Zháo Kuó) | 1194–1224 | Qingyuan (慶元 Qìngyuán) 1195-1200 Jiatai (嘉泰 Jiātài) 1201-1204 |
| Lizong (理宗 Lǐzōng) | 安帝 | Zhao Yun (趙昀 Zhào Yún) | 1224–1264 | Baoqing (寶慶 Bǎoqìng) 1225-1227 Shaoding (紹定 Shàodìng) 1228-1233 |
| Duzong (度宗 Dùzōng) | 景帝 | Zhao Qi (趙禥 Zhào Qí) | 1264–1274 | Xianchun (咸淳 Xiánchún) 1265-1274 |
| Gongzong (恭宗 Gōngzong) | Gong Di (恭帝 Gōngdì) | Zhao Xian (趙顯 Zhào Xiǎn) | 1274–1276 | Deyou (德祐 Déyòu) 1275-1276 |
| Duan Zong (端宗 Duān Zōng) | not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Shi (趙昰 Zhào Shì) | 1276–1278 | Jingyan (景炎 Jǐngyán) 1276-1278 |
| did not exist | Di (帝 Dì) or Wei Wang (衛王 Wèiwáng) | Zhao Bing (趙昺 Zhào Bǐng) | 1278–1279 | Xiangxing (祥興 Xiángxīng) 1278-1279 |
Western Xia 西夏
| Temple names | Posthumous names | Chinese family name and first names | Reigns | Era names and their according durations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese convention: "Western Xia" + temple name or "family name + first names" | ||||
| Jǐngzōng (景宗) |
Wǔlièdì (武烈帝) |
Lǐ Yuánhào (李元昊) |
1032–1048 | Xiǎndào (顯道) 1032-1034 Kāiyùn (開運) 1034 |
| Yìzōng (毅宗) |
Zhāoyīngdì (昭英帝) |
Lǐ Liàngzuò (李諒祚) |
1048–1067 | Yánsìníngguó (延嗣寧國) 1048-1049 Tiānyòuchuíshèng (天祐垂聖) 1050-1052 |
| Huìzōng (惠宗) |
Kāngjìngdì (康靖帝) |
Lǐ Bǐngcháng (李秉常) |
1067–1086 | Qiándào (乾道) 1067-1069 Tiāncìlǐshèngguóqìng (天賜禮盛國慶) 1070-1074 |
| Chóngzōng (崇宗) |
Shèngwéndì (聖文帝) |
Lǐ Qiánshùn (李乾順) |
1086–1139 | Tiānyízhìpíng (天儀治平) 1086-1089 Tiānyòumín'ān (天祐民安) 1090-1097 |
| Rénzōng (仁宗) |
Shèngzhēndì (聖禎帝) |
Lǐ Rénxiào (李仁孝) |
1139–1193 | Dàqìng (大慶) 1139-1143 Rénqìng (人慶) 1144-1148 |
| Huánzōng (桓宗) |
Zhāojiǎnjì (昭簡帝) |
Lǐ Chúnyòu (李純佑) |
1193–1206 | Tiānqìng (天慶) 1193-1206 |
| Xiāngzōng (襄宗) |
Jǐngwǔdì (景武帝) |
Lǐ Ānquán (李安全) |
1206–1211 | Qìngtiān (慶天) 1206-1209 Huángjiàn (皇建) 1210-1211 |
| Shénzōng (神宗) |
Yīngwéndì (英文帝) |
Lǐ Zūnxū (李遵頊) |
1211–1223 | Guāngdìng (光定) 1211-1223 |
| Xiànzōng (獻宗) |
Did not exist | Lǐ Déwàng (李德旺) |
1223–1226 | Qiándìng (乾定) 1223-1226 |
| Mòzhǔ (末主) |
Did not exist | Lǐ Xiàn (李晛) |
1226–1227 | Bǎoyì (寶義) 1226-1227 |
Jin Dynasty 金
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Born Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name | |||||
| Tàizǔ 太祖 |
(1) | Wányán Āgǔdǎ 完顏阿骨打 |
1115–1123 | Shōuguó 收國 | |
| Tàizōng 太宗 |
(1) | Wányán Wúqǐmǎi 完顏吳乞買 |
1123–1134 | Tiānhuì 天會 | |
| Xīzōng 熙宗 |
(1) | Wányán Hélá 完顏合剌 |
1135–1149 | Tiānhuì 天會 | |
| (2) | Hǎilíngwáng 海陵王 |
Wányán Liàng 完顏亮 |
1149–1161 | Tiāndé 天德 | |
| Shìzōng 世宗 |
(1) | Wányán Yōng 完顏雍 |
1161–1189 | Dàdìng 大定 | |
| Zhāngzōng 章宗 |
(1) | Wányán Jǐng 完顏璟 |
1190–1208 | Míngchāng 明昌 | |
| (2) | Wèishàowáng 衛紹王 |
Wányán Yǒngjì 完顏永濟 |
1209–1213 | Dà'ān 大安 | |
| Xuānzōng 宣宗 |
(1) | Wányán Xún 完顏珣 |
1213–1223 | Zhēnyòu 貞祐 | |
| Āizōng 哀宗 |
(1) | Wányán Shǒuxù 完顏守緒 |
1224–1234 | Zhèngdà 正大 | |
| (2) | Mòdì 末帝 |
Wányán Chénglín 完顏承麟 |
1234 | (2) | |
| Quite long and thus not used when referring to this sovereign. Did not exist. | |||||
Yuan Dynasty 元
| Temple names | Posthumous names | Khan Names | Given names | Period of Reigns | Era names and their corresponding range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use first name (e.g. Temüjin) or Khan names for khans before Kublai Khan. Use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after. A mix of the three for Kublai Khan. | |||||
| Note: 1) The Mongol Great Khans before Khubilai were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271 2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names. 3) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with Timur the lame, or Tamerlane. | |||||
| Tàizǔ (太祖) | not used when referring to this sovereign | Genghis Khan | Borjigin Temüjin (孛兒只斤鐵木真 Bóérzhījīn Tiěmùzhēn) | 1206–1227 | did not exist |
| Ruìzōng (睿宗) | not used when referring to this sovereign | Tolui | Borjigin Tolui (孛兒只斤拖雷 Bóérzhījīn Tuōléi) | 1228 | did not exist |
| Tàizōng (太宗) | not used when referring to this sovereign | Ögedei Khan | Borjigin Ögedei (孛兒只斤窩闊台 Bóérzhījīn Wōkuòtái) | 1229–1241 | did not exist |
| Dìngzōng (定宗) | not used when referring to this sovereign | Güyük Khan | Borjigin Güyük (孛兒只斤貴由 Bóérzhījīn Guìyóu) | 1246–1248 | did not exist |
| Xiànzōng (憲宗) | not used when referring to this sovereign | Möngke Khan | Borjigin Möngke (孛兒只斤蒙哥 Bóérzhījīn Ménggē) | 1251–1259 | did not exist |
| Shìzǔ (世祖 Shìzǔ) | not used when referring to this sovereign | Kublai Khan | Borjigin Kublai (孛兒只斤忽必烈 Bóérzhījīn Hūbìliè) | 1260–1294 | Zhōngtǒng (中統) 1260-1264 Zhìyuán (至元) 1264-1294 |
| Chéngzōng (成宗) | not used when referring to this sovereign | Temür Öljeytü Khân | Borjigin Temür (孛兒只斤鐵穆耳 Bóérzhījīn Tiěmù'ěr) | 1294–1307 | Yuánzhēn (元貞) 1295-1297 Dàdé (大德) 1297-1307 |
| Wǔzōng (武宗) | not used when referring to this sovereign | Qayshan Gülük | Borjigin Qayshan (孛兒只斤海山 Bóérzhījīn Hǎishān) | 1308–1311 | Zhìdà (至大) 1308-1311 |
| Rénzōng (仁宗) | not used when referring to this sovereign | Ayurparibhadra | Borjigin Ayurparibhadra (孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達 Bóérzhījīn Àiyùlíbálìbādá) | 1311–1320 | Huángqìng (皇慶) 1312-1313 Yányòu (延祐) 1314-1320 |
| Yīngzōng (英宗) | not used when referring to this sovereign | Suddhipala Gege'en | Borjigin Suddhipala (孛兒只斤碩德八剌 Bóérzhījīn Shuòdébālá) | 1321–1323 | Zhìzhì (至治) 1321-1323 |
| did not exist (1) | Tàidìng Dì (泰定帝) (2) | Yesün-Temür | Borjigin Yesün-Temür (孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒 Bóérzhījīn Yěsūntiěmùér) | 1323–1328 | Tàidìng (泰定) 1321-1328 Zhìhé (致和) 1328 |
| did not exist (1) | Tiānshùn Dì (天順帝) (2) | Arigaba | Borjigin Arigaba (孛兒只斤阿速吉八 Bóérzhījīn Āsùjíbā) | 1328 | Tiānshùn (天順) 1328 |
| Wénzōng (文宗) | not used when referring to this sovereign | Jijaghatu Toq-Temür | Borjigin Toq-Temür (孛兒只斤圖帖睦爾 Bóérzhījīn Tútiěmùér) | 1328–1329 and 1329–1332 | Tiānlì (天曆) 1328-1330 Zhìshùn (至順) 1330-1332 |
| Míngzōng (明宗) | not used when referring to this sovereign | Qoshila Qutuqtu | Borjigin Qoshila (孛兒只斤和世剌 Bóérzhījīn Héshìlà) | 1329 | did not exist |
| Níngzōng (寧宗) | not used when referring to this sovereign | Irinchibal | Borjigin Irinchibal (孛兒只斤懿璘質班 Bóérzhījīn Yìlínzhìbān) | 1332 | Zhìshùn (至順) 1332 |
| Huìzōng (惠宗) (1) | Shundi (順帝 Shùndì) | Toghan-Temür | Borjigin Toghan-Temür (孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾 Bóérzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér) | 1333–1370 | Zhìshùn (至順) 1333 Yuántǒng (元統) 1333-1335 |
| (1) Convention: for these sovereigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tài Dìng Dì.
(2) Not actually a posthumous name, but adopted from era name. | |||||
| Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào) | Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Khan Names | Born Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use khan names or born names. | |||||
| Note: 1) />2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia. | |||||
| Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name. | |||||
| Huìzōng (惠宗) (same person as the last Yuan emperor in China) | Shundi (順帝 Shùndì) | Toghan-Temür | Borjigin Toghan-Temür (孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾 Bóérzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér) | 1333–1370 | Zhìshùn (至順) 1333 Yuántǒng (元統) 1333-1335 |
| Zhàozōng (昭宗) | did not exist | Biligtü Khan | Ayushiridara of the Borjigin clan (孛兒只斤愛猷識里達臘 Bóérzhījīn Àiyùshílǐdálà) | 1370–1378 | Xuānguāng (宣光) 1371-1378 |
| did not exist | did not exist | Usakhal Khan | Tögüs Temür of the Borjigin clan (孛兒只斤脫古思鐵木兒 Bóérzhījīn Tuōgǔsī Tiěmùér) | 1378–1387 | Tiānguāng (天光) 1378-1387 |
| (1) Convention: for these souvereigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tài Dìng Dì.
For the later Mongol Khans, see List of Mongol Khans | |||||
Ming Dynasty 明
Main article: List of emperors of the Ming Dynasty| Personal Name | Posthumous name (short form) |
Temple name | Era name | Reign years | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhū Yuánzhāng 朱元璋 |
Gāodì 高帝 |
Tàizǔ 太祖 |
Hóngwǔ 洪武 |
1368–1398 | Hongwu Emperor |
| Zhū Yǔnwén 朱允炆 |
Huìdì 惠帝 |
Huizong² | Jiànwén 建文 |
1398–1402 | Jianwen Emperor |
| Zhū Dì 朱棣 |
Wēndì 文帝 |
Chéngzǔ, 成祖 or Tàizōng, 太宗 |
Yǒnglè 永樂 |
1402–1424 | Yongle Emperor |
| Zhū Gāochì 朱高熾 |
Zhāodì 昭帝 |
Rénzōng 仁宗 |
Hóngxī 洪熙 |
1424–1425 | Hongxi Emperor |
| Zhū Zhānjī 朱瞻基 |
Zhāngdì 章帝 |
Xuānzōng 宣宗 |
Xuāndé 宣德 |
1425–1435 | Xuande Emperor |
| Zhū Qízhèn 朱祁鎮 |
Ruìdì 睿帝 |
Yīngzōng 英宗 |
Zhèngtǒng, 正統 1436-1449; |
1435–1449; 1457-1464³ |
Zhengtong Emperor |
| Zhū Qíyù 朱祁鈺 |
Jǐngdì 景帝 |
Dàizōng 代宗 |
Jǐngtài 景泰 |
1449–1457 | Jingtai Emperor |
| Zhū Jiànshēn 朱見深 |
Chúndì 純帝 |
Xiànzōng 憲宗 |
Chénghuà 成化 |
1464–1487 | Chenghua Emperor |
| Zhū Yòutáng 朱祐樘 |
Jìngdì 敬帝 |
Xiàozōng 孝宗 |
Hóngzhì 弘治 |
1487–1505 | Hongzhi Emperor |
| Zhū Hòuzhào 朱厚照 |
Yìdì 毅帝 |
Wǔzōng 武宗 |
Zhèngdé 正德 |
1505–1521 | Zhengde Emperor |
| Zhū Hòucōng 朱厚熜 |
Sùdì 肅帝 |
Shìzōng 世宗 |
Jiājìng 嘉靖 |
1521–1566 | Jiajing Emperor |
| Zhū Zǎihòu 朱載垕 |
Zhuāngdì 莊帝 |
Mùzōng 穆宗 |
Lóngqìng 隆慶 |
1566–1572 | Longqing Emperor |
| Zhū Yìjūn 朱翊鈞 |
Xiǎndì 顯帝 |
Shénzōng 神宗 |
Wànlì 萬曆 |
1572–1620 | Wanli Emperor |
| Zhū Chángluò 朱常洛 |
Zhēndì 貞帝 |
Guāngzōng 光宗 |
Tàichāng 泰昌 |
1620 | Taichang Emperor |
| Zhū Yóujiào 朱由校 |
Zhédì 悊帝 |
Xīzōng 熹宗 |
Tiānqǐ 天啓 |
1620–1627 | Tianqi Emperor |
| Zhū Yóujiǎn 朱由檢 |
Zhuānglièmǐnhuángdì 莊烈愍皇帝 |
Sīzōng, 思宗 or Yìzōng, 毅宗 |
Chóngzhēn 崇禎 |
1627–1644 | Chongzhen Emperor |
| 1 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu. | |||||
| 2 The Yongle emperor assumed the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him. In 1644 the Prince of Fu (福王), the new self-proclaimed emperor of the Southern Ming, conferred on Emperor Jianwen the temple name Huizong | |||||
| 3 After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and was captured. His brother, the Jingtai emperor, assumed the throne and, a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However, the Zhengtong emperor was able to reclaim his position upon the death of his brother, choosing the reign name Tianshun. | |||||
Shun Dynasty 順
The Shun Dynasty was an imperial dynasty created in the brief lapse from Ming to Qing rule in China. It was a state set up by the peasants' rebellion, in which they defeated the Ming forces, but former Ming general Wu Sangui led the Qing forces into Beijing and the Qing forces defeated the rebels.
| Personal Name | Temple name | Era name | Reign years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Li Zicheng 李自成 |
Chuǎng Wáng 闖王 |
Yung Chang 永昌 |
1644 |
Southern Ming Dynasty 南明
The Southern Ming Dynasty refers to the Ming loyalist regimes that existed in Southern China from 1644 to 1662. The regime was established by the princes of the already destroyed Ming dynasty. All of these monarchs had their regimes crushed by the Qing forces very quickly. Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) used the Ming dynasty's name and gathered forces before fleeing to Taiwan.
| Personal Name | Temple name | Era name | Reign years | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhū Yóusōng 朱由崧 |
Ānzōng 安宗 |
Hóngguāng 弘光 |
1644–1645 | Prince of Fu 福王 Fú Wáng |
| Zhū Yùjiàn 朱聿鍵 |
Shàozōng 紹宗 |
Lóngwǔ 隆武 |
1645–1646 | Prince of Tang 唐王 Táng Wáng |
| Zhū Chángfāng 朱常淓 |
None given | None given, but sometimes referred to as the |
1645 | Prince of Lu (Luh*) 潞王 Lù Wáng |
| Zhū Yǐhǎi 朱以海 |
None given | None given, but sometimes referred to as the |
1645–1653 | Prince of Lu (Lou*) 魯王 Lǔ Wáng |
| Zhū Yùyuè 朱聿𨮁 |
Wénzōng 文宗 |
Shàowǔ 紹武 |
1646 | Prince of Tang (Shaowu) 唐王 Táng Wáng |
| Zhū Yóuláng 朱由榔 |
Zhāozōng 昭宗 |
Yǒnglì 永曆 |
1646–1662 | Prince of Gui 桂王 Guì Wáng |
* The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.
Qing Dynasty 清
Main article: List of emperors of the Qing Dynasty| Given name | Posthumous name² (short form) |
Temple name² | Reign name Chinese, Manchu |
Reign years | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nurhaci 努爾哈赤 |
Gāodì 高帝 |
Tàizǔ 太祖 |
Tiānmìng 天命 |
1616-1626³ | Nurhaci |
| Hong Taiji 皇太極 |
Wéndì 文帝 |
Tàizōng 太宗 |
Tiāncōng 天聰 |
1626–1643 | Huang Taiji |
| Fúlín 福臨 |
Zhāngdì 章帝 |
Shìzǔ 世祖 |
Shùnzhì 順治 |
1643-1661 | Shunzhi Emperor |
| Xuányè 玄燁 |
Réndì 仁帝 |
Shèngzǔ 聖祖 |
Kāngxī 康熙 |
1661–1722 | Kangxi Emperor |
| Yìnzhēn 胤禛 |
Xiàndì 憲帝 |
Shìzōng 世宗 |
Yōngzhèng 雍正 |
1722–1735 | Yongzheng Emperor |
| Hónglì 弘曆 |
Chúndì 純帝 |
Gāozōng 高宗 |
Qiánlóng 乾隆 |
1735-1796 (died 1799) |
Qianlong Emperor |
| Yóngyǎn 顒琰 |
Ruìdì 睿帝 |
Rénzōng 仁宗 |
Jiāqìng 嘉慶 |
1796–1820 | Jiaqing Emperor |
| Mínníng 旻寧 |
Chéngdì 成帝 |
Xuānzōng 宣宗 |
Dàoguāng 道光 |
1820–1850 | Daoguang Emperor |
| Yìzhǔ 奕詝 |
Xiǎndì 顯帝 |
Wénzōng 文宗 |
Xiánfēng 咸豐 |
1850–1861 | Xianfeng Emperor |
| Zǎichún 載淳 |
Yìdì 毅帝 |
Mùzōng 穆宗 |
Tóngzhì 同治 |
1861-1875 | Tongzhi Emperor |
| Zǎitián 載湉 |
Jǐngdì 景帝 |
Dézōng 德宗 |
Guāngxù 光緒 |
1875-1908 | Guangxu Emperor |
| Pǔyí 溥儀 |
Xùn Dì 遜帝 |
Gongzōng
恭宗 |
Xuāntǒng 宣統 |
1908-1911 (died 1967) |
Xuantong Emperor |
| 1 The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (愛新覺羅 aixin jueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name. | |||||
| 2 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong. | |||||
| 3 Nurhaci founded the Jin (金) or Later Jin (後金) dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously. | |||||
| 4 Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (阿巴海). | |||||
| 5 The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644. | |||||
| 6 The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus (太上皇帝). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796. | |||||
| 7 The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own. | |||||
| 8 Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the posthumous name given by mainland China and Taiwan's history books to Pu-yi. | |||||
| 9 In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Pu-yi. Posthumous name: Mindi (愍帝). Temple name: Gongzong (恭宗). It remains to be seen whether these names will be accepted by the Chinese public. | |||||
| 10 The Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1911, and the last emperor, Pu-yi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. However, that same day the Republic of China granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" (清帝退位優待條件) which allowed Pu-yi to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Pu-yi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic of China. Pu-yi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus, Pu-yi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912 and November 5, 1924. Pu-yi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong (大同) (1932–1934), then the puppet emperor of the same under the reign name Kangde (康德) (1934–1945). | |||||
Taiping Rebellion 太平天国
Main article: Taiping Rebellion| Personal name | Reign name 年號 |
Reign years | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全 |
Yuánnián 元年 |
August 1851 – May 1864 | Hong Xiuquan |
| Hong Tianguifu 洪天貴福 |
None given | May 1864 – August 1864 | Hong Tianguifu |
Yuan Shikai's Empire of China
Main article: Empire of China (1915–1916)Yuan Shikai attempted to establish himself as emperor in 1916, but his rule is universally accepted as inauthentic. After 83 days, the reign collapsed.
| Personal name | Reign name 年號 |
Reign years | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 |
Hóngxiàn (Hung-hsien) 洪憲 |
December 1915 – March 1916 (1912-1915 as the President of the Republic of China) | Yuan Shikai |
References