Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by AnomieBOT (talk | contribs) at 02:37, 12 December 2013 (Rescuing orphaned refs ("DAI" from rev 563221060)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Serbs
Срби
Srbi

1st row: Jovan Vladimir • Stefan Nemanja • Saint Sava • Dušan the Mighty • Tsar Lazar • Mehmed-paša Sokolović 2nd row: Zaharije Orfelin • Dositej Obradović • Karađorđe • Miloš Obrenović • Vuk Karadžić • Njegoš 3rd row: Petar I • Živojin Mišić • Mokranjac • Nikola Tesla • Mihajlo Pupin • Paja Jovanović 4th row: Jovan Cvijić • Nadežda Petrović • Jovan Dučić • Milutin Milanković • Ivo Andrić • Aleksandar I 5th row: Marina Abramović • Emir Kusturica • Vlade Divac • Željko Joksimović • Novak Đoković • Ana Ivanović
Total population
c. 10 million
Regions with significant populations
Serbia 5,988,150 (2011)
Neighboring countries of Serbia	c. 1.86 million
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,437,893 (2013)
Croatia	186,633 (2011)
Montenegro	178,110 (2011)
Macedonia	36,000 (2002)
Romania	18,076 (2011)
Hungary	7,210 (2011)
Rest of Europe	c. 1.7 million
Germany	700,000 (2011)
Austria	350,000 (2008)
Switzerland	186,000 (2008)
Sweden	120,000 (2008)
France	120,000 (2008)
United Kingdom	70,000 (2005)
Italy	53,000 (2010)
Netherlands	40,000 (2008)
Slovenia	39,000 (2002)
Belgium	20,000 (2008)
Luxembourg	7,581 (2008)
North America	c. 270,000
United States	187,739 (2010)
Canada	80,320 (2011)
Oceania	c. 80,000
Australia	69,544 (2011)
New Zealand	11,000
Rest of the world	c. 50,000
South Africa	15-20,000 (2012)
United Arab Emirates	5,000 (2012)
Languages
Serbian
Religion
Predominantly † Eastern Orthodox Christianity (Serbian Orthodox Church)
Related ethnic groups
Other South Slavic peoples (especially Montenegrins)
excluding Kosovo. The 2011 census in Kosovo registered a total of 25,532 Serbs, out of an estimated total of around 100,000 Serbs which by large boycotted Kosovo census. Some 265,895 persons declared Serbian language as their mother tongue. Number of people of Serbian descent in the US and Canada may be much higher as there are some 328,547 and 48,320 in the US and Canada, respectively, who identify as Yugoslavs, majority of whom are Serbs

The Serbs (Template:Lang-sr, Template:IPA-sh) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group living mainly in the Balkans and southern Central Europe. Serbs inhabit Serbia (including the disputed territory of Kosovo), as well as Bosnia and Herzegovina (mostly Republika Srpska) and Montenegro, and form significant minorities in Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia. Likewise, Serbs are an officially recognized minority in Romania, Hungary, Albania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Serbian language is also in official use in Greece. There is a large Serbian diaspora in Western Europe, particularly in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, and France. Outside Europe, there are significant Serbian communities in the United States, Canada and Australia.

The Serbs share cultural traits with the rest of Southeast Europe, and are predominantly Orthodox Christians by religion. The Serbian language is an official language in Serbia (also in the disputed Kosovo) and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is spoken by a majority in Montenegro. Serbian is the only European language with active digraphia, using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets.

Anthropology

Ethnonym

There are several theories on the etymology of the ethnonym Serbs. (< *serb-) is the root of the Proto-Slavic word for "same" (as in "same people"), found in Russian and Ukrainian (сербать), Belarussian (сербаць), Slovak (srbati), Bulgarian (сърбам), Old Russian (серебати). Scholars have also suggested an origin in the Indo-European root *ser- 'to watch over, protect', akin to Latin servare 'to keep, guard, protect, preserve, observe'.

Scholars have noted the mention of Serbs by Tacitus in 50 AD, Pliny the Elder in 77 AD (Naturalis Historia) and Ptolemy in his Geography 2nd century AD, in connection with a Sarmatian tribe of Serboi of the North Caucasus and Lower Volga. Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus (325–391) referred to the Carpathians as "Montes Serrorum" in his works, which Croatian scholars Zupanic and Ivo Vukcevich treated as an early mention of the Serbs (Serri). The works of Vibius Sequester (4th or 5th century) also mention Serbs. Procopius (500-565) used the name Sporoi as an umbrella term for the Slavic tribes of Antes and Sclaveni, it is however not known whether the Slavs used this designation for themselves or he himself coined the term, it has been theorized however that the name is corruption of the ethnonym Serbs.

The Serb ethnonym is written as Σερβοι (Servoi), Sorabos, Surbi, Sorabi in early medieval sources. De Administrando Imperio mentions the realm of the Vlastimirović dynasty as Serbia, with several tribes going under the designation Serbs. The work mentions a mythological homeland as White Serbia or Boiki (derived from Proto-Slavic *bojь. = battle, war, fight), also, the town of Servia received its name from its temporary inhabitants – the Serbs. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, the first Russian chronicle, Serbs are among the first five Slav peoples who were enumerated by their names.

Genetics

Y-chromosomal haplogroups identified among the Serbs from Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina are the following:

• I2a-P37.2, with frequencies of 29.20% and 30.90%, respectively. The frequency of this haplogroup peaks in Herzegovina (64%), and its variance peaks over a large geographic area covering B-H, Serbia, Hungary, Czech Republic, and Slovakia. It is the second most predominant Y-chromosomal haplogroup in the overall Slavic gene pool.
• E1b1b1a2-V13, 20.35% and 19.80%. The frequency of this haplogroup peaks in Albania (24%), and is also high among Greeks, Romanians, Macedonian Slavs, Bulgarians, and southern Italians.
• R1a1-M17, 15.93% and 13.60%. The frequency of this haplogroup peaks in Poland (56.4%) and Ukraine (54.0%), and its variance peaks in northern Bosnia. It is the most predominant Y-chromosomal haplogroup in the overall Slavic gene pool.
• R1b1b2-M269, 10.62 and 6.20%. Its frequency peaks in Western Europe (90% in Wales).
• K*-M9, 7.08% and 7.40%
• J2b-M102, 4.40% and 6.20%
• I1-M253, 5.31% and 2.5%
• F*-M89, 4.9%, only in B-H
• J2a1b1-M92, 2.70%, only in Serbia

There are also several other uncommon haplogroups with lesser frequencies.

Identity

This section needs expansion with: (August 2012). You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (August 2012)

An international self-esteem survey titled Simultaneous Administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 Nations: Exploring the Universal and Culture-Specific Features of Global Self-Esteem conducted on 16,998 people from 53 nations by researchers from Bradley University David P. Schmitt (PhD), and University of Tartu Jüri Allik, was published by the American Psychological Association in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, Vol. 89, No. 4. The questionnaire included views of one's individual personality, that of one's own nation and that of other nations. The research found that Serbia was placed first of the most self-esteemed nation, ahead of U.S.A. (6th), and Japan (last place), and the majority of nations, as well as Serbs themselves, agreed on this. The research also noted that Serbia was among the 10 most collectivist nations.

History

Slavs first came to the Balkans in the 5-7th centuries A.D. and they mixed with the local population(Illyrians, Thracians, Dacians, Romans, Celts). First, they came under Bulgarian and then Byzantine rule after 900. Later, Serbs created numerous small states centered throughout Herzegovina, and on the territory of modern-day states such as Montenegro and Serbia. One of the most powerful Serbian states during this period was Raška, which separated from the Serbian state of Duklja in the 11th century. Ruled by Prince Stefan Nemanja from 1169 to 1196, Duklja conquered the neighbouring Serb territories of Kosovo, Duklja and Zachlumia. Subsequently, he created the Nemanjić dynasty, which ruled over Serbia until the 14th century. Nemanja's older son, Stefan Nemanjić, became Serbia's first recognized king, while his younger son, Rastko, founded the Serbian Orthodox Church in the year 1219, and became known as Saint Sava after his death.

Over the next 140 years, Serbia expanded its borders. Its cultural model remained Byzantine, despite the political ambitions of the Serbs being directed against the empire. The medieval power and influence of Serbia culminated in the reign of Dušan the Mighty, who ruled the state from 1331 until his death in 1355. Ruling as Emperor from 1346, his territory included Macedonia, northern Greece, Montenegro, and almost all of Albania. When Dušan died, his son Stephen Uroš V became Emperor. With Turkish invaders beginning their conquest of the Balkans in the 1350s, a major conflict ensued between them and the Serbs. The first major battle between the Serbs and the Turks was the Battle of Maritsa, which took place in 1371. In it, the Serbs were defeated by the Turks. With the death of two important Serb leaders in the battle, and with the death of Stephen Uroš that same year, the Serbian Empire broke up into several small Serbian domains. These states were ruled by feudal lords, with Zeta controlled by the Balšić family, Raška, Kosovo and northern Macedonia held by the Branković family and Lazar Hrebeljanović holding today's Central Serbia and a portion of Kosovo. Hrebeljanović was subsequently accepted as the titular leader of the Serbs because he was married to a member of the Nemanjić dynasty. In 1389, the Serbs faced the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo on the plain of Kosovo Polje, near the town of Pristina. The battle was fought by a coalition of Serbs, Bosnians and possibly some Albanians who faced the Turks after Lazar refused to submit to Turkish rule. Both Lazar and the Ottoman Sultan, Murad I, were killed in the fighting. The battle most likely ended in a stalemate, and Serbia did not fall to the Turks until 1459.

With the Ottoman occupation of Serbia, countless Serbs fought against the Ottomans and organized uprisings in Serb territories that were under Ottoman rule. As a result, Serbs suffered severe consequences. In the 17th century, as many as 60,000 Serbs fled Kosovo during the Great Turkish War and settled in the Habsburg Monarchy. Serbia remained under Ottoman control until the early 19th century, with the eruption of the Serbian Revolution in 1804. The uprising ended in the early 1830s, with Serbia's autonomy and borders being recognized, and with Miloš Obrenović being recognized as its ruler. The last Ottoman troops withdrew from Serbia in 1867, although Serbia's independence was not recognized internationally until the Congress of Berlin in 1878. Serbia fought in the Balkan Wars of 1912–13, which forced the Ottomans out of the Balkans and doubled the territory and population of the Kingdom of Serbia. In 1914, a young Bosnian Serb student named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, which directly contributed to the outbreak of World War I. In the fighting that ensued, Serbia was invaded by Austria-Hungary. Despite being outnumbered, the Serbs subsequently defeated the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Cer, which marked the first Allied victory over the Central Powers in the war. Furher victories at the battles of Kolubara and the Drina meant that Serbia remained unconquered as the war entered its second year. However, an invasion by the forces of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria overwhelmed the Serbs in the winter of 1915, and a subsequent withdrawal by the Serbian Army through Albania took the lives of more than 240,000 Serbs. Serb forces spent the remaining years of the war fighting on the Salonika Front in Greece, before liberating Serbia from Austro-Hungarian occupation in November 1918.

Serbs subsequently formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes with other South Slavic peoples. The country was later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and was led from 1921 to 1934 by King Alexander I of the Serbian House of Karađorđević. During World War II, Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers in April 1941. The country was subsequently divided into many pieces, with Serbia being directly occupied by the Germans. Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) experienced persecution at the hands of the Croatian ultra-nationalist, fascist Ustaše, who attempted to exterminate the Serb population by killing as many as one million of the Serbs living in the newly established state. Serbs in occupied Yugoslavia subsequently formed a resistance movement known as the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland, or the Chetniks. The Chetniks had the official support of the Allies until 1943, when Allied support shifted to the Communist Yugoslav Partisans, a multi-ethnic force, formed in 1941, which also had a large majority of Serbs in its ranks in the first two years of war, later, after the fall of Italy, September 1943. other ethic groups joined Partisans in larger numbers. At the end of the war, the Partisans, led by the Croat Josip Broz Tito, emerged victorious. Yugoslavia subsequently became a Communist state. Tito died in 1980, and his death saw Yugoslavia plunge into economic turmoil. Yugoslavia disintegrated in the early 1990s, and a series of wars resulted in the creation of five new states. The heaviest fighting occurred in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose Serb populations rebelled and sought unification with Serbia, which was then still part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The war in Croatia ended in August 1995, with a Croatian military offensive known as Operation Storm crushing the Croatian Serb rebellion and causing as many as 200,000 Serbs to flee the country. The Bosnian War ended that same year, with the Dayton Agreement dividing the country along ethnic lines. In 1998–99, a conflict in Kosovo between the Yugoslav Army and Albanians seeking independence erupted into full-out war, resulting in a 78-day-long NATO bombing campaign which effectively drove Yugoslav security forces from Kosovo. Subsequently, more than 200,000 Serbs and other non-Albanians fled the province. On 5 October 2000, Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosević was overthrown in a bloodless revolt after he refused to admit defeat in the 2000 Yugoslav general election.

Language

Serbs speak the Serbian language, a member of the South Slavic group of languages, specifically in the Southwestern Slavic group, with the Southeastern group containing Bulgarian and Macedonian. It is considered a standardized register of Serbo-Croatian, as mutually intelligible with the standard Croatian and Bosnian languages (see Differences in standard Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian) which are all standardized on the Shtokavian dialect.

Serbian is an official language in Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro, and is a minority language in Croatia, Macedonia, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia. Older forms of Serbian are Old Serbian, the redaction of Old Church Slavonic, and the Russo-Serbian variant, a version of the Church Slavonic language.

Serbian is the only European language with active digraphia, using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. Serbian Cyrillic was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić, who created the alphabet on phonemic principles, the Cyrillic itself has its origins in Cyril and Methodius' transformation of the Greek script in the 9th century.

Loanwords in the Serbian language besides common internationalisms are mostly from Turkish, German and Italian, words of Hungarian origin are present mostly in the north and Greek words are predominant in the liturgy. Two Serbian words that are used in many of the world's languages are "vampire" and "paprika". The English term vampire was derived (possibly via French vampyre) from the German Vampir, which was in turn derived in the early 18th century from the Serbian language word вампир/vampir, when Arnold Paole, a purported vampire in Serbia was described as wreaking havoc in Serbian villages during the time that Serbia was incorporated into the Austrian Empire.

Religion

Serbs are predominantly Orthodox Christians, and before Christianity they adhered to Slavic paganism. Serbs were first Christianized by the beginning of the 9th century, and the Serbian Orthodox Church was established in 1219. An autocephalous Church led by a Patriarch, and consisting of three Archbishoprics, six Metropolitanates and thirty-one dioceses, it has more than 11 million adherents. Followers of the church form the largest religious group in Serbia and Montenegro, and the second-largest in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. The church has an archbishopric in Macedonia and dioceses in Western Europe, North America and Australia. The identity of ethnic Serbs was historically largely based on Orthodox Christianity and on the Serbian Orthodox Church, to the extent of the claims that those who are not its faithful are not Serbs. However, the conversion of the south Slavs from paganism to Christianity took place before the Great Schism, the split between the Greek East and the Catholic West. After the Schism, those who lived under the Orthodox sphere of influence became Orthodox and those who lived under the Catholic sphere of influence became Catholic. Some ethnologists consider that the distinct Serb and Croat identities relate to religion rather than ethnicity. With the arrival of the Ottoman Empire, some Serbs and Croats converted to Islam. This was particularly, but not wholly, so in Bosnia. The best known Muslim Serb is probably either Mehmed Paša Sokolović or Meša Selimović. Since the second half of the 19th century, some Serbs converted to Protestantism, while historically some Serbs also were Catholics (especially in Dalmatia) or Greek Catholics. In 1219, the Serbian Orthodox Church was established as the national church by Saint Sava. With the occupation of the Balkans by the Ottoman Empire, Islam was introduced, therefore there exist "Muslim Slavs"; Gorani, Bosniaks, Muslims by nationality etc., where Serbs traditionally live.

Symbols

The Serbian national flag consists of a red-blue-white tricolour which has its roots in the colours of Pan-Slavism, popular in the 19th century. Serbia used the red, blue and white tricolor since 1835, with interruption between 1918 and 1941 during which time it was part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later renamed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Republika Srpska use Serbian national tricolour as its flag. There are number of unofficial variant flags, with Serbian tricolour as their basis, some with variations of the cross, coat of arms, or both.

The Serbian cross is national sign of Serbs. It has been part of every Serbia's coat of arms since 1835 i.e. re-establishment of modern Serbia. It is composed of a cross symbol with four stylized letters beta (Β) on each of its corners. A modern interpretation, somethimes attributed to St. Sava is that the four symbols around the cross are Cyrillic letters С, an acronym of a slogan: "Only Unity Saves the Serbs" (Template:Lang-sr). An alternative is "Saint Sava - Serbian Patron" (Template:Lang-sr).

Three-finger salute is national salute of Serbs. It originally expressed the Serbian orthodoxism, but today its a simply sign for Serbs, made by extending the thumb, index, and middle fingers of one or both hands. A saying often used by Serbs is: Nema krsta bez tri prsta ("There is no cross without three fingers").

Culture

Literature, icon painting, and architecture are the artistic forms for which Serbia is best known. Serbian Art is highly reflective of Byzantine traditions. Serbs are also known for having noteworthy traditions of creating classical music and works of philosophy.

Art

Between the early 13th and early 15th century, many great works of art were created by Serb artists. Many icons, wall paintings and manuscript miniatures came into existence, and many Serbian Orthodox monasteries and churches such as those at Studenica, Sopoćani, Gračanica and Visoki Dečani were built. The architecture at some of these monasteries is world famous.

Serbs from Bosnia and Herzegovina are also famous for their art. Since the mid-1800s, Serbia has produced many famous painters who are representative of general European artistic trends. One of the most prominent of these was Paja Jovanović, who painted massive canvases on historical themes such as the Great Serb Migrations. Painter Uroš Predić was also very prominent in the field of Serbian art, painting the Kosovo Maiden, which was completed in 1919. While Jovanović and Predić were both realist painters, artist Đura Jakšić was an accomplished Romanticist. Painter Vladimir Veličković was famous for his surrealism.

Literature

Most literature written by early Serbs was about religious themes. Various Gospels, Psalters, menologies, hagiographies, and essays and sermons of the founders of the Serbian Orthodox Church were written. At the end of the 12th century, two of the most important pieces of Serbian medieval literature were created– the Miroslav Gospels and the Vukan Gospels, which combined handwritten Biblical texts with painted initials and small pictures. Notable Baroque-influenced authors were Andrija Zmajević, Gavril Stefanović Venclović, Jovan Rajić, Zaharije Orfelin and others. Dositej Obradović was the most prominent figure of the Age of Enlightenment, while the most notable Classicist writer was Jovan Sterija Popović, although his works also contained elements of Romanticism.

Modern Serbian literature began with Vuk Karadžić's collections of folk songs in the 19th century, and the writings of Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, the 19th century Prince-Bishop of Montenegro. The first prominenet representative of Serbian literature in the 20th century was Jovan Skerlić, who wrote in pre-World War I Belgrade and helped introduce Serbian writers to literary modernism. The most important Serbian writer in the inter-war period was Miloš Crnjanski. The first Serb authors who appeared after World War II were Mihailo Lalić and Dobrica Ćosić. Other famous post-war authors were Ivo Andrić and Meša Selimović, both of whom identified as Serbs. Andrić went on to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1961. Danilo Kiš, another popular Serbian writer, was known for writing A Tomb for Boris Davidovich, as well as several acclaimed novels. Amongst contemporary Serbian writers, Milorad Pavić stands out as being the most critically acclaimed, with his novels Dictionary of the Khazars, "Landscape Painted with Tea" and "The Inner Side of the Wind" bringing him international recognition. Highly revered in Europe and in South America, Pavić is considered one of the most intriguing writers from the beginning of the 21st century.

Music

Serbia has a long tradition in music. Traditional Serbian music includes various kinds of bagpipes, flutes, horns, trumpets, lutes, psalteries, drums and cymbals. The kolo is the traditional collective folk dance, which has a number of varieties throughout the regions. Composer and musicologist Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac is considered one of the most important founders of modern Serbian music.

The composer of the Croatian national anthem Lijepa naša domovino (Our Beautiful Homeland) was Croatian Serb Josip Runjanin. In the 1990s and the 2000s, many pop music performers rose to fame. Željko Joksimović won second place at the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest and Marija Šerifović managed to win the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Molitva", and Serbia was the host of the 2008 edition of the Contest. Balkan Brass, or "truba" (trumpet) is a popular genre that originated during the First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813) with military marching bands that transposed Serbian folk music. Guča trumpet festival is one of the most popular and biggest music festivals in Serbia, with over 300,000 visitors annually.

Cinema

The first Serbian film was created in 1911. Titled The Life and Deeds of the Immortal Vožd Karađorđe, the film is a biopic of Karađorđe Petrović, the leader of the First Serbian Uprising against the Turks in the early 19th century. Since then, Serbia has produced many talented filmmakers, the most famous of whom are Dušan Makavejev, Živojin Pavlović, Goran Paskaljević and Emir Kusturica. Kusturica became world-renowned after winning the Palme d'Or twice at the Cannes Film Festival. He has won numerous other prizes, and is a UNICEF National Ambassador for Serbia.

Several Serbs have featured prominently in Hollywood. The most notable of these are Academy-award winners Karl Malden, Steve Tesich, Peter Bogdanovich and Milla Jovovich.

Science

Many Serbs have contributed to the field of science and technology. Serbian American scientist, inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer and electrical engineer Nikola Tesla is regarded as one of the most important inventors in history. He is renowned for his contributions to the discipline of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th century. Physicist and physical chemist Mihajlo Pupin is best known for his landmark theory of modern electrical filters as well as for his numerous patents, while Milutin Milanković is best known for his theory of long-term climate change caused by changes in the position of the Earth in comparison to the Sun, now known as Milankovitch cycles. Mihailo Petrović is known for having contributed significantly to differential equations and phenomenology, as well as inventing one of the first prototypes of an analog computer.

Cuisine

Serbian cuisine is largely heterogeneous, with heavy Oriental, Hungarian and Mediterranean influences. Despite this, it has evolved and achieved its own culinary identity. Food is very important in Serbian social life, particularly during religious holidays such as Christmas, Easter and feast days i.e. slava.

Staples of the Serbian diet include bread, meat, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. Traditionally, three meals are consumed per day. Breakfast generally consists of eggs, meat and bread. Lunch is considered the main meal, and is normally eaten in the afternoon. Traditionally, Turkish coffee is prepared after a meal, and is served in small cups.

Bread is the basis of all Serbian meals, and it plays an important role in Serbian cuisine and can be found in religious rituals. A traditional Serbian welcome is to offer bread and salt to guests. Meat is widely consumed, as is fish. Serbian specialties include kajmak (a dairy product similar to clotted cream), proja (cornbread), kačamak (corn-flour porridge), and Gibanica (cheese and kajmak pie). Ćevapi are the national dish of Serbia. They are caseless sausages made of minced meat, which is always grilled and seasoned.

Serbia is also the birthplace of rakia (rakija in Serbian), which is a very alcoholic drink primarily distilled in fruit. This Serbian drink is also found throughout the Balkans as it has grown popular in Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Hungary, and Turkey. The most famous brand of rakia is "slivovitz" or plum rakia, which is also the national drink of Serbia.

Sport

Serbs are famous for their sporting achievements, and have produced many talented football players such as Dragan Džajić, Dejan Stanković, Nemanja Vidić, and basketball players such as Vlade Divac, Dejan Bodiroga, Radivoj Korać and Dražen Dalipagić.

Tennis is also a very popular sport amongst Serbs, and the current World No. 2 in men's singles is Serb Novak Djokovic. He has won six Grand Slam titles, and is considered to be one of the greatest tennis players of all time. Other successful players include: Jelena Jankovic, Ana Ivanovic, Nenad Zimonjić and Janko Tipsarević. Serbia won the Davis Cup in 2010, defeating France in the finals. Water polo is also popular sport, and Serbia men's national water polo team is multiple world and European champion.

See also

• Serbia, nation-state of Serbs
• List of notable Serbs
• states, regions, territories of Serbs
• Serb clans, former feudal organizations of Montenegro and Herzegovina
• Slavs; Medieval Slav tribes; South Slavs

Notes

1. Toal & Dahlman 2011, p. 4.
2. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bk.html
3. Croatian Bureau of Statistics 2011. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCroatian_Bureau_of_Statistics2011 (help)
4. "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2011" (PDF). 12 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
5. Државен завод за статистика: Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Македонија, 2002: Дефинитивни податоци (PDF)
6. http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2/
7. http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/nepsz2011/nepsz_orsz_2011.pdf
8. http://www.zentralrat-der-serben.de/index.php?Serben_in_Deutschland
9. 20 Minuten & 24 February 2008. sfn error: no target: CITEREF20_Minuten24_February_2008 (help)
10. http://www.prestigemm.com/2012/05/intervju-prof-dr-volfgang-rorbah/
11. "Erstmals über eine Million EU- und EFTA Angehörige in der Schweiz". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 14 October 2008.
12. Nordstrom, p. 353. (Serbia and Iran as top two countries in terms of immigration beside "Other Nordic Countries," based on Nordic Council of Ministers Yearbook of Nordic Statistics, 1996, 46-47)
13. Présentation de la République de Serbie
14. The Serbian Council of Great Britain
15. Statistiche demografiche ISTAT
16. "The Euromosaic study - Other languages in Slovenia". European Commission.
17. "Etrangers inscrits dans tous les registres (1,2,3,4 et 5) du registre national - Remarque : Une nationalité "d'origine" désigne un réfugié politique reconnu". Statistiques Population étrangère. date=2 January 2008. {{cite news}}: Missing pipe in: |publisher= (help)
18. "Statistiques - 01.06.2008". Government of Luxembourg.
19. United States Census Bureau 2010. sfn error: no target: CITEREFUnited_States_Census_Bureau2010 (help)
20. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=
21. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011)
22. http://www.24sata.rs/vesti/aktuelno/vest/cetiri-miliona-srba-zivi-van-zemlje-ima-nas-i-u-tasmaniji-i-na-aljasci/22805.phtml
23. Penalty gives Ghana victory over 10-man Serbia "... between 15,000 and 20,000 Serbs who live in South Africa"
24. RTS :: Afrika i Srbija na vezi
25. http://www.rts.rs/page/rts/sr/Dijaspora/story/1518/Vesti/1106406/Peticija+za+konzulat+u+Emiratima.html
26. Final Results of the 2011 Kosovo census
27. Number of Serbs in northern Kosovo disputed
28. http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje%281%29.pdf
29. Powell 2005, pp. 267. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPowell2005 (help)
30. "Projekat Rastko – Luzica / Project Rastko – Lusatia". Rastko.rs. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
31. J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, "Protect", The Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (London: Fitzroy and Dearborn, 1997)
32. ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 13
33. Ivo Vukcevich, Rex germanorum, populos sclavorum, p. 73: "Zupanic believes that the montes Serrorum can be traced to early Serb settlements in Dacia: Since we have shown that Serri is the same as Serb, the montes Serrorum mentioned by Marcellinus confirms the presence of Serbs"
34. ^ The Spread of the Slaves, by Henry Hoyle Howorth, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 1878
35. Our forefathers, Google Book
36. Istorija Srba, ch. 5: "Slovenska plemena i njihova kultura"
37. ^ De Administrando Imperio
38. Povest vremennih let (Moscow, Leningrad: Akademiya nauk SSSR, 1990), pp. 11, 207
39. ^ Peričić, Marijana, et al. (2005). "High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution 22(10). doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185 PMID 15944443.
    N.B. The haplogroups' names in the section "Genetics" are according to the nomenclature adopted in 2008, as represented in Vincenza Battaglia (2008) Figure 2, so they may differ from the corresponding names in Peričić (2005).
40. ^ Battaglia, Vincenza; et al. (2008). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (6): 6. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC 2947100. PMID 19107149. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first1= (help)
41. ^ Marjanovic, D., et al. (2005). "The Peopling of Modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome Haplogroups in the Three Main Ethnic Groups". Annals of Human Genetics 69. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00190.x PMID 16266413.
42. ^ Simultaneous Administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 Nations: Exploring the Universal and Culture-Specific Features of Global Self-Esteem
43. Kurir, Mondo (20 August 2012). "Istraživanje:Srbi narod najhrabriji". B92.
44. ^ Miller 2005, p. 533.
45. ^ Cox 2002, p. 20.
46. Cox 2002, p. 21.
47. Cox 2002, p. 23.
48. ^ Cox 2002, pp. 23–24.
49. ^ Judah 2002, p. 5.
50. Judah 2000, p. 27.
51. Judah 2002, p. 7.
52. Judah 2002, p. 8.
53. Ágoston & Masters 2009, pp. 518–519.
54. Miller 2005, p. 542.
55. Pavlowitch 2002, p. 94.
56. Miller 2005, pp. 542–543.
57. Miller 2005, p. 544.
58. ^ Miller 2005, p. 545.
59. Midlarsky 2005, p. 131.
60. Miller 2005, pp. 546–553.
61. Miller 2005, pp. 558–562.
62. Gall & 7 May 2000. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGall7_May_2000 (help)
63. Pavlowitch 2002, p. 225.
64. David Dalby, Linguasphere (1999/2000, Linguasphere Observatory), pg. 445, 53-AAA-g, "Srpski+Hrvatski, Serbo-Croatian".
65. Benjamin W. Fortson IV, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (2010, Blackwell), pg. 431, "Because of their mutual intelligibility, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting one language called Serbo-Croatian."
66. Václav Blažek, "On the Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey" retrieved 20 Oct 2010, pp. 15–16.
67. Cvetković 2012, p. 130.
68. Banac, Ivo (1983). "The Confessional "Rule" and the Dubrovnik Exception: The Origins of the "Serb-Catholic" Circle in Nineteenth-Century Dalmatia". Slavic Review. Vol. 42, no. 3. pp. 448–474. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
69. Christian Promitzer, Klaus-Jürgen Hermanik, and Eduard Staudinger. (Hidden) Minorities: Language and Ethnic Identity Between Central Europe and the Balkans. The Lit Verlag in 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
70. Velikonja, p. 299; footnote 19
71. Cite error: The named reference StSava was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
72. Hajdinjak, Marko. (2000) Yugoslavia – Dismantled and Plundered 1 THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL CASE NO. IT-94-1-T
73. Cox 2002, pp. 11–12.
74. ^ Cox 2002, p. 12.
75. Judah 2000, p. 69.
76. Cox 2002, p. 121.
77. ^ Miller 2005, p. –567.
78. ^ Bédé & Edgerton 1980, p. 734.
79. Miller 2005, pp. –565–566.
80. Sollars & Jennings 2008, p. 604.
81. "Projekat Rastko: Istorija srpske kulture". Rastko.rs. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
82. "Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac (1856—1914)". Riznicasrpska.net. 28 September 1914. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
83. "Sabor trubača GUČA". www.guca.rs. 2 September 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
84. B92 & 26 November 2011. sfn error: no target: CITEREFB9226_November_2011 (help)
85. Cox 2002, p. 13.
86. ^ UNICEF Serbia. sfn error: no target: CITEREFUNICEF_Serbia (help)
87. Blic & 30 May 2013. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBlic30_May_2013 (help)
88. "The Official Milla Jovovich Website :: Biography". Retrieved 10 November 2008.
89. Consulate General of the Republic of Serbia. sfn error: no target: CITEREFConsulate_General_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia (help)
90. Albala 2011, p. 328.
91. Albala 2011, p. 330.
92. Albala 2011, pp. 328–330.
93. Albala 2011, pp. 329–330.
94. ^ Crippe & 4 April 2013. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCrippe4_April_2013 (help)

Cite error: A list-defined reference named "serbianunity.com" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "krajinaforce.com" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "europa.eu 2" is not used in the content (see the help page).

References

Books

• Albala, Ken (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-37626-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York, New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bédé, Jean Albert; Edgerton, William Benbow (1980). The Columbia Dictionary of Modern European Literature. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03717-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Cox, John K. (2002). The History of Serbia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31290-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Cvetković, Vladimir (2012). Casiday, Augustine (ed.). The Orthodox Christian World. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-31484-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Judah, Tim (2000). The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08507-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Judah, Tim (2002). Kosovo: War and Revenge. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09725-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Judah, Tim (2008). Kosovo: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974103-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Martinez, Jose de Luna; Endo, Isaku; Barberis, Corrado (2006). The Germany-Serbia Remittance Corridor: Challenges of Establishing a Formal Money Transfer System. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Publications. ISBN 978-0-8213-6659-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Midlarsky, Manus I. (2005). The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-44539-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Miller, Nicholas (2005). Frucht, Richard C. (ed.). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2002). Serbia: The History of an Idea. New York, NY: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6708-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Sollars, Michael David; Jennings, Arbolina Llamas (2008). The Facts on File Companion to the World Novel: 1900 to the Present. New York, NY: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0836-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Toal, Gerard; Dahlman, Carl T. (2011). Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-973036-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Web

• Palić, Svetlana (17 July 2011). "Četiri miliona Srba našlo uhlebljenje u inostranstvu". Blic.
• "Inicijativa da Karl Malden u Beogradu dobije spomenik i ulicu". Blic. 30 May 2013.
• "Restaurisana kopija filma Karađorđe". B92. 26 November 2011.
• Crippe, Chadd (4 April 2013). "Davis Cup: Djokovic a true national hero in Serbia". The Idaho Statesman.
• "Population by Ethnicity, censuses 1971–2011". Croatian Bureau of Statistics.
• Great Serbian scientists. Consulate General of the Republic of Serbia.
• Gall, Carlotta (7 May 2000). "New Support to Help Serbs Return to Homes in Kosovo". The New York Times.
• "Results of census in Serbia". International Radio Serbia. 1 December 2012.
• "Emir Kusturica". UNICEF Serbia.
• "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau.
• "Serben-Demo eskaliert in Wien". 20 Minuten (in German). 24 February 2008.

External links

• Project Rastko – Serbian cultural and historical research society

v t e Eastern Christianity
Cultural area of Christian traditions that developed since Early Christianity in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, North and East Africa, Asia Minor, South India, and parts of the Far East.
Main divisions	Communions Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox Churches Eastern Catholic Churches Assyrian Church of the East Ancient Church of the East Independent Churches/Communions Old Believers Spiritual Christianity True Orthodox churches Tolstoyans Protestantism Eastern Protestantism	Christ Pantocrator (circa 1261) in Hagia Sophia
History	Christianization of Armenia Christianization of Georgia Roman Empire/Byzantine Empire Copts Proto-orthodoxy Ecumenical council Heresies Nestorianism Iconoclasm Paulicianism Bogomilism Church of the East China Sichuan India Mongols Oriental Orthodox Churches Council of Chalcedon Saint Thomas Christians/Malankara Church Arab Christians Antiochian Greek Christians Melkite Ghassanids Christianization of Bulgaria Christianization of Kievan Rus' Turkic Christians Eastern Orthodox Church East–West Schism Raskol Moscow–Constantinople schisms 15th–16th centuries schism 1996 schism 2018 schism
Scriptures	Canon Old Testament New Testament Deuterocanon Septuagint Peshitta
Theology	Hesychasm Icon Apophaticism Filioque clause Miaphysitism Dyophysitism Nestorianism Theosis Theoria Phronema Philokalia Praxis Theotokos Hypostasis Ousia Essence–energies distinction Metousiosis
Worship	Sign of the cross Divine Liturgy Iconography Asceticism Omophorion

v t e Slavic ethnic groups
East Slavs	Alaskan Creoles Belarusians Belarusian Latvians Belarusian Lithuanians Belarusian Poles Belarusian Russians Russians Cossacks Albazinians Baikal Cossacks Don Cossacks Kuban Cossacks Nekrasov Cossacks Siberian Cossacks Terek Cossacks Greben Cossacks Doukhobors Goryuns Gurans Harbin Russians Kamchadals Kamenschiks Karyms Lipovans Molokans Polekhs Pomors Semeiskie Siberians Starozhily Rusyns Lemkos Pannonian Rusyns Rusyn Romanians Ukrainians Boykos Cossacks Zaporozhian Cossacks Kuban Cossacks Hutsuls Podlashuks Poleshuks Podolyans Litvins
West Slavs	Czechs Chods Gorals Silesian Gorals Kashubians Gochans Krubans Slovincians Lechites Masurians Moravians Poles Bambers Borderlands Poles Bug River Poles Greater Poland people Kaliszans Kuyavians Taśtaks Kociewians Kurpies Lasovians Łęczycans Lesser Poland people Masovians Łowiczans Międzyrzec Boyars Poborzans Polish Uplanders Russian Poles Sącz Lachs Sieradzans Warmians Obotrites Ruhrpolen Silesians Cieszyn Vlachs Slovaks Sorbs Lower Sorbs Wends Texas Wends Upper Sorbs
South Slavs	Bosniaks Bosniak Albanians Bosniak Croatians Bosniak Kosovars Bosniak Montenegrins Bosniak Serbians Bulgarians Anatolian Bulgarians Banat Bulgarians Bessarabian Bulgarians Bulgarian Albanians Bulgarian Croatians Bulgarian Hungarians Bulgarian Italians Macedonian Bulgarians Pomaks Thracian Bulgarians Croats Bunjevci Burgenland Croats Croat Muslims Janjevci Krashovani Molise Croats Šokci Gorani Macedonians Albanian Macedonians Bulgarian Macedonians Mijaks Torbeši Montenegrins Ethnic Muslims Resians Serbs Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs Kosovo Serbs Macedonian Serbs Montenegrin Serbs Croatian Serbs Vojvodina Serbs Serb Muslims Shopi Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia Slovenes Carinthian Slovenes Croatian Slovenes Hungarian Slovenes Italian Slovenes Prekmurje Slovenes Venetian Slavs Yugoslavs

v t e Serbian diaspora
Africa	South Africa
Americas	Canada South America Argentina Brazil Venezuela United States Alaska
Asia	Azerbaijan [sr] Russia Turkey
Europe	Albania Austria Azerbaijan [sr] Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Dubrovnik Vukovar Zagreb Cyprus [sr] Denmark [sr] Finland [sr] France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland [sr] Italy Kosovo Luxembourg Malta [sr] Moldova [sr] Montenegro North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland [sr] Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom
Oceania	Australia New Zealand

• Use dmy dates from October 2012
• Serb people
• Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Ethnic groups in Croatia
• Ethnic groups in Europe
• Ethnic groups in Hungary
• Ethnic groups in Montenegro
• Ethnic groups in Romania
• Ethnic groups in Serbia
• Ethnic groups in Slovenia
• Ethnic groups in the Republic of Macedonia
• Serbian people
• Serbian society
• Slavic ethnic groups
• South Slavs