Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by SlimVirgin (talk | contribs) at 20:33, 7 December 2013 (restored caption and image position). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Disappearance of Madeleine McCann
(Left) Madeleine in 2007, aged three, and (right) how she may have looked in 2012, aged nine
Name	Madeleine Beth McCann
Born	(2003-05-12) 12 May 2003 (age 21) Leicester, England
Parents	Kate and Gerry McCann
Disappeared	3 May 2007 (aged 3) 5A Rua Dr Agostinho da Silva, Praia da Luz, Portugal
Coordinates	37°05′19″N 8°43′51″W / 37.0886565°N 8.7308398°W / 37.0886565; -8.7308398
Distinguishing features	Straight blonde hair; blue-green eyes; right eye has a distinctive spot on the iris; small brown mark on the calf of the left leg
Investigating forces	Polícia Judiciária Leicestershire police London Metropolitan Police/Scotland Yard
Reward	£2.5m ($3.8m)
Contact	Operation Grange (Scotland Yard) Madeleine's Fund

Madeleine Beth McCann (born 12 May 2003) disappeared on the evening of Thursday, 3 May 2007, from her bedroom in an apartment in Praia da Luz, a resort in the Algarve region of Portugal. She was on holiday there from the UK with her parents, her younger twin siblings, and a group of seven family friends and their five children.

Madeleine and her siblings had been left asleep at 20:30 in the ground-floor apartment while her parents, Kate and Gerry McCann, ate with their travelling companions in the resort's tapas restaurant 50 metres (160 ft) away. The parents checked on the children throughout the evening until Madeleine's mother discovered she was missing at 22:00. The Portuguese police initially assumed that she had wandered off, then that she had been abducted, but after misinterpreting a British DNA analysis they came to believe that she had died in the apartment, which placed a cloud of suspicion over her parents. The McCanns were declared arguidos (suspects) in September 2007, but were cleared in July 2008 when Portugal's attorney-general closed the case.

The parents at first continued the investigation using private detectives, but after the intervention of the British Home Secretary in May 2011 Scotland Yard set up Operation Grange, a case review that became a new criminal inquiry. The Portuguese police reopened their own investigation in October 2013, citing new evidence. That month Scotland Yard released e-fit images of men they want to trace, including one of a man seen carrying a child toward the beach that night. They believe Madeleine was taken during a pre-planned abduction or a burglary gone wrong.

The disappearance generated sustained international attention from traditional and social media, particularly on Twitter, which was just a year old when Madeleine went missing; one journalist wrote that the disappearance became almost a metaphor for the rise of social media as a mode of public discourse. The McCanns were subjected to intense scrutiny and false allegations of involvement in their daughter's death amid saturation coverage in the UK that was reminiscent of the death of Diana in 1997. The couple and their seven friends were awarded damages against the Express Group in 2008, which they donated to a fund set up to finance the search for Madeleine, and front-page apologies from several of the group's newspapers. The McCanns testified in 2011 before the Leveson Inquiry into British press misconduct, lending support to those arguing for tighter press regulation in the UK.

Family and friends

Madeleine McCann

Madeleine was born in Leicester, England, and lived with her parents and siblings in Rothley, Leicestershire. On the advice of the International Family Law Group in London, which flew staff to Portugal to advise the McCanns shortly after the disappearance, Madeleine was made a ward of court in England in the summer of 2007. This gives the court statutory powers to act on her behalf, such as applying for access to certain records.

As a result of her parents' campaign, Madeleine's photographs became some of the most widely reproduced of the decade. She has straight blonde hair, blue-green eyes, a small brown mark on the calf of her left leg, and a distinctive dark strip on the iris of her right eye, possibly a coloboma. Against the advice of the Portuguese police, who feared that emphasizing her distinctive eye would place her in more danger, close-up shots of her iris appeared in shop windows around Europe, and posters highlighting the word "look" were designed with the first "o" containing the mark. The McCanns released several age-progressed images in 2009 of how Madeleine may have looked at age six, and Scotland Yard released another in 2012 of her at age nine.

McCanns, Tapas Seven

Madeleine's parents are both physicians and practising Roman Catholics. Kate Marie McCann (née Healy, born 1968 in Allerton, Liverpool) attended All Saints School in Anfield, then Notre Dame High School, Everton Valley, graduating in 1992 with a degree in medicine from the University of Dundee. She moved briefly into obstetrics and gynaecology, then anaesthesiology, and finally general practice. Gerald Patrick McCann (born 1968 in Glasgow) attended Holyrood Secondary School. He obtained a BSc in physiology/sports science from the University of Glasgow in 1989, qualifying in medicine in 1992. In 2002 he obtained his MD, a research degree, also from Glasgow. He has been a consultant cardiologist at Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, since 2005. The couple met in 1993 in Glasgow and were married in 1998. Madeleine was born in 2003 and the twins, a boy and a girl, two years later.

The couple were on holiday in Praia da Luz with a group of seven friends from the UK and eight children in all, including the McCanns' three. Several of the friends – Russell O'Brien, Matthew Oldfield, and Fiona and David Payne – had studied medicine together at the University of Leicester. The group consisted of O'Brien and his partner Jane Tanner, a marketing manager; Oldfield and his wife Rachael, a recruitment consultant; and the Paynes, who were accompanied by Fiona Payne's mother, Dianne Webster. The nine adults met up most evenings during the holiday at 20:30 in the resort's tapas restaurant, as a result of which the media dubbed the friends the Tapas Seven.

Disappearance

Apartment 5A

External images
Ocean Club resort, with the McCanns' block on the right, on the junction of Rua Dr Agostinho da Silva and Rua Dr Francisco Gentil Martins.
Apartment 5A on the ground floor and the steps from Rua Dr Francisco Gentil Martins to 5A's patio doors; the Ocean Club is on the left.
Children's bedroom, with Madeleine's bed on the left; the window faces Rua Dr Agostinho da Silva.

The McCanns arrived in Praia da Luz on 28 April 2007 and stayed at 5A Rua Dr Agostinho da Silva, which they had booked for a seven-night break through the British holiday company, Mark Warner. 5A was a two-bedroom apartment on the ground floor of the fifth block of a group of apartments known as Waterside Village. The block lay on the perimeter of Mark Warner's Ocean Club resort and overlooked its pool, tennis courts, tapas restaurant and bar. Many of the privately owned apartments were rented by Mark Warner for its guests; the McCanns' apartment was owned by a retired teacher from Liverpool.

Located on the corner of Rua Dr Agostinho da Silva and Rua Dr Francisco Gentil Martins, 5A was accessible to the public from all sides. Sliding patio doors at the back faced the Ocean Club; the patio doors could be accessed from a short set of steps and a gate on the side of the block leading from Rua Dr Francisco Gentil Martins. The front door of the apartment was situated on Rua Dr Agostinho da Silva, the non-resort side of the block, and led to a walled car park and the street. The three children slept in a bedroom next to the front door. The room had one waist-high window with an exterior shutter, which looked onto a narrow walkway that was separated from the car park by a one-metre-high wall. The twins slept in travel cots in the middle of the room, while Madeleine was in a single bed on the opposite side of the room from the window.

Thursday, 3 May 2007

External image
Pyjamas similar to Madeleine's, pink-and-white Eeyore pyjamas from Marks and Spencer's.

Thursday, 3 May, was the penultimate day of the family's holiday. The children spent the morning in the resort's Kids' Club while the parents went for a walk, then the family lunched together at their apartment before heading to the pool. Madeleine's mother took the last known photograph of Madeleine by the pool that afternoon, sitting next to her father and two-year-old sister. The children returned to Kids' Club, and at 18:00 their mother took them back to the apartment while their father went for a tennis lesson. The McCanns put the children to bed around 19:00. Madeleine was left asleep in the single bed next to her pink comfort blanket and a pink soft toy, Cuddle Cat. She was wearing a pair of short-sleeved, pink-and-white Marks and Spencer's Eeyore pyjamas.

The parents left the apartment at 20:30 to dine with their friends in the Ocean Club's open-air tapas restaurant, 50 metres (160 ft) as the crow flies on the other side of the pool. To return to the apartment to check on the children, the McCanns walked along the pool to the reception area, through reception onto Rua Dr Francisco Gentil Martins, then turned left and left again to reach the patio doors at the back of 5A. According to Madeleine's mother, this was a walk of 30–45 seconds. The patio doors could only be locked from the inside, so the McCanns left them closed but unlocked to allow them to enter the apartment that way.

The staff at the tapas restaurant had left a note in a staff message book asking that the same table, which overlooked the apartments, be block-booked for 20:30 for the McCanns and their friends for several evenings during their holiday. The message said the group's children were asleep in the apartments. Madeleine's mother believes the abductor may have seen this note in the staff book, which was left at the swimming-pool reception area. The McCanns and their friends left the table throughout the evening to check on their children. Madeleine's father carried out the first check on 5A at around 21:05. All was well, except that he recalled having left the children's bedroom door only slightly ajar and now it stood almost wide open; he said he pulled it back to a five-degree position before returning to the restaurant. Madeleine's mother wrote in 2011 that the movement of the door might mean that the abductor had already been in the apartment.

Possible sightings of the abduction

Tanner sighting

One of the McCanns' travelling companions, Jane Tanner, left the restaurant at 21:15 to check on her own daughter. She passed Madeleine's father on Rua Dr Francisco Gentil Martins on his way back to the restaurant from his 21:05 check. He had stopped to chat to a British holidaymaker, Jes Wilkins. Neither man saw Tanner. This became an issue that puzzled the Portuguese police, given how narrow the street was, and led them to accuse Tanner of having invented the sighting.

At that point Tanner noticed a man with a young child cross the junction with Rua Dr Agostinho da Silva just ahead of her, heading east away from the Ocean Club. She said he was carrying the child, who was barefoot and wearing light-coloured pink pyjamas with a floral pattern and cuffs on the legs, a description that matched the pyjamas Madeleine had been wearing. She described the man as white, dark-haired, 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) tall, of southern European or Mediterranean appearance, 35–40 years old, wearing gold or beige trousers and a dark jacket, and said he did not look like a tourist. Tanner gave the information to the Portuguese police, but they did not pass it to the media until 25 May. Madeleine's Fund arranged for a forensic artist to create an image of the man (right), which was released to the public in October 2007.

Although Tanner had not seen the man's face, the sighting became important because it offered investigators a time frame for the abduction, but Scotland Yard eventually came to view it as a red herring. In October 2013 they said a British holidaymaker had stepped forward to say he believed he was the man Tanner had seen, and that he had been returning to his apartment after picking up his own daughter from the Ocean Club night creche. Scotland Yard took photographs of the man wearing the same or similar clothes to the ones he was wearing on the night, and standing in a pose similar to the one Tanner reported. The pyjamas his daughter had been wearing also matched Tanner's report. The detective in charge of the Scotland Yard inquiry said that as a result his officers were "almost certain" that this sighting was not related to the abduction.

Smith sighting

The Tanner sighting suggested Madeleine had been taken around 21:15, but another sighting of a man carrying a child that night was reported to Portuguese police by Martin and Mary Smith, who were on holiday from Ireland. The Smiths saw the man at around 22:00 on Rua da Escola Primária, 500 yards (457 m) from the McCanns' apartment, carrying a young girl and walking in the direction of Rua 25 de Abril and the beach. They described the girl as 3–4 years old, wearing light-coloured pyjamas, with blonde hair and pale skin. They said the man was mid-30s, 5 ft 7 in – 5 ft 9 in (1.75–1.80 m) tall, slim-to-normal build, with short brown hair, wearing cream or beige trousers. They said he had not looked like a tourist and appeared not to be comfortable carrying the child.

In 2008 private detectives with Oakley International, a company hired by Madeleine's Fund, questioned the consistency of the Tanner report and became more interested in the Smith sighting. Oakley prepared e-fit images (right) – one based on Martin's description and the other on Mary's – but the Fund decided not to release them. This was in part because Martin Smith came to believe that the man he had seen was Gerry McCann – something Scotland Yard ruled out because witnesses placed Gerry in the tapas restaurant at 22:00 – and so releasing the e-fits risked feeding the conspiracy theories about the McCanns, which were at their height in 2008. When Scotland Yard became involved in 2011 and ruled out the Tanner sighting, they came to believe that it was the Smith sighting that gave them the approximate time of Madeleine's kidnap, and in October 2013 they released the Oakley International e-fits to coincide with a BBC Crimewatch reconstruction of the disappearance.

Madeleine reported missing

Madeleine's mother, Kate, had intended to check on the children at 21:30, but Matthew Oldfield, one of the Tapas Seven, offered to do it when he checked on his own children in the apartment next door. He noticed that the McCanns' children's bedroom door was wide open, but after hearing no noise he left their apartment without looking far enough into the room to see whether Madeleine was in bed. He could not recall whether the bedroom window and its exterior shutter were open at that point, as Kate said they were when she discovered Madeleine was missing. Early on in the investigation the Portuguese police accused Oldfield of involvement because he had volunteered to do the check, suggesting to him that he had handed Madeleine to someone through the bedroom window.

Kate made her own check at around 22:00. Scotland Yard believe that Madeleine was taken just moments before this. She recalled entering the apartment through the patio doors at the back, and noticed that the children's bedroom door was wide open. When she tried to close it a little, it slammed shut, suggesting there was a draught from an open window. She opened the door and saw that the bedroom window and its shutter were open. Madeleine's Cuddle Cat and pink blanket were still on the bed, but Madeleine was gone. After briefly searching the apartment Kate ran back towards the restaurant, screaming that someone had taken Madeleine.

At around 22:10, according to Kate, Madeleine's father sent Matthew Oldfield to alert the resort's 24-hour reception desk and to call the police, and at 22:30 the resort activated its missing-child search protocol. The resort's manager said that 60 staff and guests searched until 04:30, at first assuming that Madeleine had wandered off. One of them told Channel 4's Dispatches that from one end of Luz to the other, you could hear people shouting her name.

Portuguese investigation (2007–2008)

Early response

There were strained relations between the McCanns and the Polícia Judiciária, Portugal's criminal police, from early on in the search. Criminal investigations in Portugal are governed by a secrecy clause in the country's penal code, which means there are no official press conferences with updates, and no release of suspects' or witnesses' names. One journalist wrote that this leads to a culture of "leak, not speak," and an inevitable profileration of theories that are hard for others to counter without breaking the law.

A senior officer in the Polícia Judiciária acknowledged in 2010 that the police had been suspicious of the McCanns from the start, because the couple ignored a request not to talk about the disappearance and turned the inquiry into what the officer called a "media circus." The officer who coordinated the investigation from May to October 2007, Chief Inspector Gonçalo Amaral, head of the regional Polícia Judiciária in Portimão at the time, went on to resign from the police in June 2008 to write a book alleging that Madeleine had died after an accident in the apartment and that the McCanns had faked the abduction.

The McCanns, for their part, feared that the investigation was not thorough or fast enough. According to the director of the Polícia Judiciária in Faro, capital of the Argarve region, Polícia Judiciária officers arrived within 10 minutes of being alerted. According to Madeleine's mother, two officers from the gendarmerie, the Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), arrived at 23:10 from Lagos, a town five miles away. The GNR at first assumed that Madeleine had wandered off, and it was not until midnight that they alerted the Polícia Judiciária. Madeleine's mother wrote that the first Polícia Judiciária officers arrived at 1 am from Portimão, 20 miles away. Two patrol dogs were brought to the resort at 2 am and four search-and-rescue dogs at 8 am. Officers had their leave cancelled and started working through weekends, organizing searches of local waterways, wells, caves, sewers and ruins. In the UK the Leicestershire police – Madeleine's home police – were asked on 8 May 2007 to coordinate a response on behalf of the British government and the Association of Chief Police Officers, and the next day experts from Britain's Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre arrived in Portugal to develop a psychological profile of the abductor.

Despite the obvious efforts of the Portuguese police to find Madeleine, it was widely acknowledged that mistakes had been made, chief among which was that the crime scene was not secured. According to Madeleine's mother, an officer placed tape across the doorway of the children's bedroom on the night of the disappearance, but left at 3 am without securing the rest of the apartment. Chief Inspector Olegário de Sousa of the Polícia Judiciária said that around 20 people had entered the apartment before it was closed off. The Portuguese police case file, which was released in August 2008, suggested that the situation was considerably worse than that. Although 5A lay empty for a month after the disappearance – the McCanns moved to apartment 4G until July, then to a rented house on Rua das Flores – it was let out to other tourists for two months before being sealed off in August for more forensic tests. Cuddle Cat, which was found on Madeleine's bed, was not secured or checked early on for DNA.

A similar situation arose outside the apartment. A small crowd gathered by the front door after the disappearance, including next to the bedroom window through which an abductor may have entered or left, touching and trampling on potentially important evidence. A police officer was photographed dusting the bedroom window's exterior shutter for fingerprints without wearing gloves or other protective clothing. Neither border nor marine police were given descriptions of Madeleine for many hours, and officers did not appear to make extensive door-to-door inquiries. According to Madeleine's mother, roadblocks were first put in place at 10 am the next morning. Police did not request motorway surveillance pictures of vehicles leaving Praia da Luz that night, or of the road between Lagos and Vila Real de Santo António on the Spanish border; the company that monitors the road, Euroscut, said they were not approached for information. Friends of the McCanns' in the UK alerted the media as soon as they heard the news, and Gerry's sister in Scotland informed the British Consulate in the Algarve, the British Embassy in Lisbon and the Foreign Office in London. It took Interpol five days to issue a global missing-person alert.

Witness reports

In the days leading up to the disappearance, there had been several sightings of men behaving oddly near apartment 5A. One holidaymaker told the Polícia Judiciária that a bedraggled-looking man had rung her doorbell on 20 April 2007 to say in broken English that he was collecting money for an orphanage in nearby Espiche. She described him as 38–45 years old, with a sallow complexion, lank dark hair, a moustache and large teeth. (British journalist Danny Collins writes that it is common in southern Iberia to see itinerants with poorly typed photo ID claiming to be collecting money for children's charities.) On Thursday, 3 May – the day of the disappearance – between 15:30 and 17:30, two black-haired men (right) visited apartments close to 5A, again ostensibly making collections for orphanages; one was seen in the McCanns' block at 16:00. A black-haired man was also seen a week earlier going up the steps to 5A and speaking to someone on the balcony.

At 8 am on Monday, 30 April, one girl – whose grandparents used to own 5A – saw a blonde-haired man leaning against a wall on a path behind the apartment block. She saw him again on 2 May near the car park by the pool, looking at 5A. She described him as Caucasian, mid-30s, "ugly" with spots, and wearing a black leather jacket and sunglasses (below right, left image). A second witness saw a blonde-haired man on 29 April not far from the apartments, and saw him again on 2 May across the road from 5A. She remembered him because he made her uneasy: she described him as "ugly," with pitted skin and a large nose. That day or the next, a third witness saw a man standing by a wall near the car park next to the pool. She said he was staring at the McCanns' apartment block, where a white van was parked.

On the day of the disappearance a fourth witness saw a man walk through a gate leading away from the apartments; she noticed him because he seemed to be trying to close the gate quietly, with both hands, and was looking around him as he walked away. At 14:30 that day another witness saw two blonde-haired men on the balcony of 5C, an empty apartment two doors from 5A. At 16:00–17:00 a blonde-haired man was seen near 5A, and at 18:00 the same or another blonde-haired man was seen standing in the stairwell of the McCanns' block. At 23:00, an hour after the disappearance was reported, two blonde-haired men were seen in a nearby street speaking in raised voices; when they realized they had been noticed, they lowered their voices and walked away.

First arguido

The first person to be given arguido (suspect) status, 12 days after the disappearance, was a local British-Portuguese property consultant, Robert Murat; arguido status gives people additional rights, such as the right to remain silent. Murat lived in his mother's home 150 yards from apartment 5A in the direction the man in the Tanner sighting was walking. He was made arguido after coming to the attention of a British tabloid journalist when he offered to translate statements for the police; indeed, he was briefly signed up as an official interpreter. Murat said his interest in the case stemmed from his having lost custody of his own three-year-old daughter. Three members of the Tapas Seven said they had seen Murat near the resort on the evening Madeleine disappeared, which would have been unsurprising given the proximity of his house to 5A, although he and his mother said he had been at home all evening. The house was searched, the pool drained, his cars, computers, phones and video tapes examined, his garden searched using ground radar and sniffer dogs, and two of his associates were questioned. There was nothing to link him to the disappearance and he was cleared on 21 July 2008 when the case closed.

As with the McCanns, Murat found himself at the centre of wild media allegations that continued for months. He told the Cambridge Union in March 2009 that he had felt like a "fox pursued by hounds," and that the case had almost destroyed his life. He and his two associates sued 11 newspapers for libel in relation to 100 articles published by Associated Newspapers, Express Newspapers, Mirror Group Newspapers and News Group Newspapers (News International). According to The Observer, it was the largest number of separate libel actions brought in the UK by the same person in relation to one issue. Murat was awarded £600,000 in July 2008 and the others $100,000; all three received public apologies. The British Sky Broadcasting Group, which owns Sky News, paid Murat undisclosed damages in a separate libel action in November 2008, and agreed that Sky News should host an apology to him on its website for 12 months.

McCanns as arguidos

Early indication of suspicion

An early indication for the McCanns that the tide was turning against them publicly came on 6 June 2007, when a German journalist asked them during a press conference in Berlin – where they were publicizing their campaign – whether they were involved in Madeleine's disappearance. On 30 June the first of a series of articles critical of the couple appeared in Sol, a Portuguese weekly. According to Madeleine's mother, the reporters had been given the Tapas Seven's names, which had not been made public, and their mobile numbers, so there appeared to have been a leak from within the investigation.

This and later articles in the Portuguese press – invariably followed up by the British tabloids – made several allegations, based on no evidence, that would engulf the McCanns for years on social media, including that they and the Tapas Seven were "swingers," that there was a "pact of silence" between them regarding what happened the night of the disappearance, and that the McCanns had been sedating their children.

Much was made of apparent inconsistencies within and between the McCanns' and Tapas Seven's statements. That these were attributable to translation problems was apparently not fully considered. The interviews were not taped, but relied on an officer's handwritten notes. The police asked questions in Portuguese, the interviewee replied in English, and an interpreter translated back and forth. The officer then typed up a statement in Portuguese, which was verbally translated into English for the interviewee to sign. The likelihood that misunderstandings would emerge was high.

Among the inconsistencies was whether the McCanns had entered the apartment by the front or back door when checking on the children. According to the Polícia Judiciária case file, Gerry McCann told them during his first interview on 4 May 2007 that they had entered 5A through the locked front door during his 21:05 and her 22:00 checks, and in a second interview on 10 May that he had entered through the unlocked patio doors at the back. There was also an inconsistency regarding whether the front door had been locked that night. He told the Sunday Times that the couple had used the front door during their checks earlier in the week, but it was next to the children's bedroom so they had started using the patio doors instead.

External images
Madeleine's bedroom window, showing the exterior shutter
Police officer dusts the shutter for fingerprints, without gloves or other protective clothing.

Another issue was whether the exterior shutter over Madeleine's bedroom window could be opened from outside. Kate McCann said the shutter and window were closed when Madeleine was put to bed, and that both were open when she discovered Madeleine was missing. Her husband told the Polícia Judiciária that, when he was first alerted to the disappearance, he had lowered the shutter, then had gone outside and discovered that it could be raised from the outside. Against this, the police said that the shutter could not be raised from the outside without being forced, but there was no sign of forced entry. According to Danny Collins, the shutter was made of non-ferrous metal slats linked together on a roller blind that was housed in a box at the top of the inside window, controlled by pulling on a strap. He writes that the shutter was gravity-fed; once rolled down, the slats locked in place outside the window and could only be raised using the strap on the inside.

The discrepancy contributed to the view of the Polícia Judiciária that there had been no abduction. Even Kate's shout of "they've taken her," when she discovered Madeleine had gone, was viewed by the police with suspicion, as though she was paving the way for an abduction story. The suspicions developed into the theory that Madeleine had died in the apartment as a result of an accident – perhaps after being accidentally administered an overdose of sedatives – and her parents had managed to hide her body for a month, before retrieving her and driving her to an unknown place in a car they hired over three weeks after the disappearance.

British sniffer dogs

In July 2007 Mark Harrison, the national search adviser to the British National Policing Improvement Agency arrived in Praia da Luz to help with the ground search, and recommended bringing in Keela and Eddie, two Springer spaniel sniffer dogs from South Yorkshire in the UK. Keela was a crime-scene-investigation (CSI) dog trained to alert her handler, Martin Grime, to traces of human blood. Eddie was an enhanced-victim-recovery dog (EVRD), who alerted to the scent of human cadavers.

The dogs were taken to two beaches, Robert Murat's house and several Ocean Club apartments. Both dogs gave alerts only in apartment 5A, including behind the sofa in the living room, and on and under the veranda in the bedroom Madeleine's parents had used. On 2 August the Polícia Judiciária took several items from the new house the McCanns had rented on Rua das Flores, including four boxes and two suitcases of clothes, and Madeleine's Cuddle Cat; they told the McCanns only that an anomaly had arisen. They also took items related to the post-disappearance period: a diary that Madeleine's mother had started after the disappearance and a friend's Bible she had borrowed, also after the disappearance. A passage the Bible's owner had marked from 2 Samuel, about the death of a child, became another item of interest, and was copied into the police case file along with a Portuguese translation.

On 6 August they took the Renault Scenic the couple had hired 24 days after Madeleine went missing. Keela and Eddie were placed in a room with the clothes and other items, and taken to an underground public car park where the McCanns' car was parked alongside others, including Robert Murat's. Eddie, the cadaver dog, gave an alert outside the McCanns' car and inside the boot (trunk). One or both dogs gave alerts at Cuddle Cat, Kate McCann's clothes and the Bible. According to the Sunday Times, it seems apparent from a video released by the Ministério Público that the handler was directing the dogs to particular spots inside the apartment and to the McCanns' car. The McCanns' lawyer said that, if there was indeed a smell of corpses on Kate's clothes, it might have been caused by her contact with the deceased as a family doctor.

British DNA analysis

Material, including hair and other fibres, was collected from the areas in the apartment and car that Keela and Eddie had reacted to, and was sent to the Forensic Science Service (FSS) in Birmingham for DNA profiling, arriving around 8 August 2007. The FSS used a technique known as low copy number (LCN) DNA analysis, which they had developed in 1999. LCN DNA is used when only a few cells are available; the test is controversial because it is more sensitive than other techniques, and more vulnerable to contamination and misinterpretation.

On 3 September John Lowe of the FSS emailed Detective Superintendent Stuart Prior of the Leicestershire police – Prior was acting as a liaison between the British and Portuguese police – to say that a sample from the boot of the car contained 15 out of 19 of Madeleine's DNA components. Lowe wrote that the result was "too complex for meaningful interpretation":

A complex LCN DNA result which appeared to have originated from at least three people was obtained from cellular material recovered from the luggage compartment section ... Within the DNA profile of Madeleine McCann there are 20 DNA components represented by 19 peaks on a chart. ... Of these 19 components 15 are present within the result from this item; there are 37 components in total. There are 37 components because there are at least 3 contributors; but there could be up to five contributors. In my opinion therefore this result is too complex for meaningful interpretation/inclusion.

At this point, according to the Sunday Times, the Polícia Judiciária "abandoned the abduction theory." The FSS email was translated into Portuguese on 4 September. The next day, according to Madeleine's mother, the Polícia Judiciária proposed that, if she were to admit that Madeleine had died in an accident in the apartment and she had hidden the body, she might only serve a two-year sentence; her husband would not be charged and would be free to leave. Both parents were given arguido status on 7 September. They were interviewed that day and were advised by their lawyer not to answer questions; Gerry decided to answer them but Kate declined.

Journalists in Portugal were told that the DNA evidence was a "100 percent match." The Polícia Judiciária told Gerry that Madeleine's DNA had been found in the boot (trunk) of the car and behind the sofa in the apartment. British tabloid headlines included "Corpse in McCann Car" (London Evening Standard) and "Brit Lab Bombshell: Car DNA is 100% Maddie's" (Sun), while another reported that "a clump of Maddie's hair" had been found in the car. Jerry Lawton, a reporter with the Daily Star, a British tabloid, testified to the Leveson Inquiry in March 2012 that the leaks had come directly from the Portuguese police, and caused a "sea change" in the way the case was viewed by the media. Matt Baggott, who when Madeleine disappeared was chief constable of Leicestershire police – the police force that coordinated the British input – told the inquiry that he and his officers knew that the DNA evidence was being wrongly interpreted, but because the Portuguese were in charge of the inquiry, he made a decision not to correct reporters who were being briefed that the McCanns were involved. His force's priority, he said, was to maintain a good relationship with the Polícia Judiciária with a view to finding out what had happened to Madeleine.

McCanns return to the UK

Timeline
2007–20202007 April 28: The McCanns and friends (the latter known as the "Tapas Seven") arrive at Ocean Club, Praia da Luz. McCanns given apartment 5A, Rua Dr Agostinho da Silva. c. 30: Staff leave visible note at swimming-pool reception asking that same table in resort's tapas restaurant be booked daily for 20:30 for McCanns and Tapas Seven, because they are leaving their children in the apartments. Restaurant is 82-metre walk (295 ft) from 5A. 3 May 14:29: Kate takes last-known photograph of Madeleine by the pool. 20:30: McCanns and Tapas Seven go to tapas restaurant. 21:05: Gerry checks on children in 5A. 21:15: "Tanner sighting": Jane Tanner of the Tapas Seven sees man carrying child. 21:30: Matthew Oldfield of the Tapas Seven checks on children in 5A but does not look fully inside the bedroom. 22:00: "Smith sighting": Martin Smith and family see man carrying child. 22:00: Kate checks on children; reports Madeleine missing. 22:10–22:30: Resort alerts police. 23:10: Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR) arrive. Midnight: GNR alert Polícia Judiciária (PJ). 4 May 01:00: PJ arrive. 04:30: Resort staff and guests call off search until daylight. Later: McCanns make first television appeal. 9–30 May 9: British police arrive in Praia da Luz. c. 11: Anonymous benefactor hires Control Risks for the McCanns. 15: Robert Murat made arguido; his home is searched. 15: McCanns set up Madeleine's Fund. 26: Martin Smith gives statement to PJ about Smith sighting. 27: McCanns hire Renault Scenic. 28: Madeleine appears on front page of People. 30: McCanns meet Pope. June 6: German journalist asks McCanns whether they were involved. 10: McCanns fly to Morocco to appeal for information. 30: First article critical of McCanns appears, in Sol, Portuguese weekly. July 31: British sniffer dogs arrive in Praia da Luz. August 2: PJ remove items from McCanns' rented house, including Kate's diary. 3: Sniffer dog reacts inside 5A. 6: PJ impound McCanns' rental car. 6: Sniffer dog reacts to McCanns' car, other items. 7: Material sent to British lab for DNA tests. September 3: DNA tests inconclusive. 7: PJ make McCanns arguidos. 7: PJ interview Kate and Gerry; Kate declines to answer questions. 9: McCanns return to UK. Unknown: Martin Smith, of the "Smith sighting", sees Gerry carry his son from the plane, and reports to British police that he believes this was the man he saw in Praia da Luz. He later accepts that he was mistaken. 10: PJ leak that Madeleine's DNA was found in McCanns' rental car. 11: The Sun: "Brit Lab Bombshell: Car DNA is 100% Maddie's". 12: Businessman Brian Kennedy steps forward as benefactor to finance private investigation. Unknown: Kennedy funds Clarence Mitchell as McCanns' spokesperson. Late: Kate and twins drug-tested in the UK at McCanns' request; results negative. October 2: Chief Inspector Gonçalo Amaral of the PJ removed from Portuguese inquiry. 26: Newspapers publish McCanns' Tanner sighting sketch. 2008 March 23: McCanns receive £550,000 damages and front-page apologies from four newspapers. April: Tapas Seven interviewed by Lincolnshire Police at request of PJ. Late: McCanns hire Oakley International; Oakley produces Smith e-fits, which are not released. April 8: Tapas Seven interviewed in UK; PJ attend. July 17: Robert Murat and friends receive £600,000 damages, and over the following days 13 newspapers apologise. 21: Portuguese Attorney General closes the investigation. 24: Gonçalo Amaral publishes book accusing the McCanns of involvement. Late: Kate's diary published in Portugal. August 4: Portugal's Ministério Público release the PJ case files. September 14: News of the World in UK publishes Kate's diary. 2009 Unknown: McCanns hire Dave Edgar, a private investigator. 1 May: McCanns release age-progressed image. May: Gonçalo Amaral, inquiry's former coordinator, convicted of perjury in relation to another case. 9 Sept: McCanns obtain injunction against Amaral book. Unknown: McCanns meet British home secretary Alan Johnson to request review. Johnson commissions "scoping report" from Jim Gamble, head of CEOP Command. 2010 Mar: British Home Office discusses review with Association of Chief Police Officers. May: Gamble's scoping report recommends a review. 19 Oct: Lisbon court lifts Amaral book ban. 2011 28 Apr: Bantam Press releases Madeleine by Kate McCann. Mar: PJ begin case review. 11 May: While serializing Kate's book, The Sun publishes open letter requesting British police review. Home Secretary Theresa May speaks by telephone to CEO of News International and editor of The Sun. 12 May: Prime Minister David Cameron announces Scotland Yard review, Operation Grange, with 29 detectives. 23 Nov: McCanns testify at Leveson Inquiry into press standards. 2012 25 Apr: Scotland Yard releases age-progressed image. 2013 12 Sept: McCanns v Amaral libel hearings begin. 14 Oct: Scotland Yard–Crimewatch reconstruction, during which 2008 Smith e-fits are released for the first time. 24 Oct: PJ reopen inquiry. 2014 19 Mar: Scotland Yard issue another appeal. June: British and Portuguese police dig in wasteland in Praia da Luz. July: Suspects and witnesses interviewed in Portugal. Dec: More interviews in Portugal. 2015 28 Apr: McCanns win damages from Amaral; book banned again. Oct: Operation Grange reduced to four detectives. 2016 20 Apr: Amaral wins libel appeal; book ban lifted. April: British Home Secretary approves £95,000 to fund remaining line of inquiry. June: Operation Grange interviews victim of Clement Freud, who owned home in Praia da Luz. 2017 1 Feb: McCanns lose Amaral libel appeal at Supreme Court of Portugal. Court said McCanns had not been cleared in 2008. March: British Home Secretary approves another £85,000 to fund inquiry. April: British police say they are pursuing a "significant line of inquiry". 2018 Nov: British Home Secretary approves additional £150,000, taking cost of inquiry to £11.75 million. 2019 March: Scotland Yard requests funds to cover until March 2020. 15 March: Netflix releases The Disappearance of Madeleine McCann, an eight-part series. 2020 June: German police announce that they are investigating a convicted sex offender imprisoned in Germany in relation to the case.
v t e

Despite their arguido status, the McCanns were allowed to leave Portugal and arrived back in England on 9 September 2007. The following day Tavares de Almeida, head of the Polícia Judiciária in Portimao, signed a police report concluding that Madeleine had died in apartment 5A as a result of an accident, and that the McCanns had concealed the body and faked an abduction. On 11 September the 10-volume case file was passed to a judge, Pedro Miguel dos Anjos Frias, who authorized the seizure of Madeleine's mother's diary and her father's laptop. The McCanns had taken both items back to England, although the police had retained a copy of the diary.

On 24 September Control Risks, a British security company, took hair samples from the McCann twins at their parents' request. (An anonymous donor stepped forward in May to offer the couple Control Risks' services.) The McCanns were concerned that the abductor might have given the children sedatives; the twins had slept through the commotion in apartment 5A after Madeleine was reported missing, which had concerned the parents, but despite requests the Portuguese police had not taken samples. Control Risks took a sample from Kate McCann too, to rebut allegations that she was on medication of any kind. No trace of drugs was found.

In October Gonçalo Amaral, the inquiry's coordinator in Portugal, was removed from his post after telling a newspaper that the British police only pursued leads that were helpful to the McCanns. He was replaced by Paulo Rebelo, deputy national director of the Polícia Judiciária. The team of detectives was expanded and a case review began. On 29 November four members of the Portuguese investigation – including Francisco Corte-Real, vice-president of Portugal's forensic crime service – were briefed at Leicestershire police headquarters by the Forensic Science Service.

Links to other abductions

The Polícia Judiciária also investigated links to known paedophiles. One man who came to their attention in 2007 was Urs Hans von Aesch (11 November 1940 – 31 July 2007), a Swiss man living at the time of Madeleine's disappearance in Benimantell, near Benidorm, Spain. He was implicated in the abduction and murder in Switzerland on 31 July 2007 – three months after Madeleine went missing – of five-year-old Ylenia Lenhard. The day after Ylenia disappeared, Von Aesch was found dead from a gunshot wound in a wood in Oberbüren, St. Gallen, apparently a suicide, 15 miles (24 km) from where she was last seen. He is believed to have killed himself hours after she was taken. In July 2013 police in St. Gallen confirmed that Scotland Yard had made inquiries there about von Aesch.

Investigation closed (July 2008)

The Tapas Seven were interviewed by Leicestershire police in England in April 2008, with the Polícia Judiciária, including Paulo Rebelo, in attendance. The Polícia Judiciária planned the following month to hold a reconstruction in Praia da Luz, using the McCanns and Tapas Seven rather than actors, but it was cancelled when the Tapas Seven declined to participate. The poor relationship between the McCanns and the Portuguese police was evident again in April when, on the day the couple were at the European Parliament in Brussels to promote a monitoring system for missing children, transcripts of their interviews with the Polícia Judiciária were leaked to Spanish television. The national director of the Polícia Judiciária, Alípio Ribeiro, resigned not long after this, citing media pressure from the investigation; he had publicly said the police had been hasty in naming the McCanns as suspects.

A judgment from the Evora Supreme Court of Justice in Portimao was released on 29 May and revealed that Portuguese prosecutors were examining several charges, including abandonment of a child, abduction, homicide and concealment of a corpse. Two months later, on 21 July 2008, the Portuguese Attorney General announced that there was no evidence to link the McCanns or Robert Murat to the disappearance, that the case was closed, and that the arguido status of all three had been lifted. On 4 August Ministério Público released 11,233 pages of the case file to the media on CD-ROM.

Days after the case closed, excerpts from Kate McCann's diary, which had been taken by thePolícia Judiciária in August 2007 for the sniffer dogs, were published without her permission by a Portuguese tabloid, Correio da Manhã, translated from English to Portuguese. This happened despite a Portuguese judge's ruling in June 2008 that the seizure had been a privacy violation and that any copies must be destroyed. On 14 September one of the News International tabloids in the UK, the News of the World, also published the extracts, again without permission and now translated poorly back into English.

Gonçalo Amaral

Three days after the case closed in July 2008, a book by Gonçalo Amaral, coordinator of the Portuguese investigation from May to October 2007, was published by Guerra & Paz in Portugal and elsewhere in Europe. Maddie, a Verdade da Mentira ("Maddie, the Truth of a Lie"), which had sold 180,000 copies by November 2008, alleged that Madeleine had died accidentally in apartment 5A and that the McCanns had invented the abduction scenario.

Amaral was head of the regional Polícia Judiciária in Portimão at the time of the disappearance, and was himself an arguido in another case he had coordinated. A month after Madeleine went missing he and four other officers were charged with offences related to their investigation into the disappearance of Joana Cipriano, an eight-year-old Portuguese girl who vanished in September 2004 from Figueira, seven miles (11 km) from Praia da Luz. Her body was never found and no murder weapon was ever identified. The girl's mother, Leonor Cipriano, launched a local campaign to find her daughter, but was soon arrested and accused of having killed her. The mother and her brother, João Cipriano, were convicted of murder after confessing to the killing. The mother tried to retract her confession, saying she had been beaten by police; the police accounted for bruising on her face and body by saying she had thrown herself down some stairs in the police station. Amaral was not present when the beating allegedly took place, but was accused of having covered up for others. He was convicted of perjury in May 2009 for having falsified documents in the case and received an 18-month suspended sentence.

The McCanns had little or no contact with Amaral during the Madeleine inquiry; Madeleine's mother wrote that she had barely heard his name, had not met him, and that her husband had met him just once. After telling a Portuguese newspaper, Diário de Notícias, in October 2007 that the British police were only pursuing leads helpful to the McCanns, Amaral was removed from the case and transferred to another position in Faro. He resigned from the police force in June 2008, shortly before his book was published.

The McCanns sued for libel in June 2009, and in September that year a Portuguese judge issued an injunction against further publication or sales of the book, banned Amaral from repeating his claims, and passed the copyright of the book and an accompanying documentary film to the McCanns' lawyer. Amaral responded to the ban by publishing a second book, A Mordaça Inglesa ("The English Gag"). The Court of Appeal in Lisbon overturned the publication ban in October 2010, stating that it violated Amaral's freedom of expression. The libel case continued, with the McCanns seeking €1.2 million in damages from Amaral, his publishers Guerra & Paz, filmmakers VC Filmes, and TVI, a Portuguese television station that aired the film in April 2009. The McCanns sought but failed to reach an out-of-court settlement in January 2013. Amaral then sought unsuccessfully to have the trial held in camera. The trial opened in September 2013 in Lisbon; in November the court scheduled the final hearing for 7 January 2014.

Parents' campaign, private investigation

Appeals

But somewhere out there there has to be life,
the distance only a matter of time,
a world like our own, its markings and shades
as uniquely formed as a daughter's eye ...

Media analyst Nicola Rehling writes that the "Maddification" of Britain was complete within weeks of the disappearance, similar to its "Dianafication" in 1997 following the death of the Princess of Wales. The McCanns decided early on to interact with the media to keep Madeleine in the public eye, fearing she would otherwise be forgotten. Owen Jones argues that the result was something approaching mass hysteria, "the most extraordinary outpouring of media interest over such a case in modern times."

Photographs of Madeleine became some of the most reproduced images of the decade. Three weeks after the disappearance, the McCanns were flown to Rome – accompanied by a group of reporters – in a Learjet belonging to British businessman Sir Philip Green to meet Pope Benedict XVI, who blessed a photograph of her. She appeared on the cover of People magazine on 28 May 2007, was on the front page of several British tabloids every day for almost six months – placing her on the front page would sell up to 30,000 extra copies – and Sky News had her as one of its three main menu options: UK news, world news, Madeleine. The Portuguese tabloid Correio da Manhã published 384 articles about her between May 2007 and July 2008. By June 2008 over seven million posts and 3,700 videos were returned in a search for her name on YouTube. British Prime Minister Gordon Brown raised the disappearance with his Portuguese counterpart in July 2007, Oprah Winfrey interviewed the McCanns in 2009 to publicize an age-progressed image of Madeleine, and the following year British poet Simon Armitage wrote a poem to mark the 1,000th day of her disappearance.

Madeleine's Fund, private detectives

On 16 May 2007 the family set up a limited company to finance the search, Madeleine's Fund: Leaving No Stone Unturned, known in the media as "Team McCann." The Fund was criticized for making two of the McCanns' mortgage payments early on when they were unable to work. Appeals were solicited from political leaders and celebrities, including footballers Cristiano Ronaldo, David Beckham, John Terry and Wayne Rooney, and for months video appeals were screened at football matches across Britain. Over £2.6 million was raised, with donations from J.K. Rowling and Richard Branson, and a reward of £1.5 million from the News of the World.

Madeleine's Fund hired several firms of private investigators. Kate McCann wrote in 2011 that, shortly after the disappearance, an anonymous benefactor offered to pay for the services of a British security company, Control Risks, which arrived in Portugal at the end of May 2007. This caused friction with the Portuguese police, who did not want unofficial investigators operating in their backyard.

Brian Kennedy, the owner of Everest Windows, stepped forward in September 2007 to underwrite the search and pay for the salary of Clarence Mitchell, who became the McCanns' spokesperson. At the time of the disappearance Mitchell was director of media monitoring with the British government's Central Office of Information. The government assigned him for the first weeks to help the McCanns, then Kennedy covered his salary, and thereafter he was paid by Madeleine's Fund. Kennedy also hired a Spanish agency, Método 3, for six months for £50,000 a month; the company had 35 investigators on the case in Europe and Morocco, and Kennedy went to Morocco himself to look into one sighting. According to Mark Hollingsworth in the London Evening Standard, the private investigation was not without its problems. The investigators had little or no experience of detective work, they were too aggressive with witnesses, the relationship between Metodo 3 and the Portuguese police was poor, and the active involvement of Kennedy and his son was apparently not helpful.

Private initiatives included a Portuguese lawyer financing the search of a reservoir near Praia da Luz in February 2008, and an attempt in May 2009, by private detectives working for the McCanns, to question British paedophile Raymond Hewlett; he denied involvement, declined to speak to them and died of cancer in Germany in December that year. Dave Edgar, a retired detective working for the McCanns, released an e-fit in August 2009 of a woman said to have asked two British men in Barcelona, Spain, shortly after the disappearance, whether they were there to deliver her new daughter. A South African property developer, Stephen Birch, said in 2012 that ground radar scans showed there were bones beneath the driveway of a house in Praia da Luz. In addition, there were thousands of reported sightings of Madeleine that the McCanns and their detectives were anxious to follow up.

Oakley International, Crimewatch

In March 2008 Madeleine's Fund hired Oakley International, a Washington, D.C.-registered detective agency, for over £500,000 for six months. The contract was signed with Red Defence International, a security company in London. Oakley and Red Defence were owned by Kevin Halligen, an Irish businessman who was arrested in the UK in November 2009 in connection with an unrelated fraud allegation. It was Oakley International that produced the e-fits of the Smith sighting of the man carrying a child toward the beach on the night of the disappearance. The e-fits were not made public until five years later, when Scotland Yard released them to coincide with an October 2013 reconstruction of the disappearance broadcast by the BBC's Crimewatch. The delay in releasing them led to significant criticism of the McCanns, and was apparently caused by a breakdown in the couple's relationship with Oakley.

Oakley sent a five-man team to Portugal in 2008, where they engaged in undercover operations within the Ocean Club and among paedophile rings and Roma communities. The company's surveillance operations were led by Henri Exton, a former British police officer who had worked undercover for M15, Britain's domestic intelligence service. Exton questioned the significance of the Tanner sighting of a man carrying a child at 21:15 near the Ocean Club, and focused instead on the sighting at 22:00 by Martin and Mary Smith, 500 yards (457 m) from apartment 5A. The Oakley team travelled to Ireland and produced e-fits based on the Smiths' description. This was a sensitive issue, because in September 2007 – four months after the disappearance – Martin Smith had watched television footage of the McCanns arriving back in the UK from Portugal, and as Madeleine's father descended the steps of the aircraft carrying one of the twins, Smith believed he recognized him as the man he had seen with the child at 22:00 on the streets of Praia da Luz. This was demonstrably false – something that Smith came to accept – because at 22:00 numerous witnesses placed Gerry McCann in the tapas restaurant. Nevertheless, at the time of the Oakley investigation in 2008, the publication of the Smith e-fit, which bears some resemblance to Gerry, would have fed the conspiracy theories about the McCanns' involvement.

Exton submitted his report to Madeleine's Fund in November 2008, recommending the release of the e-fits and the revised timeline, but the relationship between the Fund and the company had soured, and the Fund's lawyers warned Exton that the report and its e-fits had to remain confidential. According to Hollingsworth, the disagreement centred on the company's fees and expenses. Another reason the relationship was strained was that the report contained criticism of the McCanns and their friends, as well as what the Sunday Times in the UK called "sensitive information about Madeleine's sleeping patterns." It also raised the possibility that Madeleine had died in an accident after leaving the apartment herself through its unlocked doors.

The Fund did not release the Smith e-fits; a spokesperson told the Sunday Times that the Oakley report had been "hypercritical of the people involved ... It just wouldn't be conducive to the investigation to have that report publicly declared because ... the newspapers would have been all over it. And it would have been completely distracting." Instead the Fund focused on the Tanner sighting, even though Tanner had not seen the man's face. Kate McCann did not include the Smith e-fits with the other images of suspects in her book, Madeleine (2011), even though she suggested that both the Tanner and Smith sightings were crucial.

The Oakley report was passed to the next team of investigators hired by the Fund, but the new team regarded it as "contaminated" because of the dispute between the McCanns and Oakley, and the e-fits remained unpublished. When Scotland Yard became involved in 2011, they came to regard the Tanner sighting as a false lead. They requested a copy of the Oakley report from its authors and released the Smith e-fits in October 2013 to coincide with the Crimewatch reconstruction. The BBC did not say that the e-fits were new, but until the Sunday Times published the background two weeks after Crimewatch aired, there was no indication that Madeleine's Fund had had them for five years. David Elstein, chair of the board of openDemocracy, criticized the McCanns for having withheld the images and the BBC for having misled the public.

Media attention

Tabloids, social media

The McCanns' campaign to find Madeleine inevitably turned a harsh spotlight on their lives, one that became increasingly intrusive as familiarity bred contempt. Nicola Rehling wrote that, at first, the disappearance had all the ingredients the media could latch onto: a whodunnit involving a white, middle-class, nuclear family caught up in a nightmare of evil abroad. While the News of the World offered a £1.5 million reward for Madeleine, another News International tabloid, The Sun, offered just £20,000 for information about Shannon Matthews, who had gone missing in February 2008 from a West Yorkshire council estate and whose mother had seven children by five men. Nicola Goc argued that it was the fairytale quality of Madeleine's case that captured the public's attention: a sleeping beauty snatched by an evil stranger.

A few weeks after the disappearance, the couple's middle-class status, at first protective, became a weapon against them, and they were transformed from heroes to villains. They were harshly criticized for having left their children alone in the apartment, despite the availability of Ocean Club babysitters and an evening crèche. Seventeen thousand people signed an online petition in June 2007 asking Leicestershire Social Services to investigate; the argument ran that a working-class couple might have faced child-abandonment charges, but a group of doctors on a posh holiday had been let off the hook. Novelist Anne Enright wrote that parents distancing themselves from the McCanns became a "potent form of magic," one that kept their own children safe.

External image
Front page headlines in the Daily Express, a British tabloid, between 31 July and 24 August 2007.

The McCanns testified in November 2011 as core participants before the Leveson Inquiry into press standards in the UK. The inquiry heard that the editor of the Daily Express, in particular, had become "obsessed" with the McCanns; Lord Justice Leveson said the newspaper had published "complete piffle" about the couple, while Roy Greenslade called the Express articles "a sustained campaign of vitriol." The British tabloids regularly cited Portuguese newspapers, which in turn referred to unnamed sources. "Maddie 'Sold' By Hard-Up McCanns," ran one headline in the Daily Star.

Kate McCann – or "Hot Lips Healy," as one tabloid called her after digging up an old university nickname – came in for particular attention, considered too attractive, too thin, too well-dressed, too intense, too controlled and not mumsy enough, according to media analyst Caroline Bainbridge. Several tabloids criticized her for not crying in public, despite her obvious distress; the Portuguese tabloid Correio da Manhã complained that she had not "shed a single tear" and called her "cynical and strange," at the same time relying on Portuguese police sources to portray her as hysterical and out of control. Kate told the Leveson Inquiry that photographers would lurk near the couple's home and bang on her car as she left with the twins to obtain a startled expression for a photograph. Her situation was reminiscent of the 1980 death in Australia of Azaria Chamberlain, the baby who was killed by a dingo. Azaria's mother, Lindy Chamberlain, spent three years in prison for a murder that had not occurred, after the public judged her too unemotional in her responses. When the McCanns were made arguido, Chamberlain argued that Kate's treatment was a mirror image of her own; there was even a similar (false) story in both cases about a supposedly relevant Bible passage the mothers had highlighted. Goc wrote that Kate joined a long list of women the media sought to transform into Medea figures – mothers judged dangerous after the disappearance or death of a child – including Chamberlain, Sally Clark (1964–2007), Trupti Patel, Angela Cannings and Donna Anthony.

Rehling saw the treatment of Madeleine's disappearance as paradigmatic because of the extent to which social media shaped the narrative. Twitter was one year old when she went missing. According to Eilis O'Hanlon, the case "could almost stand as a metaphor for the rise of social media as the predominant mode of public discourse" with its "poisonous fantasies" about the McCanns. The attacks on the couple reportedly included threats on a discussion forum to kidnap one of their twins, and when Scotland Yard and Crimewatch staged their reconstruction in 2013, there was talk on social-networking sites of phoning in with false information to sabotage the appeal. Anne Enright, winner of the 2007 Man Booker Prize, lent some intellectual weight to the attacks shortly after she won the prize, when in a controversial piece in the London Review of Books she argued that disliking the couple had become "an international sport." A reader responded: "I disliked Anne Enright almost as much as the McCanns after reading her article ... almost as much as I dislike myself for disliking the McCanns, for disliking Anne Enright, you for publishing Anne Enright's article, and me for reading it (I didn't have to do that). Where will it all end?"

Libel actions

The McCanns responded to the allegations of involvement by bringing libel actions against several newspapers. The Daily Express, Daily Star and its sister Sunday papers published front-page apologies in March 2008 and agreed to pay £550,000 in damages, money that was donated to Madeleine's Fund. The Tapas Seven were awarded £375,000 against the Express Group, also donated to Madeleine's Fund, along with a published apology in the Daily Express. One man in the UK, who continued to spread the claims on social media and leafleted the McCanns' village, was given a three-month suspended sentence in February 2013.

New police investigations (2011–present)

Scotland Yard case review

The British Home Office began discussions with the Association of Chief Police Officers in 2010 about setting up a new investigation. At the request of Home Secretary Theresa May, Scotland Yard launched an investigative review called Operation Grange in May 2011, consisting of a team of 28 detectives and seven civilians led by Commander Simon Foy. Detective Chief Inspector Andy Redwood of Scotland Yard's Homicide and Serious Crime Command is the senior investigating officer, reporting to Detective Chief Superintendent Hamish Campbell.

The review, which had cost ₤5 million by June 2013, was financed by a government contingency fund at the request of Prime Minister David Cameron, reportedly after News International persuaded the government to get the British police involved. DCI Redwood said that the British and Portuguese police were working collaboratively. He said he rejected the "conspiracy theories" about the parents' involvement and was focusing on "a criminal act by a stranger." The team released an updated age-progressed image of Madeleine in April 2012; Redwood said they believed she may still be alive.

New British and Portuguese inquiries

In July 2013 DCI Redwood announced that Operation Grange had become a new criminal inquiry. Alison Saunders, senior crown prosecutor for London, and Jenny Hopkins, head of the Crown Prosecution Service's Complex Casework Unit in London, travelled to Portugal to discuss new leads, and Scotland Yard made a formal request for assistance to the Portuguese police. The Operation Grange team said in May 2013 that they wanted to trace 12 casual manual workers who were at the Ocean Club resort when Madeleine disappeared, including six British cleaners in a white van who were offering their services to British expats. Officers made inquiries about several convicted paedophiles. These included two Scottish paedophiles in jail in Scotland for murder since 2010, one of whom was said to resemble one of the e-fits released by Scotland Yard, according to the Times. When Madeleine went missing the pair were living in Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, where they ran a window-cleaning service. Scotland Yard also made inquiries about Urs Hans von Aesch, the deceased Swiss man implicated in the murder in Switzerland in July 2007 of five-year-old Ylenia Lenhard.

In October 2013 Scotland Yard and the BBC's Crimewatch reconstruction of Madeleine's disappearance was broadcast in the UK, the Netherlands and Germany. They released several e-fits just before and during the broadcast, including the Oakley International e-fit of the man the Smiths saw that night. After the programme aired in the UK, several people called in with the same name for the man. Scotland Yard also re-released e-fits created in 2007 of black- and blonde-haired men seen near the McCanns' apartment on and around the day of the disappearance. DCI Redwood said the men may have been involved in reconnaissance for a pre-planned abduction. Another theory is that Madeleine disturbed a burglary. There had been a fourfold increase in burglaries in the area between January 2007 and the disappearance in May, including two incidents in the McCanns' block in the two weeks directly before the disappearance, during which intruders entered through apartment windows.

Several days after Crimewatch aired, Portugal's attorney general, Joana Marques Vidal, reopened the Portuguese investigation. The statement said that police in Porto had been reviewing the evidence since March 2011 and had identified new lines of inquiry. According to a Portuguese tabloid, Correio da Manhã, the inquiry was reopened after mobile-phone tracking techniques showed that the phone of a former Ocean Club restaurant worker had been used near the Ocean Club on the evening of the disappearance, when the man had no reason to be in the area. Originally from Cape Verde, West Africa, the man died in 2009 aged 40 in a tractor accident. He reportedly had a drug problem and was fired from the Ocean Club in 2006 for theft; the suspicion is that, at the time of the disappearance, he was breaking into apartments to finance his habit. His family strongly denied that he would have taken or hurt Madeleine. In November 2013 the London Metropolitan Police Commissioner, Bernard Hogan-Howe, suggested that the British and Portuguese police set up a joint inquiry.

Notes

1. "Madeleine McCann, aged progressed to age nine", Scotland Yard.
   • Patrick Barkham, "The sad ageing of Madeleine McCann", The Guardian, 25 April 2012.
   • Teri Blythe, Human identification and forensic art consultancy services.
2. ^ "McCann, Madeleine Beth," Interpol, 9 August 2007.
   • "McCann, Madeleine Beth", Interpol, updated notice, May 2012.
3. "Madeleine reward rises to £2.5m", BBC News, 12 May 2007
4. Chris Greer and Eugene McLaughlin, "Media justice: Madeleine McCann, intermediatization and 'trial by media' in the British press", Theoretical Criminology, November 2012, 16(4), (pp. 395–416, hereafter Greer and McLaughlin 2012), p. 396.
5. The apartment was 50 metres from the restaurant as the crow flies; see McCann 2011, p. 54.
   • Also see "Kidnapping concern for missing girl in Portugal", Reuters, 4 May 2007.
   • Elizabeth Grice, "Kate McCann: 'It's dreadful living with this void'", The Daily Telegraph, 15 April 2013.
6. Esther Addley, "Madeleine McCann: hope and persistence rewarded", The Guardian, 27 April 2012: "It was, the attorney general found, largely due to a catastrophic misinterpretation of the evidence collected by ... that the Portuguese team came to suspect the McCanns in the disappearance."
   • Nick Britten and Fiona Govan, "Madeleine McCann: Kate and Gerry McCann officially cleared of 'arguido' status", The Daily Telegraph, 21 July 2008: "Mr and Mrs McCann were never arrested but were declared arguidos – persons of interest to the investigation – last September on the Portuguese police's belief that DNA evidence provided by the Forensic Science Service in Birmingham linked them to Madeleine's disappearance. But further tests showed that evidence to be inconclusive."
7. James Sturcke and agencies, "McCanns and Murat formally cleared in case of missing Madeleine", The Guardian, 21 July 2008.
8. ^ "Madeleine McCann case: Portuguese police reopen inquiry", BBC News, 24 October 2013.
9. ^ Sandra Laville, "British detectives release efits of Madeleine McCann suspect", The Guardian, 14 October 2013.
   • "Madeleine McCann search: E-fit man 'was seen carrying child'", BBC News, 14 October 2013.
   • "Madeleine McCann: Police reveal 'pre-planned abduction' theory", BBC News, 14 October 2013.
10. Eilis O'Hanlon, "Eilis O'Hanlon: The sad rise of cyber courts full of Twittering bullies", Sunday Independent (Ireland), 29 April 2012 (hereafter O'Hanlon 2012).
11. Nicola Rehling, "'Touching Everyone': Media Identifications, Imagined Communities and New Media Technologies in the Case of Madeleine McCann," in Ruth Parkin-Gounelas (ed.), The Psychology and Politics of the Collective: Groups, Crowds and Mass Identifications, Routledge 2012 (hereafter Rehling 2012), p. 152ff.
    • Chris Greer, Jeff Ferrell and Yvonne Jewkes, "Investigating the crisis of the present", Crime Media Culture, 4(1), April 2008, pp. 5–8.
12. ^ "Kate and Gerry McCann: Sorry", Sunday Express, 23 March 2008; see here for Daily Star apology.
    • Mark Sweney and Leigh Holmwood, "McCanns accept Express damages and high court apology", The Guardian, 19 March 2008.
    • Roy Greenslade, "Express and Star apologies to McCanns bring all journalism into disrepute", The Guardian, 19 March 2008.
    • Owen Gibson, "Express Newspapers forced to apologise to McCann family over Madeleine allegations", The Guardian, 19 March 2008.
    • Owen Gibson, "Newspapers apologise to McCanns", The Guardian, 20 March 2008.
    • For the Tapas Seven, see Matthew Moore, "Madeleine McCann: Daily Express publishes apology to 'Tapas Seven'", The Daily Telegraph, 16 October 2008.
    • Oliver Tuft and Stephen Brook, "Madeleine McCann: Express apologises to the 'tapas seven' in high court", The Guardian, 16 October 2008.
13. "Wednesday 23 November 2011; afternoon session", Kate and Gerry McCann's testimony, Leveson Inquiry, from 08:40 mins.
    • Transcript and witness statement of Gerry McCann and Kate McCann, Leveson Inquiry.
    • James Robinson, "Leveson inquiry: McCanns deliver damning two-hour testimony", The Guardian, 23 November 2011.
    • "Leveson Inquiry: McCanns left 'distraught' by press", BBC News, 23 November 2011.
    • For Ned Temko on the case being "a wake-up call for the British media," see Interview, Sky News, July 2008, 02:00 mins.
14. McCann 2011, pp. 124–125.
    • Gordon Raynor, "Madeleine McCann: parents' court bid for information ", The Daily Telegraph, 20 June 2008.
15. For "one of the most mass reproduced images of the last decade," see Rehling 2012, p. 152.
    • For distinguishing marks, see "McCann, Madeleine Beth," Interpol, 9 August 2007, and "McCann, Madeleine Beth", Interpol, updated notice, May 2012.
    • "Missing child", Polícia Judiciária, accessed 30 August 2007.
    • "How common is Madeleine's eye defect?", BBC News, 21 February 2008.
    • The mark may not be a coloboma; see "Where is Madeleine McCann?", Piers Morgan Tonight, CNN, 11 May 2011.
16. For images of the eye in shop windows, see Owen Jones, Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class, Verso Books, 2012, p. 14.
    • For the Portuguese police view of images of the eye, see Rich Bowden, "McCanns: Police chief advised parents against media campaign", Monsters and Critics, 7 November 2007.
    • For the same view, see Judy Bachrach, "Unanswered Prayers", Vanity Fair, 10 January 2008.
17. Haroon Siddique, "Madeleine McCann's parents release picture of how she might look now", The Guardian, 1 May 2009.
    • "Madeleine McCann: Police release new 'age progression' image", The Daily Telegraph, April 2012.
18. Kate McCann, Madeleine, Transworld Publishers, 2011 (hardback edition, hereafter McCann 2011), pp. 7, 11, 14, 39, 284.
    • "Dr Gerry McCann", University of Leicester.
    • Richard Elias, "UK police poised to quiz hundreds in McCann inquiry", The Scotsman, 14 October 2007: "Gerry McCann was born in Glasgow and attended Holyrood Secondary School on the city's Southside before stating his medical studies at Glasgow University."
19. McCann 2011, p. 42.
20. Angela Balakrishnan, "Key players in the McCann case", The Guardian, 10 April 2008.
    • "Who are the McCann tapas seven?", BBC News, 16 October 2008.
21. Angela Balakrishnan, "The resort that was rocked one night in May", The Guardian, 11 April 2008.
    • For the owner of 5A and the date the McCanns arrived, see Caroline Gammell, "Madeleine McCann: Apartment was not made crime scene for two months", The Daily Telegraph, 8 August 2008.
    • For more on the resort, see "Ocean Club Beach Resort", Mark Warner.
    • Also see David Hencke and Rob Evans, "Madeleine McCann case: Resort firm Mark Warner sues insurers for losses", The Guardian, 4 April 2009.
22. DCI Andy Redwood on BBC Crimewatch, 14 October 2013, from 20:02 mins.
23. Angela Balakrishnan, "What happened on the day Madeleine disappeared?", The Guardian, 11 April 2008.
    • For the patio doors, also see "Searching for Madeleine," Channel 4 Dispatches, 18 October 2007, 15:21 mins.
24. "Searching for Madeleine," Channel 4 Dispatches, 18 October 2007.
25. ^ Angela Balakrishnan, "What happened on the day Madeleine disappeared?", The Guardian, 11 April 2008.
26. Giles Tremlett, "McCanns release last picture of Madeleine before she vanished", The Guardian, 25 May 2007.
27. McCann 2011, pp. 49, 53–54, 69; for the pyjamas, p. 72; for the blanket and Cuddle Cat, p. 90.
28. For 50 metres, see "Kidnapping concern for missing girl in Portugal", Reuters, 4 May 2007.
    • For 30–45 seconds and 50 metres, see McCann 2011, p. 54; for the patio doors being closed but not locked, p. 169.
29. McCann 2011, p. 56, 325.
30. McCann 2011, pp. 70, 131.
31. ^ McCann 2011, pp. 230, 273, 370.
    • Michelle Pauli, "Is this Madeleine McCann's abductor?", The Guardian, 26 October 2007.
    • Martin Hodgson, "McCanns release sketch of man seen near apartment", The Guardian, 26 October 2007.
32. ^ David James Smith, "Kate and Gerry McCann: Beyond the smears", The Sunday Times, 16 December 2007.
33. Caroline Gammell, "Madeleine McCann: Map 'shows where abductor was spotted'", The Daily Telegraph, 5 August 2008.
    • McCann 2011, p. 76.
    • "Madeleine was here," Channel 4 Cutting Edge, 10 May 2009, 4/5, 01:27 mins.
34. McCann 2011, p. 84.
35. ^ Heidi Blake and Jonathan Calvert, "Madeleine clues hidden for 5 years", The Sunday Times, 27 October 2013.
36. Peter Walker, "Madeleine McCann inquiry shifts as sighting found to be false lead", The Guardian, 14 October 2013.
    • DCI Andy Redwood on BBC Crimewatch, 14 October 2013, from 21:43 mins.
37. DCI Andy Redwood on BBC Crimewatch, 14 October 2013, from 22:25 mins.
38. BBC Crimewatch, 14 October 2013, from 23:35 mins.
    • McCann 2011, pp. 98, 371.
    • "Madeleine was here," Channel 4 Cutting Edge, 10 May 2009, 4/5, 05:55 mins.
    • "Stranger may hold key to Madeleine McCann’s disappearance, says ex-RUC man", Belfast Telegraph, 7 May 2009.
39. Patrick Counihan, "Irish couple key witnesses as British police launch new enquiry into Madeleine McCann case", Irish Central, 14 October 2013.
40. Angela Balakrishnan, "What happened on the day Madeleine disappeared?", The Guardian, 11 April 2008.
    • McCann 2011, p. 123.
41. BBC Crimewatch, 14 October 2013, from 23:35 mins.
42. McCann 2011, pp. 71–73.
    • "Madeleine was here," Channel 4 Cutting Edge, 10 May 2009, 1/5, 00:45 mins.
43. McCann 2011, p. 74.
44. "Toddler 'abducted' during holiday", BBC News, 4 May 2007.
    • "Searching for Madeleine," Channel 4 Dispatches, 18 October 2007, 08:36; 09:36 mins for the first search being abandoned at 4:30 am.
    • Bridget O'Donnell, "My months with Madeleine", The Guardian, 14 December 2007.
45. ^ Judy Bachrach, "Unanswered Prayers", Vanity Fair, 10 January 2008.
46. Danny Collins, Vanished, John Blake, 2008 (paperback edition, hereafter Collins 2008), p. xx.
47. ^ Fiona Govan, "Madeleine McCann's death 'covered up by parents who faked kidnap', court hears", The Daily Telegraph, 12 January 2010.
48. Haroon Siddique, "Detective's book claims Madeleine McCann died in apartment", The Guardian, 24 July 2008.
49. "Madeleine McCann: The evidence", BBC News, 8 September 2007.
50. McCann 2011, pp. 75, 78, 85.
51. "Searching for Madeleine," Channel 4 Dispatches, 18 October 2007, 20:20; for volunteers, see 43:32 mins.
52. Matt Baggott, Witness statement, Leveson Inquiry, March 2012, p. 23ff.
53. Peter Griffiths, "Child crime experts join Madeleine hunt", Reuters, 9 May 2007.
54. McCann 2011, p. 78.
55. "Madeleine evidence 'may be lost'", BBC News, 17 June 2007.
56. Caroline Gammell, "Madeleine McCann: Apartment was not made crime scene for two months", The Daily Telegraph, 8 August 2008.
57. Richard Edwards, "The 15 key blunders", The Daily Telegraph, 2 June 2007.
58. Collins 2008, pp. xxxi–xxxii.
59. Steven Morris, "Q&A: Madeleine McCann", The Guardian, 8 May 2007.
60. ^ McCann 2011, p. 98.
61. Richard Edwards and Fiona Govan, "Maddy police ignored vital CCTV", The Daily Telegraph 19 May 2007.
62. McCann 2011, p. 77.
63. ^ DCI Andy Redwood, BBC Crimewatch, 14 October 2013, from 30:45 mins.
64. DCI Andy Redwood, BBC Crimewatch, 14 October 2013, from 30:10 mins.
65. Collins 2008, pp. 202–203.
66. ^ "'Very ugly' new Madeleine suspect", BBC News, 6 May 2009.
    • "Madeleine was here," Channel 4 Cutting Edge, 10 May 2009, 3/5, 03:30 mins and following; 05:58 mins for the white van.
    • McCann 2011, pp. 469–473.
67. BBC Crimewatch, 14 October 2013, from 24:45 mins.
68. Helena Machado and Barbara Prainsack, Tracing Technologies: Prisoners' Views in the Era of Csi, Ashgate Publishing, 2012 (hereafter Machado and Prainsack 2012), p. 39:
    • "According to Article 57 of the Codigo de Processo Penal , arguido is the status of an individual against whom a formal accusation has been made or inquiry procedures instigated. Article 58 states that a person may be made an arguido on the basis of a justifiable suspicion of crime. Arguido status is designed to provide individuals with certain rights, such as knowing the details of charges or the right to remain silent during interrogations and to have a lawyer present at all times, together with obligations that may range from a simple statement of identity and residence to detention on remand, even if no formal accusation has been made and an investigation is underway."
    • James Sturcke, "What is an arguido?", The Guardian, 7 September 2007.
69. ^ Giles Tremlett, "Madeleine disappearance: Briton's villa searched and three questioned by police", The Guardian, 15 May 2007.
    • "Russian denies links to Madeleine", BBC News, 17 May 2007.
    • "New Madeleine search draws blank home", BBC News, 6 August 2007.
70. "Villa searched in Madeleine hunt", BBC News, 14 May 2007.
    • For Murat being an offical interpreter, see David James Smith, Steven Swinford and Richard Woods, "Victims of the rumour mill?", The Sunday Times, 9 September 2007.
71. Haroon Siddique, "McCann friends confront Madeleine suspect", The Guardian, 13 July 2007.
72. "Madeleine suspect gets items back", BBC News, 23 March 2008.
    • "Murat addresses Cambridge Union", BBC News, 5 March 2009.
    • Michael White, "Madeleine McCann claims nearly destroyed my life, says Robert Murat", The Guardian, 6 March 2009.
73. "Robert Murat holds Cambridge Union spellbound in tabloids debate", University of Cambridge, 6 March 2009.
    • "Murat addresses Cambridge Union", BBC News, 5 March 2009.
74. Mark Townsend and Ned Temko, "Madeleine 'suspect' in massive libel claim", The Observer, 13 April 2008.
75. Oliver Luft and John Plunkett, "Madeleine McCann: Newspapers pay out £600,000 to Robert Murat", The Guardian, 17 July 2008.
    • Caitlin Fitzsimmons and Leigh Holmwood, "Sky News apologises to Robert Murat over Madeleine McCann story", The Guardian, 14 November 2008.
76. Simon Jeffery, "Madeleine McCann's disappearance – timeline", The Guardian, 14 October 2013.
    • Felicia Cabrita and Margarida Davim, "Pact of Silence," Sol, 30 June 2007.
    • For Kate McCann discussing the first Sol article, see McCann 2011, p. 189.
77. David James Smith, Steven Swinford and Richard Woods, "Victims of the rumour mill?", The Sunday Times, 9 September 2007.
78. David James Smith, Steven Swinford and Richard Woods, "Victims of the rumour mill?", The Sunday Times, 9 September 2007: "The archaic procedures made grilling all the more arduous. Instead of taping the interviews, an officer took hand-written notes in Portuguese of Kate's comments, which were then translated back into English at regular intervals for her approval."
    • McCann 2011, p. 123.
79. Witness statement, Gerry McCann, Polícia Judiciária, Portimao, 4 May 2007.
    • Witness statement, Gerry McCann, Polícia Judiciária, Portimao, 10 May 2007.
80. McCann 2011, p. 73.
    • Witness statement, Gerry McCann, Polícia Judiciária, Portimao, 10 May 2007.
81. Collins 2008, pp. 211–212.
82. David Brown, "Puzzles and mysteries at the very heart of the investigation," The Times, 10 September 2007.
    • Collins 2008, pp. 208–212.
83. Goc 2009, pp. 5–6.
84. For Mark Harrison, see "Judge admits Madeleine's case was at a 'dead end' in December – but it took another 7 months to clear McCanns", London Evening Standard, 12 August 2008.
    • For Keela and Eddie, see Brendan McDaid, "Top sniffer dog to join Maddy search", Belfast Telegraph, 8 August 2007.
    • For information on Keela, see "Top Dog", South Yorkshire Police.
85. Martin Grime, report to investigators, Polícia Judiciária files, August 2007, released by the Ministério Público, 4 August 2008.
86. Processo, vol. 8, p. 2110 and vol. 10, pp. 2582–2584, Polícia Judiciária files, released by the Ministério Público, 4 August 2008.
    • McCann 2011, pp. 206–207.
87. McCann 2011, p. 241.
88. Video of Keela and Eddie, giving alerts in 5A and elsewhere, Polícia Judiciária files, released by the Ministério Público, 4 August 2008.
    • Martin Grime, report to investigators, Polícia Judiciária files, August 2007, released by the Ministério Público, 4 August 2008.
    • David James Smith, "Kate and Gerry McCann: Beyond the smears", The Sunday Times, 16 December 2007: "Those who told me about the dogs’ searches say they involved little objective science. It has been suggested that the HRD dog was treated differently in the McCanns’ apartment than in the others. The dog kept sniffing and running off and it was called back on several occasions. Eventually it 'alerted', meaning it went stiff and stayed still.

      "Then the blood dog was called in and directed to the area where the other dog had alerted. Eventually this dog alerted in the same place – behind the sofa in the lounge, which is where the trace of blood was supposedly found.

      "The cars were lined up, not in a controlled environment, but in the underground public car park opposite Portimao police station. Again the dog was led quickly from one car to the next until he reached a Renault with 'Find Madeleine' stickers all over it. The dog sniffed and moved on to the next car, but was called back. The dog was taken around the McCanns' car for about a minute, as opposed to the few seconds devoted to the other cars. Then the dog went rigid, an 'alert', and the doors and the boot were opened. It was this that led to the recovery of some body fluids that the PJ suspected would contain traces of Madeleine's DNA, and which led to the supposed revelation that her body must have been carried in the car."

    • Also see Andrew Alderson and Tom Harper, "The allegations facing the McCanns", The Daily Telegraph, 9 September 2007.
89. Caroline Gammell, "Madeleine McCann's parents look to US sniffer dog case", The Daily Telegraph, 17 August 2007.
90. Sandra Laville, "UK lab to test blood found in Madeleine room", The Guardian, 7 August 2007.
91. Eleanor A.M. Graham, "DNA reviews: low level DNA profiling", Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology, June 2008, Volume 4, Issue 2, pp. 129–131.
    • Helena Machado and Filipe Santos, "Popular press and forensic genetics in Portugal: Expectations and disappointments regarding two cases of missing children", Public Understanding of Science, 20(3), May 2011, pp. 303–318.
92. Lawrence F. Kobilinsky, Louis Levine, and Henrietta Margolis-Nunno, Forensic DNA Analysis, Infobase Publishing, 2007, pp. 87–88.
    • "Low Copy Number DNA testing in the Criminal Justice System", Crown Prosecution Service, UK.
    • Also see:

    • Rich Bowden, "McCanns: Madeleine DNA samples too degraded for proper analysis - police", Monsters and Critics, 4 December 2007.
    • "DNA test halted after Omagh case", BBC News, 23 December 2007.
    • "Police resume use of DNA method", BBC News, 14 January 2008.
    • "DNA technique 'fit for purpose'", BBC News, 11 April 2008.

93. John Lowe, Forensic Science Service, Birmingham, email to Detective Superintendent Stuart Prior, Leicestershire police, 3 September 2007, released by the Ministério Público, 4 August 2008.
    • Lowe's email continued: "The individual components in Madeleine's profile are not unique to her; it is the specific combination of 19 components that makes her profile unique above all others. Elements of Madeleine's profile are also present within the profiles of many of the scientists here in Birmingham, myself included. It's important to stress that 50% of Madeleine's profile will be shared with each parent. It is not possible, in a mixture of more than two people, to determine or evaluate which specific DNA components pair with each other. ... Therefore, we cannot answer the question: Is the match genuine, or is it a chance match."
    • James Orr, Brendan de Beer and agencies, "UK police warned on DNA evidence before McCanns became suspects", The Guardian, 4 August 2008.
    • "Scientist doubted DNA tests before McCanns made suspects", The Scotsman, 4 August 2008.
    • McCann 2011, p. 331.
94. McCann 2011, p. 243.
95. James Sturcke and James Orr, "Kate McCann 'fears Madeleine killing charge over blood traces in car'", The Guardian, 7 September 2007.
    • Esther Addley and Vikram Dodd, "Traces of blood that turned grieving mother into suspect", The Guardian, 8 September 2007.
    • Ned Temko, Mark Townsend and Brendan de Beer, "New doubts over Madeleine DNA", The Observer, 9 September 2007.
    • Mary Jordan and Kevin Sullivan, "Case of Missing Girl Takes Ominous Turn", The Washington Post, 9 September 2007.
    • Gordon Rayner, "McCanns suffer stain of suspicion", The Daily Telegraph, 10 September 2007.
96. "The questions put to Kate McCann", BBC News, 6 August 2008.
    • McCann 2011, p. 248.
97. Gordon Rayner, Caroline Gammell and Nick Britten, "Madeleine McCann DNA 'an accurate match'", The Daily Telegraph, 12 September 2007.
98. Caroline Gammell, "Madeleine McCann: Portuguese detectives lied to Gerry McCann about DNA evidence", The Daily Telegraph, 4 August 2008.
99. "Searching for Madeleine," Channel 4 Dispatches, 18 October 2007, 41:10 mins; Goc 2009, p. 6.
100. Transcript of Jerry Lawton's evidence, p. 68ff:

     • "Portuguese police leaked in briefings in Portugal to their journalists that the forensic test results positively showed that Madeleine had been in or linked her to the hire car that her parents didn't hire until three or four weeks after she'd disappeared, and that story became a – created a sea change, without overusing that word, in the way the story has been looked at. Those forensic test results became a bone of contention between the UK and the Portuguese police. I was present when a Portuguese team of forensic experts and detectives arrived in Leicester to discuss these results. Of course, they'd already leaked a version of the results. Leicestershire police presumably knew – although it turns out obviously that those test results did not prove that and that the Portuguese police had somehow misinterpreted these results. I just felt that had this been – that Leicestershire police could have briefed, off the record, even unreportable, that the Portuguese police had misinterpreted those DNA results. ...

       "It's a huge hazard to a police inquiry to have an erroneous fact about an investigation out in the public domain. Because all of a sudden, when you're relying on public appeals, people are being swayed by something that is completely wrong. ...

       "I don't understand why Leicestershire police, on this occasion, didn't – even if it was unreportable – give the guidance that this is not right, this is not how we've interpreted those test results, the leak is wrong. The leak was very specific. ... Portuguese reporters were shown extracts of police files, hence the detail in some the leaks ...

       "It was wrong, or it was misinterpreted, entirely innocently, presumably by the Portuguese police, trying their best to solve a difficult case. Leicestershire are in a difficult position, as you've described, because they're a force in a different country handling – it isn't their jurisdiction, but when you realise, and you can see the steamrolling effect that that fact is having, particularly on the McCanns, Gerry and Kate, I just wondered why Leicestershire police chose not to correct.

       "... Every time you rang Leicestershire police on that inquiry – and it was a lot, from every media organisation – you were told: "It's a Portuguese police inquiry. You'll have to contact the Portuguese police."

101. Esther Addley, "Madeleine McCann: hope and persistence rewarded", The Guardian, 27 April 2012:

     • "The early decision by Leicestershire police – the 'home force' of the McCanns, who live in Rothley – to stand back in favour of Portuguese investigators was perhaps understandable given international protocols. But by the late summer of 2007 Leicestershire was closely involved in the investigation, lending specialist sniffer dogs and forensics experts to the hunt.

       "It was, the attorney general found, largely due to a catastrophic misinterpretation of the evidence collected by these officers that the Portuguese team came to suspect the McCanns in the disappearance. A blinkered investigation, prejudicial police leaks and a rash of misjudged headlines followed.

       "Last month, Matt Baggott, at the time chief constable of Leicestershire, admitted to the Leveson inquiry that he had known the Portuguese officers, then heavily briefing reporters that the McCanns were guilty, were wrong on crucial DNA evidence.

       "He could have corrected reporters' errors, even behind the scenes, he admitted, but had judged it better not to."

     • Lisa O'Carroll, "Leveson inquiry: ex-police chief defends not preventing false McCann DNA reports", The Guardian, 28 March 2012:

     • "Baggott, the former chief constable of Leicestershire police, told the inquiry on Wednesday he could not have released information about DNA tests conducted in the UK to counter leaks by the Portuguese police that falsely claimed they showed the McCanns had hidden Madeleine in the boot of a hire car in Portugal.

       "Baggott said there were both legal and professional reasons for this. Portuguese secrecy laws made it 'utterly wrong to have somehow, in an off-the-record way, have breached what was a very clear legal requirement upon the Portuguese themselves', he told Lord Justice Leveson.

       "He also said the Leicestershire force's priority was to maintain a positive relationship with the Portuguese police, with a view to 'eventually ... resolving what happened to that poor child'."

     • "Wednesday 28 March 2012: Afternoon session", Leveson Inquiry (Matt Baggott's evidence), following Lord Leveson's question starting 104:38 mins, continuing 115:22 mins.
     • Transcript of Matt Baggott's evidence, p. 68ff.
     • Also see Matt Baggott's witness statement, question 50, pp. 22–25.
102. "Madeleine parents head back to UK", BBC News, 9 September 2007.
     • Giles Tremlett and Brendan de Beerr, "Prosecutor to study evidence before deciding couple's future", The Guardian, 10 September 2007.
103. Caroline Gammell, "Madeleine judge is known as a tough character", 'The Daily Telegraph, 12 September 2007.
     • David Brown, "Police to study diary and laptop from McCanns", The Times, 12 September 2007.
104. McCann 2011, p. 273.
     • Fiona Govan, "Madeleine McCann's mother takes drug test", The Daily Telegraph, 23 November 2007.
     • For Control Risks having been involved since May, see David Brown, "Private security team hired by Kate and Gerry McCann for secret investigation," The Times, 24 September 2007.
     • For the anonymous donor, see McCann 2011, p. 125.
105. ^ Paul Hamilos and Brendan de Beer, "Detective leading hunt for Madeleine sacked after blast at UK police", The Guardian, 3 October 2007.
     • McCann 2011, p. 279.
106. "New police chief for McCann case", BBC News, 9 October 2007.
107. "Madeleine police meet in Britain", BBC News, 29 November 2007.
108. David Brown, "Paedophile suicide in new Madeleine link", The Times, 7 August 2007.
109. Samantha Kett, "Dead expat suspected of five-year-old's kidnap", Think Spain, 11 August 2007.
     • "Oberbüren SG, Appenzell AI: Von Aesch schon mit 20 wegen versuchter Erpressung verurteilt - Gericht 1961: 'ein Psychopath'", PolizeiSchweiz, 7 August 2007.
110. ^ "Scotland Yard a enquêté à St-Gall pour l'affaire Maddie", 24 heures, 7 July 2013.
111. Angela Balakrishnan and agencies, "Madeleine police head to UK for Tapas Seven interviews", The Guardian, 7 April 2008.
     • "Madeleine interviews set to begin", BBC News, 8 April 2008.
112. "McCann reconstruction called off", BBC News, 27 May 2008.
113. "McCanns angry over Madeleine leak", BBC News, 11 April 2008.
     • "Police deny claims of McCann leak", BBC News, 14 April 2008.
114. "Madeleine police chief quits post", BBC News, 7 May 2008.
115. Laura Clout, "Madeleine McCann's parents being investigated for negligence", The Daily Telegraph, 28 May 2008.
116. Nick Britten and Fiona Govan, "Madeleine McCann: Kate and Gerry McCann officially cleared of 'arguido' status", The Daily Telegraph, 21 July 2008.
117. Brendan de Beer and Ian Cobain, "McCanns hope for end to speculation as police release complete file on Madeleine", The Guardian, 5 August 2008.
     • Steve Kingston, "Madeleine revelations offer few facts", BBC News, 7 August 2008.
118. McCanns' testimony, from 75:10 mins.
     • McCann 2011, p. 333.
119. McCann 2011, p. 333.
     • "Paper apology over McCann diary", BBC News, 21 September 2008.
     • McCanns' testimony, Leveson Inquiry, 23 November 2011, from 71:10 mins.
120. Ned Temko, "Madeleine police chief to launch 'explosive' book", The Observer, 20 July 2008.
     • Ned Temko, "On the front line in the search for Maddie", The Observer, 3 August 2008.
     • For the book sales, see Thais Portilho-Shrimpton, "Detective set to publish McCann book in Britain", The Independent, 16 November 2008.
121. Caroline Gammell, "Detective accused in case of missing girl", The Daily Telegraph, 17 September 2007.
     • Fabiola Antezana, "Detective in McCann Case Investigated For Beating Convicted Child Murderer", ABC News, 26 September 2007.
     • John Bingham, "Madeleine McCann police chief found guilty of falsifying evidence", The Daily Telegraph, 23 May 2009.
     • That Amaral was in charge of the Cipriano case, see Machado and Prainsack 2012, p. 82.
122. ^ Ben Quinn, "McCanns to sue detective who led Madeleine inquiry", The Observer, 17 May 2009.
     • Beverley Rouse, "Judge bans policeman's Madeleine book", The Independent, 9 September 2009.
     • Paula Fentiman, "Case against Madeleine McCann detective postponed", The Independent, 11 December 2009.
     • Esther Addley, "Madeleine McCann detective loses attempt to overturn book ban", The Guardian, 18 February 2010.
     • That the McCanns issued a writ in June 2009, see Fiona Govan, "Kate McCann faces former police chief in £1m libel trial over Madeleine's disappearance", The Daily Telegraph, 11 September 2013.
123. Giles Tremlett, "Madeleine McCann book ban overturned by Portuguese court", The Guardian, 19 October 2010.
124. Claire Carter and Catarina Aleixo, "Gerry McCann contacted police after abduction threat to twins", The Daily Telegraph, 20 September 2013.
125. Brendan de Beer, "McCanns and Amaral fail to reach settlement", Portugal News, 20 February 2013.
     • Paul Hamilos, "McCann libel trial opens in Lisbon", The Guardian, 12 September 2013.
     • "Portugal court sets 2014 hearing in Maddie libel case", Agence France-Presse, 27 November 2013.
126. Simon Armitage, "The Beacon", findmadeleine.com.
127. Rehling 2012, p. 152.
     • Owen Jones, Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class, Verso Books, 2012 (hereafter Jones 2012), p. 14.
128. Rehling 2012, pp. 152–153.
     • For Sky News, 30,000 extra copies, the Pope and the Learjet, see Judy Bachrach, "Unanswered Prayers", Vanity Fair, 10 January 2008.
     • For more about media coverage, see John Jewell, "Innuendo becomes currency of news in Madeleine McCann case", The Conversation (hereafter Jewell 2013), 11 October 2013.
129. Machado, Helena and Santos, Filipe. "The disappearance of Madeleine McCann: Public drama and trial by media in the Portuguese press", Crime Media Culture, 5(2), August 2009, pp. 146–167 (hereafter Machado and Santos 2009), p. 154.
130. Julia Kennedy, "Don't you forget about me: An exploration of the “Maddie Phenomenon” on YouTube", Journalism Studies, 11(2), 2010, pp. 225–242.
131. For Gordon Brown and Oprah, see Rehling 2012, pp. 152–153.
     • For Gordon Brown, also see "PM thanks Portugal over Madeleine", BBC News, 9 July 2007.
     • For the poem, see Simon Armitage, "The Beacon", findmadeleine.com, and "Candles mark Madeleine McCann's 1,000 days missing", BBC News, 28 January 2010.
132. "Madeleine search fund raised £2m", BBC News, 29 January 2009.
     • For "Team McCann," see Jewell 2013.
     • The directors of the Fund as of October 2013 were Brian Kennedy, a retired head teacher; Edward Smethurst, a commercial lawyer; Jon Corner, director of a media company; Michael Linett, retired accountant; and Kate and Gerry McCann; see "Madeleine's Fund", findmadeleine.com.
133. "Madeleine campaign will not fund legal battle", CNN, 13 September 2007.
     • "McCanns used fund to pay mortgage", BBC News, 30 October 2007.
134. Machado and Prainsack 2012, pp. 52–53.
135. Rehling 2012, p. 152.
136. McCann 2011, p. 125.
     • James Sturcke and agencies, "McCanns still cling to hope, says spokesman", The Guardian, 24 September 2007.
137. McCann 2011, pp. 148, 268.
     • Gerry McCann, interview with Portuguese journalist Sandra Felgueiras, "Maddie: A Year of Mystery," Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP), 9 March 2010.
     • "Master of media circus for Madeleine McCann", The Daily Telegraph, 24 April 2008.
     • Cole Morton, "Clarence Mitchell: 'I am a decent human being. If I can help them, I will'", The Independent on Sunday, 1 March 2009.
138. Steven Swinford, John Follainin and Mohamed El Hamraoui, "McCanns send sleuths to Morocco", The Sunday Times, 30 September 2007.
     • For 35 investigators, see Mark Hollingsworth, "The McCann Files," London Evening Standard, ES Magazine, 28 August 2009.
139. ^ Mark Hollingsworth, "The McCann Files," London Evening Standard, ES Magazine, 28 August 2009.
140. Martina Smit, "Divers search lake for Madeleine McCann", The Daily Telegraph, 5 February 2008.
     • Cecilia Pires, "Search for Madeleine to restart at dam", Algarve Resident, 8 March 2008.
     • "'Underworld' tip leads to new Maddie hunt", CNN, 12 March 2008.
     • Howard Brereton, "Spanish detective agency confirms bones found are not of missing Madeleine McCann", Typically Spanish, 16 March 2008.
141. Richard Edwards, "Paedophile Raymond Hewlett agrees to Madeleine McCann interview", The Daily Telegraph, 26 May 2009.
     • "Madeleine McCann: Raymond Hewlett gives DNA sample to police", The Daily Telegraph, 28 May 2009.
     • Neil Syson, "Pedophile suspect in Maddie McCann case dies", news.com.au, 10 April 2010.
142. "Madeleine McCann investigators swamped with calls about new lead", The Daily Telegraph, 7 August 2009.
     • "Madeleine McCann: E-fits of suspects", The Daily Telegraph, 6 August 2009.
143. David Lohr, "Madeleine McCann May Be Buried Under Driveway; Authorities Seem Unwilling To Investigate", The Huffington Post, 20 September 2012.
144. The McCanns went to the High Court in July 2008 to gain access to 81 pieces of information Leicestershire police held about sightings. In August 2008 over 11,000 pages of Portuguese police files were released to the public, including 2,550 pages of sightings, and in 2009 the McCanns obtained a copy from the Portuguese police of a further 2,000 pages describing 50 sightings. See Gordon Rayner, "Madeleine McCann parents gain access to police files", The Daily Telegraph, 7 July 2008; and "Madeleine McCann's parents criticise release of files", BBC News, 6 March 2010.
145. That Oakley was hired from March to September 2008, see McCann 2011, pp. 349–350.
     • For £500,000, see Taylor, Jerome. "FBI hunts for investigator paid £500,000 by McCanns", The Independent, 23 November 2009.
146. Sadie Gray, "McCann fund 'paid detectives £500,000'", The Independent, 24 August 2008.
     • "Businessman hired to look for Madeleine denied bail", BBC News, 26 November 2009.
     • Kevin Sullivan, "Fraud suspect Kevin Richard Halligen allegedly posed as a spy and cheated the elite on both sides of the Atlantic", The Washington Post, 9 June 2012.
147. ^ David Elstein, "Crimewatch: dupers or duped?", openDemocracy, 4 November 2013.
148. Rehling 2012, pp. 153–154, 158, 161.
     • Machado and Prainsack 2012, p. 52.
149. Nicola Goc, "'Bad Mummy' – Kate McCann, Medea and the Media", acamedia.edu , 2009 (hereafter Goc 2009), p. 1.
     • Also see Nicola Goc, "Kate McCann and Medea news narratives", in Charlene P.E. Burns (ed.), Mis/Representing Evil, Interdisciplinary Press, 2009, pp. 169–193.
150. Rehling 2012, pp. 154, 157.
     • "Petitioners want McCann inquiry", BBC News, 12 June 2007.
     • Deborah Orr, "Pistorius's case is an empty vessel into which all our prejudices may be poured", The Guardian, 22 February 2013.
151. ^ Anne Enright, "Diary: Disliking the McCanns", London Review of Books, 29(19), 4 October 2007; see the same link for readers' responses.
     • For responses to Enright's article, see Margarette Driscoll, "Too serene for sympathy," The Sunday Times, 21 October 2007.
     • Sam Leith, "Anne Enright was spot on about McCann mania", The Daily Telegraph, 22 October 2007.
152. Lisa O'Carroll and Jason Deans, "Daily Express editor was 'obsessed' with Madeleine McCann story, inquiry hears", The Guardian, 21 December 2011.
     • Roy Greenslade, "Express and Star apologies to McCanns bring all journalism into disrepute", The Guardian, 19 March 2008.
     • For a list of Leveson Inquiry core participants, see Core participants and "Core participant victims, Leveson Inquiry.
153. McCanns' testimony, from 53:15 mins.
     • Chris Greer and Eugene McLaughlin, "Media justice: Madeleine McCann, intermediatization and 'trial by media' in the British press", Theoretical Criminology, November 2012, 16(4), pp. 395–416.
154. Caroline Bainbridge, "'They've taken her!' Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Mediating Maternity, Feeling and Loss", Studies in the Maternal 4(2), 2012, pp. 2–3, 6.
     • Also see Cristina Odone, "It's time to play the crying game, Kate", The Guardian, 21 October 2007.
155. For Correio da Manhã and police sources, see Machado and Santos 2009, pp. 158–159.
     • For the photographers, see McCanns' testimony, Leveson Inquiry, from 37:45 mins.
156. Goc 2009, pp. 4, 6, 8–9.
     • Also see Jennie Yabroff, "Mothers To Blame", Newsweek', 28 September 2007.
157. Rehling 2012, pp. 164–165.
     • Hanlon 2012.
158. For the threat to the twins, see Claire Carter and Catarina Aleixo, "Gerry McCann contacted police after abduction threat to twins", The Daily Telegraph, 20 September 2013.
     • For the threat to disrupt the appeal, see Colin Freeman, "Madeleine McCann: is there hope at last?", The Daily Telegraph, 19 October 2013.
159. McCann 2011, p. 311.
     • "Madeleine McCann contempt case: Tony Bennett guilty", BBC News, 21 February 2013.
160. Theresa May's testimony, Leveson Inquiry, 29 May 2012.
     • Robert Mendick, "Home Office launches secret review into Madeleine McCann's disappearance", The Daily Telegraph, 6 March 2010.
161. "Freedom of Information Request", Metropolitan Police.
162. Richard Bilton, "Madeleine: The Last Hope?", BBC Panorama, 25 April 2012, c. 20:48 mins for the contingency fund and David Cameron, and c. 26:27 mins for the review in Porto.
     • For ₤5 million and collaboration, see Victoria Ward, "CPS lawyers travel to Portugal to explore Madeleine McCann leads", The Daily Telegraph, 21 June 2013.
163. Sandy Macaskill, "British Police Say Madeleine McCann May Still Be Alive", The New York Times, 25 April 2012.
164. "Madeleine McCann 'could be alive' say detectives as new image released", The Daily Telegraph 25 April 2012.
165. "Madeleine McCann: police investigating 38 suspects - video", ITN, courtesy of The Guardian, 4 July 2013.
     • Sandra Laville, "Kate and Gerry McCann the driving force behind Madeleine investigation", The Guardian, 4 July 2013.
166. For Saunders and Hopkins, see Sandra Laville, "Madeleine McCann: UK prosecutors visit Portugal to discuss new leads", The Guardian, 21 June 2013.
     • For the formal request for assistance, see Sandra Laville, "Madeleine McCann: police target 38 suspects", The Guardian, 4 July 2013.
167. Caroline Davies, "Madeleine McCann case: Scotland Yard identifies new leads", The Guardian, 17 May 2013.
     • Melanie Hall, "Police hunt six British cleaners in search for Madeleine McCann", The Daily Telegraph, 19 May 2013.
168. Graham Keely, "Jailed Madeleine suspects questioned over missing child", The Times, 13 November 2013.
     • Dominic Kennedy, "Madeleine e-fits were hidden away for five years", The Times, 28 October 2013.
     • Severin Carrell, "Paedophile couple get life for killing woman who threatened to expose them", The Guardian, 10 June 2010.
     • Brian Ponsonby, "Paedophile murderers had history of depravity", BBC News, 10 June 2010.
     • "HMA v William Hugh Lauchlan and Charles Bernard O'Neill", Judiciary of Scotland.
169. "Madeleine McCann: Police reveal 'pre-planned abduction' theory", BBC News, 14 October 2013.
     • "Madeleine McCann appeal: Police receive 2,400 calls and emails", BBC News, 17 October 2013.
170. Alexandra Topping and Peter Walker, "Madeleine McCann: same name crops up from efit appeal", The Guardian, 15 October 2013.
171. DCI Andy Redwood, BBC Crimewatch, 14 October 2013, from 26:40 mins.
172. Fiona Govan, "Madeleine McCann suspect 'may have died in tractor accident'", The Daily Telegraph, 30 October 2013.
     • Fiona Govan and Jasper Copping, "Maddie: 'suspect could have been deported'", The Daily Telegraph, 31 October 2013.
173. "Madeleine McCann inquiries: Met wants 'joint investigation team'", BBC News, 27 November 2013.

References

News sources are listed in the Notes section only.

Books, papers and testimony

Baggott, Matt. Hearing, Leveson Inquiry, 28 March 2012, 104:38 mins, continuing 115:22 mins (transcript), p. 68ff.

Bainbridge, Caroline. "'They've taken her!' Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Mediating Maternity, Feeling and Loss", Studies in the Maternal, 4(2), 2012.

Collins, Danny. Vanished, John Blake, 2008 (paperback edition).

Crown Prosecution Service (UK). "Low Copy Number DNA testing in the Criminal Justice System", accessed 27 May 2013.

Goc, Nicola. "'Bad Mummy' – Kate McCann, Medea and the Media", acamedia.edu, 2009.

Goc, Nicola. "Kate McCann and Medea news narratives", in Charlene P.E. Burns (ed.), Mis/Representing Evil, Interdisciplinary Press, 2009, pp. 169–193.

Graham, Eleanor A.M. "DNA reviews: low level DNA profiling", Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology, June 2008, Volume 4, Issue 2, pp. 129–131.

Greer, Chris; Ferrell, Jeff; and Jewkes, Yvonne. "Investigating the crisis of the present", Crime Media Culture, 4(1), April 2008, pp. 5–8.

Greer, Chris Greer and McLaughlin, Eugene. "Media justice: Madeleine McCann, intermediatization and 'trial by media' in the British press", Theoretical Criminology, November 2012, 16(4), pp. 395–416.

Jewell, John. "Innuendo becomes currency of news in Madeleine McCann case", The Conversation, 11 October 2013.

Jones, Owen. Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class, Verso Books, 2012.

Kennedy, Julia. "Don't you forget about me: An exploration of the “Maddie Phenomenon” on YouTube", Journalism Studies, 11(2), 2010, pp. 225–242.

Kobilinsky, Lawrence F.; Levine, Louis; and Margolis-Nunno, Henrietta. Forensic DNA Analysis, Infobase Publishing, 2007.

Lawton, Jeremy. Hearing, Leveson Inquiry, 19 March 2012, 141:00 mins (transcript and witness statement).

Machado, Helena and Santos, Filipe. "The disappearance of Madeleine McCann: Public drama and trial by media in the Portuguese press", Crime Media Culture, 5(2), August 2009, pp. 146–167.

Machado, Helena and Santo, Filipe. "Popular press and forensic genetics in Portugal: Expectations and disappointments regarding two cases of missing children", Public Understanding of Science, 20(3), May 2011, pp. 303–318.

Machado, Helena and Prainsack, Barbara. Tracing Technologies: Prisoners' Views in the Era of Csi, Ashgate Publishing, 2012.

McCann, Gerry and Kate. Hearing, Leveson Inquiry, 23 November 2011, from 08:40 mins (Gerry McCann's witness statement).

McCann, Kate. Madeleine, Transworld Publishers, 2011 (hardback edition).

Rehling, Nicola. "'Touching Everyone': Media Identifications, Imagined Communities and New Media Technologies in the Case of Madeleine McCann", in Ruth Parkin-Gounelas (ed.), The Psychology and Politics of the Collective, Routledge 2012.

External links

• Find Madeleine, investigation@findmadeleine.com
• Operation Grange (Scotland Yard), operation.grange@met.police.uk

• Use dmy dates from November 2012
• 2007 crimes
• 2007 in Portugal
• 2000s missing person cases
• Algarve
• Child abduction
• Crime in Portugal
• Disappearance of Madeleine McCann
• Kidnapped English children
• Unsolved crimes