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Revision as of 14:52, 1 September 2013 by 97ytkljgg789 (talk | contribs)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)Oswald Spengler's civilization model appears as three tables on a three-page-long folded sheet, placed after the Introduction to his Der Untergang des Abendlandes: Gestalt und Wirklichkeit. The English translation, published by Alfred A. Knopf in New York in 1926 as The Decline of the West: Form and Actuality, carries these tables at the end of the volume. For their meaning and significance, see the main article.
Prolegomenon
Spengler's tables reflect the inevitable transition from low-synergy spring (infancy, femininity) to high-synergy winter (old age, masculinity):
"The difference between children and adults is profound," Fair says. "In a graph depicting the strength of connections between the brain regions we studied, children's minds have just a few connections between some regions, while the adult brains have a web-like mesh of many different interconnecting links involving all the regions."
- —Brain Network Linked to Contemplation in Adults is Less Complex in Children ScienceDaily, 11 March 2008
Women have a higher proportion of gray matter to cranial volume than men. Conversely, men have higher proportions of white matter and cerebrospinal fluid to cranial volume than women. Gray matter refers to the neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites, the short protrusions that communicate with immediately neighboring neurons in the brain. White matter refers to the longer axons, sheathed in a white fat called myelin, that reach out from neurons to more distant regions of the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid is the liquid in which the brain floats inside the head. Gray matter is where computation takes place, while white matter is responsible for communication between groups of cells in different areas of the brain.
Spring, infancy | Winter, old age |
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Maximal potential energy, or, which is the same, minimal realized synergy | Minimal potential energy, or, which is the same, maximal realized synergy |
Endomorphy, viscerotonia
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Ectomorphy, cerebrotonia
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Empathic apperception, short-range in space and time (a "frog's perspective") | Systematic apperception, long-range in space and time (an "eagle's perspective") |
Infantile (feminine, rural, Mongoloid) brain: Predominance of gray matter (the neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites, the short protrusions that communicate with immediately neighbouring neurons in the brain). In such a brain, immature short-axoned neurons are united locally but alienated globally. |
Adult (masculine, urban, Jewish) brain: Predominance of white matter (the axons that reach out from neurons to more distant regions of the brain; since an axon is insulated with myelin, it is "Aspergian"—alienated from its immediate surroundings). In such a brain, mature long-axoned neurons are alienated locally but united globally. |
Flocking instinct and nationalism (people are united locally but alienated globally):
|
Individualism and cosmopolitanism (people are alienated locally but united globally): Cerebrotonia is the predominance of nervous tissue, which is "cosmopolitan"—interconnected encapsulated groups (ganglia) of neurons ("Jewish communities") reside in all organs ("countries") and orchestrate them into a single organism |
Red colour (low-frequency light): Women like pink; Mongoloid flags (Japan, China, Vietnam) are red; sunrise (the spring of the day) is red |
Blue colour (high-frequency light): Men like blue; the Jewish flag is blue; midnight (the winter of the day) is blue ("No brown after six") |
Since lipocytes are redshifted, their metabolic rate is low: "V-16. There is a dull, vegetable-like quality, as if the fires of life burned slowly, without concentration of heat. The personality suggests lack of purpose beyond the elementary biological purposes. The relaxed protrusion of the lips (V-1) often brings to mind the picture of infantilism." |
Since neurons are blueshifted, their metabolic rate is high. An average neuron consumes about ten times more resources than an average cell: "The brain comprises only 2% of body weight, yet accounts for 18% of resting energy consumption. It receives 15% of cardiac output and uses 20% of total body oxygen and 25% of total body glucose supplies." |
The redshiftedness of the Mongoloids and the blueshiftedness of the Jews imply that they are the broad Epimethean and narrow Promethean parts of the same funnel-shaped gravity well:
Photons climbing out of a gravitating object become less energetic. This loss of energy is known as a "redshifting", as photons in the visible spectrum would appear more red. Similarly, photons falling into a gravitational field become more energetic and exhibit a blueshifting. ... Note that the magnitude of the redshifting (blueshifting) effect is not a function of the emitted angle or the received angle of the photon—it depends only on how far radially the photon had to climb out of (fall into) the potential well.
- —Nemiroff, R. J. ♦ Gravitational principles and mathematics American Journal of Physics, 61, 619 (1993)
Imagine you have two synchronized clocks (two angels) and drop one of the clocks into a gravity well, leaving its twin at the gravity well's rim. The frequencies of the matter waves, of which the falling clock consists, will begin to increase, so that the falling clock (the falling angel) will run ever faster and will travel ever further into the future from its nonfalling twin. Thus, falling into the universe's gravitational potential is equivalent to travelling into the future, or, simply, to motion in time, which means that the universe's gravitational potential is eternity:
We are being sucked into the body of eternity.
- —McKenna, Terence
Being such blueshifted fallen angels, men are Promethean (future-minded, goal-oriented) mentally and Mephistophelean (spaghettified, serpentine, penile) corporeally. Humanity's descent into the gravity well of history emancipates (masculinizes) women, making them more spaghettified, ectomorph.
An organism, too, has a gradient of matter waves' constructive interference analogous to a gravity well, where the role of blueshifted fallen angels is played by neurons, whose spaghettification is manifested in their axons (neurons are the "wise serpents" among cells). The human brain can be simplistically regarded as a single neuron, whose axon is the spinal cord.
Matter waves' mutual constructive interference is their informed state, which is at a negative energy level and exerts suction, so that due to the siphon principle, energy surges in the present in order to overcome all barriers and tunnel to a future lower level. The siphon principle is the mechanism by which the more-informed future loans energy to the less-informed present. The universe begins in a state of zero energy, then borrows some energy from the future and begins an exponentially accelerating cascade of transitions to ever lower energy states, each time radiating the borrowed energy into the past and borrowing a bigger amount of energy from the future. Therefore, from the physical point of view, the universe is a pyramid scheme.
A financial debt is essentially a potential difference (a voltage) in a dielectric medium between the status quo and a more informed future state—the only way by which an indebted system can repay the original amount of a debt plus the interest is by becoming more informed, more synergetic. That is why the beginning of the overtly exponential period of debt accrual roughly coincides with 14 February 1946—the day of the unveiling of the first electronic general-purpose computer (ENIAC), regarded as the birth of the Information Age. In November 1990, the debt voltage reached a critically high level, which initiated the final stage of the dielectric medium's pre-breakdown electrical treeing—the emergence of the World Wide Web. The progress of the electrical treeing is indicated by the concomitant release of positive energy (synergy, binding energy, heat of crystallization), measured as the growth in the nominal GDP per dollar of new debt. In the end of 2014 AD, the synergy of new debt will decrease to zero, at which moment the world will undergo an electrical breakdown—an instantaneous tunnelling to a more negative energy state, to a qualitatively deeper level of informedness and synergy compared with the status quo.
Eventually, the material world will be ephemeralized (spaghettified) into eternity, which is a potential flow of free (holistic, aesthetic) information:
Bound information is always connected with a definite material structure, free information is abstract/symbolic. Free information is to a high degree independent from the carrier. <...>
Free information is connected with meaning and with goals (Zweck). <...>
In course of evolution several phase transitions from bound to free information are observed.
- —Ebeling, Werner ♦ Entropy, Information and Predictability of Evolutionary Systems in Hofkirchner, Wolfgang (ed.) ♦ The Quest for a Unified Theory of Information ♦ Gordon and Breach, 1999, p. 262
Being analogue, free information can only be conveyed by analogies, which Oswald Spengler appears to have succeeded in doing.
Spiritual epochs
Phase | Indian from 1500 BC |
Classical from 1100 BC |
Arabian from 0 |
Western from 900 |
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Spring Landscapely intuitive. Great creations of the newly awakened dream-heavy soul. Suprapersonal unity and fullness |
Birth of a myth of the grand style expressing a new God-feeling. World-fear and world-longing | |||
1500–1200 BC
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1100–800 BC
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1–300
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900–1200
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Earliest mystical-metaphysical shaping of the new world-outlook. Zenith of Scholasticism | ||||
Preserved in the oldest parts of the Vedas |
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| ||
Summer Ripening consciousness. Earliest urban and critical stirrings |
Reformation: internal popular opposition to the great springtime forms | |||
10th–9th century BC
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7th century BC
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Beginning of a purely philosophical form of the world-feeling. Opposition of idealistic and realistic systems | ||||
Preserved in the Upanishads | 6th–5th century BC
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6–7th century
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16–17th century | |
Formation of a new mathematic conception of number as copy and content of world-form | ||||
Missing |
Number as magnitude (measure)
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The indefinite number (algebra)
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Puritanism. Rationalistic-mystic impoverishment of religion | ||||
Traces in the Upanishads |
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Autumn Intelligence of the city. Zenith of rigorous conceptualization |
"Enlightenment". Belief in the almightiness of reason. Cult of "Nature". "Rational" religion | |||
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Zenith of mathematical thought. Elucidation of the world of numerical concepts | ||||
Zero as a number |
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The great conclusive systems | ||||
Idealism: Yoga, Vedanta Epistemology: Vaisheshika Logic: Nyaya |
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Winter Onset of cosmopolitan civilization. End of crystallization of emotions into concepts. Life itself becomes problematical. Ethical-practical tendencies of a realized cosmopolitanism |
Crystallized world-view. Cult of holistic understanding and emotionlessness | |||
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Ethical-social ideals of life. Epoch of "nonmathematical philosophy". "Skepsis" | ||||
Tendencies in Buddha's time | Movements in Islam | |||
Inner completion of the world of mathematical concepts. The concluding thought | ||||
(lost) |
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Degradation of abstract thinking into professional lecture-room philosophy. Compendium literature | ||||
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Schools of Baghdad and Basra | ||
Spread of a final world-sentiment | ||||
Indian Buddhism since 500 | Hellenistic-Roman Stoicism since 200 | The practical fatalism in Islam since 1000 | The spread of ethical socialism from 1900 |
Corrections
German original | Alfred A. Knopf's 1926 edition | Current version | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
Landschaftlich-intuitiv. | Rural-intuitive. | Landscapely intuitive. | Cf. the 1923 Landschaftlich-physiognomisch (Landscapely Physiognomic) gouache painting by Paul Klee |
Überpersönliche Einheit | Super-personal unity | Suprapersonal unity | "Super-personal" can be misinterpreted as "extremely personal" |
Höhepunkt strenggeistiger Gestaltungskraft | Zenith of strict intellectual creativeness | Zenith of rigorous conceptualization | |
Abklärung der Formenwelt der Zahlen | Elucidation of the form-world of numbers | Elucidation of the world of numerical concepts | Spengler uses Form as a synonym of Gestalt ("concept") |
Epoche der "Philosophie ohne Mathematik". | Epoch of "unmathematical philosophy". | Epoch of "nonmathematical philosophy". | Ohne means "without", "non-", whereas the prefix "un-" means "not; contrary to; opposite of". |
Anbruch der weltstädtischen Zivilisation. | Dawn of Megalopolitan Civilization. | Onset of cosmopolitan civilization. | Anbruch means "onset". "Dawn" is applicable to the Spring and Autumn phases, but not to the Winter phase, which is the midnight of the solar year. Weltstadt is "cosmopolis". Not every megalopolis is a cosmopolis |
Erlöschen der seelischen Gestaltungskraft. | Extinction of spiritual creative force. | End of crystallization of emotions into concepts. | Concepts are crystallized emotions: "What is named, comprehended, measured is ipso facto overpowered, made inert and taboo." An emotion is a potential difference—a voltage—in a dielectric medium, causing the latter's exponentially accelerating pre-breakdown electrical treeing, resulting in an electrical breakdown—the instantaneous formation of a dendritically hierarchic concept (an electrical tree), which is conductive and, due to that, emotionless (a potential difference can exist in a dielectric only) |
Ethisch-praktische Tendenzen eines irreligiösen and unmetaphysischen Weltstädtertums | Ethical-practical tendencies of an irreligious and unmetaphysical cosmopolitanism | Ethical-practical tendencies of a realized cosmopolitanism | This section includes "The practical fatalism in Islam since 1000". Therefore, rather than being "irreligious and unmetaphysical", the cosmopolitanism of the Winter phase is realized in the physical world, and, due to that, is no longer just abstract (religious and metaphysical), but is also practical. Moreover, the main attribute of the World Spirit is omnipresence, nonlocality, cosmopolitanism. That is why "cosmopolitanism" is essentially a synonym of "monotheism" and cannot be "irreligious and unmetaphysical". E.g., the professedly materialistic and irreligious Marxism tacitly assumes the existence of immaterial and omnipresent laws of nature, equivalent to the monotheistic Logos or World Spirit |
Materialistische Weltanschauung: Kultus der Wissenschaft, des Nutzens, des Glückes | Materialistic world-outlook. Cult of science, utility and prosperity | Crystallized world-view. Cult of holistic understanding and emotionlessness | Included in this section are Buddhism, Islam, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche. In such a context, materialistische cannot be translated as "materialistic". During the Winter phase, water (emotions) is frozen into ice crystals (concepts). While the "mathematical thought" of the table's Autumn section is concerned with scientific knowledge, the "nonmathematical philosophy" of the Winter section is concerned with holistic understanding. Therefore, Wissenschaft should be translated as "holistic understanding". Since a holistic understanding of utility is based on the ultimate goal, Kultus des Nutzens should be interpreted as "goal-orientedness". Listed in this section are the Cynics, the Epicureans, the Stoics, the Pyrrhonists and the Buddhists, who understand the ultimate goal as ataraxia—emotionlessness. Also included in this section is socialism (whose core idea, according to Spengler, consists in socializing all the individual "human particles" of the planet into a "single crystal"—a world-wide "imperium of gradually increasing crudity of despotism", within which the socialists will subjectively feel free because they define freedom as understood necessity), which too construes happiness as emotionlessness: |
Innere Vollendung der mathematischen Formenwelt. | Inner completion of the mathematical form-world. | Inner completion of the world of mathematical concepts. |
Artistic epochs
Phase | Egyptian | Classical | Arabian | Western | |
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Precultural period Chaos of primitive expression forms. Mystical symbolism and naive imitation |
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| |
Culture Life history of a style formative of the entire outer being. Form-language of deepest symbolic necessity |
Early period Ornamentation and architecture as elementary expression of the young world-feeling (the "primitives") |
OLD KINGDOM (2900–2400 BC) |
DORIC (1100–500 BC) |
EARLY ARABIAN FORM-WORLD (Sassanid, Byzantine, Armenian, Syrian, Sabæan, "late classical" and "early Christian") (0–500) |
GOTHIC (900–1500) |
Birth and rise. Forms sprung from the land, unconsciously shaped | |||||
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11th–9th centuries BC
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1st–3rd centuries
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11–13th centuries | ||
Completion of the early form-language. Exhaustion of possibilities. Contradiction | |||||
2320–2200 BC
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8th–7th centuries BC
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4th–5th centuries | 14–15th centuries
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Late period Formation of a group of urbanely exquisite arts in the hands of individuals (the "great masters") |
Formation of a mature artistry | ||||
2130–1990 BC
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Perfection of an intellectualized form-language | |||||
1990–1790 BC
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480–350 BC
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7–8th centuries
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Exhaustion of strict creativeness. Dissolution of grand form. End of style. "Classicism and romanticism" | |||||
Confusion after about 1750 |
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| |||
Civilization Existence without inner form. Cosmopolitan art as a habit, luxury, sport, thrill. Rapidly changing fashions in art (revivals, arbitrary inventions, borrowings) |
Modern art. "Art problems". Attempts to portray or to excite the metropolitan consciousness. Transformation of music, architecture and painting into mere craft arts | ||||
Hyksos period (1675–1550 BC). Preserved only in Crete (Minoan art) | Hellenism | Sultan dynasties of 9th–10th centuries
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19th and 20th centuries
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End of form development. Meaningless, empty, artificial, pretentious architecture and ornament. Imitation of archaic and exotic motives | |||||
18th dynasty (1550–1328 BC)
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Roman period (100 BC–100 AD)
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Seljuks (since 1050)
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From 2000 | ||
Finale. Formation of a fixed stock of forms. Imperial display by means of material and mass. Provincial craft art | |||||
19th dynasty (1328–1195 BC) | Trajan to Aurelian
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Mongol period (from 1250)
|
Corrections
German original | Alfred A. Knopf's 1926 edition | Current version | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
Lebensgeschichte eines das gesamte äußere Sein formenden Stils. | Life-history of a style formative of the entire inner-being. | Life history of a style formative of the entire outer being. | Äußer is "outer", not "inner" |
Bildung einer Gruppe städtisch-bewußter, gewählter, von Einzelnen getragener Künste: "Die großen Meister" | (Formation of a group of arts urban and conscious, in the hands of individuals) ("Great Masters") | Formation of a group of urbanely exquisite arts in the hands of individuals (the "great masters") | Städtisch-bewußt means "urbane", not "urban and conscious". Gewählt means "exquisite" |
Weltstadtkunst als Gewohnheit, Luxus, Sport, Nervenreiz. | Megalopolitan art as a common-place: luxury, sport, nerve excitement: | Cosmopolitan art as a habit, luxury, sport, thrill. | Weltstadt is "cosmopolis". Not every megalopolis is a cosmopolis |
willkürliche Erfindungen | arbitrary discoveries | arbitrary inventions | |
Tierplastik | beast plastic | animal sculpture | The Egyptian plastic art includes relief sculptures of birds and arthropods. Therefore, in this instance, Tier means "animal", not "beast": Der Vogel ist ein Tier |
Political epochs
Phase | Egyptian | Classical | Chinese | Western | |
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Precultural period Primitive folk. Tribes and their chiefs. As yet no "politics" and no "state" |
Thinite period (MENES) 3100–2600 | Mycenaean age ("AGAMEMNON") 1600–1100 |
Shang period 1700–1300 | Frankish period CHARLEMAGNE 500–900 | |
Culture National groups of definite style and particular world-feeling ("nations"). Working of an immanent state-idea |
Early period Organic differentiation of political existence. The first two estates—nobility and priesthood. Feudal natural economy |
OLD KINGDOM 2600–2200 | DORIC PERIOD 1100–650 | EARLY CHOU PERIOD 1300–800 | GOTHIC PERIOD 900–1500 |
1. Feudalism. Spirit of countryside and countryman. The "city" only a market or stronghold. Chivalric-religious ideals. Struggles of vassals amongst themselves and against overlord | |||||
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The central ruler (Wang) pressed hard by the feudal nobility |
| |||
2. Crisis and dissolution of patriarchal forms. From feudalism to aristocratic state | |||||
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934–904: I-Wang and the vassals
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Late period Actualization of the matured state-idea. Town versus countryside: emergence of the Third Estate (bourgeoisie). Victory of money over barter | |||||
MIDDLE KINGDOM 2150–1800 | IONIC PERIOD 650–300 | LATE CHOU PERIOD 800–500 | BAROQUE PERIOD 1500–1800 | ||
3. Fashioning of a world of states of strict form. Frondes | |||||
11th dynasty
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6th century
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Period of the "Protectors" (Ming-Chu 685–591) and the congresses of princes (–460) | Dynastic family-power, and Fronde (Richelieu, Wallenstein, Cromwell)—ca. 1630 | ||
4. Climax of the state-form ("absolutism"). Unity of town and country ("state" and "society", the "three estates") | |||||
1990–1790: 12th dynasty | The pure polis (absolutism of the demos)
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590–480: Chun-Chiu period ("Spring and Autumn")
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Ancien Régime. Rococo. Court nobility of Versailles. Cabinet politics. Habsburg and Bourbon. Louis XIV, Frederick the Great | ||
5. Break-up of the state-form (revolution and Napoleonism). Victory of the city over the countryside (of the "people" over the privileged, of the intelligentsia over tradition, of money over politics) | |||||
1788–1680: Revolution and military government. Decay of the realm. Small potentates, in some cases sprung from the people | 4th century: Social revolution and the second tyrannis (Dionysus I, Jason of Pherae, Appius Claudius the Censor) | 480: Beginning of the Chan-Kwo period
441: Fall of the Chou dynasty. Revolutions and annihilation-wars |
End of the 18th century: Revolution in America and France (Washington, Fox, Mirabeau, Robespierre) | ||
Civilization The body of the people, now essentially urban in constitution, dissolves into a formless mass. Cosmopolis and provinces. The Fourth Estate (the "masses")—inorganic, cosmopolitan |
1. Domination of money ("democracy"). Economic powers permeating the political forms and authorities | ||||
1675–1550: Hyksos period. Deepest decline. Dictatures of alien generals (Chian). After 1600, definitive victory of the rulers of Thebes | 300–100: Political Hellenism. From Alexander to Hannibal and Scipio, royal all-power; from Cleomenes III and C. Flaminius (220) to C. Marius, radical demagogues | 480–230: Period of the "contending states"
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1800–2000
| ||
2. Formation of Caesarism. Victory of force-politics over money. Increasing primitiveness of political forms. Inward decline of the nations into a formless population, and constitution thereof as an imperium of gradually increasing crudity of despotism | |||||
1580–1350: Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt | 100 BC–100 AD: Sulla to Domitian | 250 BC–26 AD: House of Wang-Cheng and Western Han dynasty
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2000–2200 | ||
3. Maturing of the final form. Private and family policies of individual leaders. The world as spoil. Egypticism, mandarinism, Byzantinism. Historyless stiffening and enfeeblement even of the imperial machinery, against young peoples eager for spoil, or alien conquerors. Primitive human conditions slowly thrust up into the highly civilized mode of living | |||||
1350–1205: Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt | 100–300: Trajan to Aurelian
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25–320: Eastern Han dynasty
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after 2200 |
Corrections
German original | Alfred A. Knopf's 1926 edition | Current version | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
Organische Gliederung des politischen Daseins. | Organic articulation of political existence. | Organic differentiation of political existence. | "Articulation" means "jointing together", whereas Gliederung means "separation into parts", "differentiation" |
Die beiden frühen Stande: Adel und Priestertum. | The two prime classes (noble and priest). | The first two estates—nobility and priesthood. | |
Feudalwirtschaft der reinen Bodenwerte | Feudal economics; purely agrarian values | Feudal natural economy | Wirtschaft is "economy", not "economics" |
Auflösung des Königtums in Jahresämter | Dissolution of kinship into annual offices | Dissolution of kingship into annual offices | |
Die Stadt gegen das Land: Entstehung des Dritten Standes . | Town versus countryside. Rise of Third Estate (Bourgeoisie). | Town versus countryside: emergence of the Third Estate (bourgeoisie). | "Rise" is unsuitable because it can mean just an improvement in status |
Sieg des Geldes über die Güter | Victory of money over landed property | Victory of money over barter | In literal translation, "Victory of money over goods" |
Sieg ... des Geldes über die Politik | Victory ... of money over policy | Victory ... of money over politics | A policy is a plan of action adopted by a government. The word "politics", in this context, denotes the policy-formulating aspects of government |
Periode Tschun-tsiu 590–480. | Chun-Chiu period (" Spring" and "Autumn"), 590–480 | 590–480: Chun-Chiu period ("Spring and Autumn") | |
Weltstadt und Provinz: | Megalopolis and provinces. | Cosmopolis and provinces. | Weltstadt is "cosmopolis". Not every megalopolis is a cosmopolis |
Geschichtsloses Erstarren | History less stiffening | Historyless stiffening |
References
- Sheldon, William H. ♦ The Varieties of Temperament Harper & Brothers, 1942, p. 47 ♦ "V-20. Orientation toward Infancy, and toward Family Relationships. There is deep love of the period of infancy and of the idea of being a child."
- Encyclopaedia Britannica University of Chicago, 1951, p. 900 ♦ "Among the Mongoloid majority, obesity is relatively rare, but the bone-fat index (proportion of osseous to adipose tissues) is high"
- Sheldon, William H. ♦ The Varieties of Temperament Harper & Brothers, 1942, pp. 255, 256 ♦ "As another alternative, it is possible to rationalize a general orientational schema for life on essentially viscerotonic grounds. Buddhism has done so, and Buddha is rarely pictured as less than 5 in the first component, both morphologically and motivationally. In Buddhist doctrines we find a fairly consistent exposition of viscerotonia. We find relaxation, deliberateness, love of comfort, pleasure in digestion, ceremoniousness, tolerance, complacency, love of sleep, orientation toward family, in short, viscerotonia. And for an honest rationalization of viscerotonia, read Lin Yutang's book, The Importance of Living."
- Sheldon, William H. ♦ The Varieties of Temperament Harper & Brothers, 1942, p. 67 ♦ "C-20. Orientation toward the Later Periods of Life. There is a primary longing for a later period of life, and a persistent conviction that greater happiness lies in the later decades, when the individual will be (he believes) relatively free from the inhibitory tenseness and emotional insecurity which seem so fearfully to thwart him in youth. Also, among academic or intellectually ambitious cerebrotonics there is a strong feeling that the best fulfillments of life lie in the intellectual maturation, and in the richer understanding and insight of later years."
- Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick ♦ The Dublin Review Burns and Oates, 1879, p. 194
- Sheldon, William H. ♦ The Varieties of Temperament Harper & Brothers, 1942, p. 36
- Pasternak, Boris ♦ Doctor Zhivago 1957
- Sheldon, William H. ♦ The Varieties of Temperament Harper & Brothers, 1942, p. 43
- Carlson, Karen K. ♦ Advanced Critical Care Nursing Saunders/Elsevier, 2009, p. 530
- Voracek, Martin; Fisher, Maryanne L. ♦ Shapely centrefolds? Temporal change in body measures: trend analysis British Medical Journal, 21 December 2002
- MCAT Physics 2009–2010 Kaplan Publishing, 2009, p. 271 ♦ "... bound state energy levels are negative ..."
- ENIAC: The Birth of the Information Age Popular Science, March 1996
- The ENIAC Effect: Dawn of the Information Age ENIAC Museum
- Battersby, Stephen ♦ Big Bang glow hints at funnel-shaped Universe New Scientist, 15 April 2004
- Driesen, Cynthia vanden ♦ Patrick White and the "Unprocessed Factor": The Challenge Before the Contemporary Religious Novelist ♦ in R. Shepherd and K. Singh (eds.) ♦ Patrick White: A Critical Symposium ♦ Adelaide Centre for Research in the New Literatures in English, 1978 ♦ "Transcendental truths can only be conveyed by analogies from the sensory world."
- Spengler, Oswald ♦ The Decline of the West v. 1, Alfred A. Knopf, 1926, p. 123
- The American Magazine v. 86, 1918, p. 132 ♦ "Worry is almost always associated with emotion of some sort. Emotion is potential energy. It is steam which must find an outlet."
- Sheldon, William H. ♦ The Varieties of Temperament Harper & Brothers, 1942, p. 82 ♦ "Yet it should be remembered that the C-12 trait does not indicate lack of emotion. Cerebrotonic people are often highly emotional. The phenomenon of emotionality as such seems to be a variable nearly independent of what we have called the primary components of temperament. Differences lie in the manner of expressing emotion, and perhaps also in the kind or quality of emotion. Since this last variable refers really to a quality of consciousness itself, we have no way of comparing it in different individuals, except by inference drawn from outward behavior. Cerebrotonic people seem to feel emotion more intensely, or more acutely, than do either viscerotonic or somatotonic people. Their sensory responses in general seem to be sharper and more discriminative. If this is actually the case, then in one sense they have more emotion, or are more emotional."
- Sheldon, William H. ♦ The Varieties of Temperament Harper & Brothers, 1942, p. 82
External links
The following links to print versions of the tables are provided for verification purposes.
In German:
In English:
- Spengler, Oswald ♦ The Decline of the West v. 1 (©1926) and v. 2 (©1928), Alfred A. Knopf