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The Egyptian Revolution of 2013, locally called the June 30 Revolution (Arabic:ثورة ٣٠ يونيو) and also referred to as the Second Egyptian Revolution by several international media outlets, was a mass revolt that erupted in Egypt on 30 June 2013, marking the one-year anniversary of Mohamed Morsi's inauguration as president. Millions of protesters across Egypt took to the streets and demanded the immediate resignation of the president. The rallies were partly a response to Tamarod, a grassroots movement that launched a petition in April earlier that year calling for the government to step down and it claimed to have collected more than 22 million signatures. The number of protesters is said to have ranged between 14 million to a strongly debatable and unlikely 33 million to be "the biggest protest in Egypt's history" according to military sources that claimed to have counted the numbers through helicopters that scanned the demonstrations' perimeters across the country.

Reasons for demanding Morsi's resignation include accusations of increasing authoritarianism and his pushing through an Islamist agenda disregarding the predominantly secular opposition or the rule of law. The uprising concluded seven months of protests that started when the Morsi government issued a highly controversial draft constitution that gave him sweeping unlimited powers over the state's judicial system. The demonstrations, which had started peacefully, turned violent when the headquarters of the Muslim Brotherhood were stormed in Mokattam in Cairo and when 5 members of the organization were killed amid clashes. At the same time, many Morsi supporters staged a relatively smaller rally in Rabaa al-Adawiya square in Nasr City, a district of Cairo. A total of 16 people were reported to have lost their lives and approximately 200 injured as of late Tuesday during the unrest as a result of clashes between pro and anti-Morsi demonstrators, according to the state-run news agency. Another 10 people were also reported to have been killed in the cities of Alexandria, Marsa Matruh and Minya.

On 1 July, amid the chaos the country was facing, the military delivered a nationwide TV and radio statement giving both the government and the opposition a 48-hour ultimatum to resolve the political crisis and meet the people's demands or it would intervene to restore order. The following day, Morsi delivered an evening speech where he declared his rejection of the declaration claiming he was the elected president who represented the will of the people. The same day, another statement was released on the official Facebook page of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces titled "The Final Hours" that read: "We swear by God that we are ready to sacrifice our blood for Egypt and its people against any terrorist, extremist or fool".

On the night of 3 July, General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, announced in a live televised address that Mohamed Morsi had been deposed and replaced by the head of the constitutional court Adly Mansour and that the constitution had been suspended. Morsi was immediately detained and kept under house arrest at the Republican Guard headquarters in Cairo while several other government officials and Islamist figures supporting Morsi were also arrested. The move was widely deemed as a "coup" and it marked a turning point for the country's future and for the fate of the Muslim Brotherhood, as it was designated a terrorist group later that year in response to a bombing in Mansoura (though Ansar Bait al-Maqdis claimed responsibility) and was subjected to an unprecedented crackdown amid an ongoing Islamist unrest.

Background

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Morsi's constitutional declaration

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Tamarod campaign

On 28 April 2013 five activists including Mahmoud Badr founded Tamarod movement to collect signatures aiming to force Morsi to resign. Tamarod aimed to collect more than 15 million signature by June 30, the first anniversary of Morsi inauguration as a president. Tamarod movement was welcomed by the support of Shayfeencom, the Kefaya Movement, The National Salvation Front and the April 6 Youth Movement announced their support for the protests. Nabil Na'eem, a former leader of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, stated that he will take part in the protests. The Strong Egypt Party has stated that it supported a call for early presidential elections. Ahmed Shafik supported the protests. Mohamed El Baradei, one of the leaders of the National Salvation Front, stated that former members of the National Democratic Party would be welcomed as long as they were not convicted of any crimes. A counter-campaign called Tagarod was founded by Assem Abdel Maged.

Preparation and security precautions

On 23 June, General Al-Sisi issued a statement warning all sides saying "The army won't allow Egypt to fall into a “dark tunnel of conflict”. Those who think that we (the military) are oblivious to the dangers that threaten the Egyptian state are mistaken. We will not remain silent while the country slips into a conflict that will be hard to control, "

According to information that came out after the removal of Morsi, officials claimed that Morsi stopped working at Egyptian Presidential Palace on 26 June in anticipation to the protests and moved with his family to Koubbeh Palace.

In Upper Egypt, the Luxor security directorate announced that it had transferred all those jailed in the local police station to Qena prison as a mean of avoiding the 2011 scenario due to the risk of violence. Aswan saw heavy security presence and the police chief announced that he will personally head the operation room to receive complaints and information during the demonstrations and said that security personnel will protect their stations as well as state property, and added that the people will be protected, not the regime or any political party. Members of the FJP have gathered in front of their party headquarters to secure the complex. These procedures took place on June 30, the day of protests.

Early protests

June 28

On Friday 28 June, protests against Morsi started to build throughout Egypt including in such cities as Cairo, Alexandria, Dakahlia, Gharbiya and Aswan as a "warm up" for the massive protests expected on 30 June that were planned by Tamarod. Pro-Morsi and Muslim Brotherhood supporters started counterdemonstrations at the Rabia Al-Adawiya Mosque in Nasr City.

Prior to the protests, Christians, particularly in Upper Egypt, received threats from pro-Morsi protestors, pressuring them not to take part in the protests. Sheikh Essam Abdulamek, a member of parliament's Shura Council, said in an interview on television that Christians should not participate in the protests and warned them "do not sacrifice your children general Muslim opinion will not be silent about the ousting of the president."

June 29

On 29 June, Tamarod claimed that it collected more than 22 million signatures from a petition calling for Morsi to step down. more than the 13 million who voted for him in June 2012.

Timeline

June 30: Revolution Day

The much anticipated day begins with several marches throughout Cairo on Sunday heading to either Tahrir Square or Ittihadiya Palace with other comparatively smaller protests taking place at Rabaa al-Adawiya square, where pro-Morsi demonstrators are mainly centered, and another around the Ministry of Culture in Zamalek with artists and intellectuals staging a sit-in chanting against the Morsi-appointed Culture Minister. The 30 June Front announced that open-ended sit-ins have been staged in Tahrir and across the country until President Mohamed Morsi steps down and until the people's legitimate demands have been answered. Tahrir started filling with protesters as early as 8:00 AM with street emptied of traffic and nearly all shops were closed for the day. The people started chanting "Down, down with the rule of the Morshed (Supreme Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood)" and "He will leave, we won't leave". By 11:00 AM, thousands had already gathered in the square and organizers claimed in advance the support of millions to come. Two main marches that headed to Tahrir came from Giza with tens of thousands rallying along Dokki's Tahrir Street joined by opposition leader Hamdeen Sabahi and prominent filmmaker Khaled Youssef. The march later merged with another in Al Nahda square near Cairo University led by Mohamed ElBaradei forming the bigger "Mostafa Mahmoud march" that later reached Tahrir Square at around 18:10 PM with the march's end still reportedly stretching back into Dokki. Other rallies that also arrived in Tahrir are the Dawaran Shubra march coming from Shubra, the Maadi march who fist gathered in Maadi's Horreya Square and several other marches whether organized or individual ones including the journalists' march led by current syndicate chairman Diaa Rashwan and former chairman Makram Mohammed Ahmed that began from the Press Syndicate headquarters in Downtown Cairo. A less notable sit-in took place at the Culture Ministry in Zamalek's Shagarat al Dur Street with several artists including actors, musicians and painters who were banging clogs and were led by prominent intellectuals including Bahaa Taher who called for the toppling of the regime, and especially the newly appointed Islamist minister whom they accuse along with the Muslim Brotherhood of attempting to "Islamize" the country's cultural traditions. They later headed to the Cairo Opera House to allegedly stage public performances and manifestations and they were expected to continue to Tahrir but it is unclear whether all of them went there or if some remained. In addition, the April 6 Youth Movement and Constitution Party announced they would hold a sit-in in front of Abdeen Palace as soon as they received information that Prime Minister Hesham Qandil was there. Another thousand protesters gathered in front of the Qubba Palace only three kilometers away from Ittihadiya following rumors that Mohamed Morsi was residing there at the time, which was later semi-confirmed when the presidency announced it would hold a press conference at the palace later in the afternoon. The satellite town of 6th of October also saw hundreds rallying in Juhayna Square. Demonstrations have taken place in other similar locations around Cairo such as the wealthy district of New Cairo, where several dozens have gathered in front of Morsi's residency waving Egyptian flags and red cards calling for his resignation while security forces deployed barriers to keep protesters away from the building.

Although Morsi opponents had staged protest camps outside Ittihadiya Palace, one of the country's main presidential palaces, in Cairo's Heliopolis suburb two days prior to the revolution, the number of protesters was relatively low with only a few hundred demonstrators present at the vicinity around 5:30 PM, compared to the huge masses staged in Tahrir Square and Sidi Gaber in Egypt's second city of Alexandria at the time. At the beginning, this was surprising to some who considered the location to be a second focal point of anti-Morsi protests in Cairo along with Tahrir. Most of the palace's gates were left unguarded except for gate 5 which saw a high concentration of armoured vehicles and police was nowhere to be seen but three were reportedly arrested by night in possession of weapons including blades and firearms, according to state news agency MENA. By 5:45 PM however, demonstrators started pouring in with tens of thousands coming individually or in rallies such as the march coming from Saray el-Qubba carrying Egyptian flags, red cards and waving banners of previously slain protesters such as Khalid Said while chanting anti-Morsi slogans, most notably "The people demand the fall of the regime". At around 7:30 PM, the palace's surroundings were reportedly packed with protesters filling a broad boulevard for blocks and spilling into nearby avenues with some and Al-Ahram reporter saying that the site was extremely crowded with even moving small distances taking a long time and according to the Health Ministry, one protester suffocated to death as a result of a crowd crush. The demonstrations' mood was seemingly jovial with fireworks keeping the atmosphere upbeat and protesters cheering patrolling military helicopters the vicinity with laser lights. MENA reported that political forces present there announced that they will stage an open-ended sit-in till the president steps down.

Only five kilometers away from the presidential palace, Islamist supporters of Mohamed Morsi and the government held their huge sit-in at Rabaa al-Adawiya square in the Nasr City neighborhood of Cairo for a third consecutive day. They called their demonstration this day "Tagarod" as a counter name to the Tamarod campaign aimed at ousting Morsi. The number of demonstrators was reportedly estimated at hundreds of thousands although the ruling Muslim Brotherhood-linked Freedom and Justice Party (FJP) claimed on its Facebook page that the number was four million and a Shura Council member of the party had also claimed that the number of people in Rabaa al-Adawiya exceeded the numbers of anti-Morsi protesters in Cairo and all of Egypt. The number however, could not be verified as some experts ruled it out and said that the square and surrounding areas could hardly contain such a number. Most of them chanted for the protection of the president's democratic legitimacy while some believed that the president needed more time to deal with the country's difficulties. The sit-in was prominently joined by the hardline Salafist group Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya which called on the army and police to protect the president and, although initially wishing for non-violence to be exercised, threatened that if the police and army "fail to do their job in protecting the president’s legitimacy … we will do so ourselves,” said Mohamed Hassan, the group's spokesman while refusing to clarify whether he implicated the group would use violence or not and also added that Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya would not allow the overthrow of the democratically-elected president by any means. However, the demonstrations continued peacefully with no reported clashes occurring between supporters and opponents of Morsi either at Rabaa al-Adawiya or at the presidential palace.

Egypt's second city of Alexandria saw protesters gathering at Al Qa'ed Ibrahim Mosque, a meeting point for the city's rallies and also at the railway station in the neighborhood of Sidi Gaber. Hundreds of protesters had gathered by 4:35 PM, according to Al-Ahram, but in the following few hours the square started filling with demonstrators who poured in from all over the coastal city in thousands, including hundreds of lawyers and court room officials heading from the Lawyers' Union headquarters toward the station, chanting "Leave! Leave!". By approximately 7:00 PM, the vicinity of the station was reportedly packed and people could hardly move. A sit-in was also declared with a stage and tents being erected, including a huge one near Omar al-Islam Mosque, as a preparation for the coming days. The situation was alarming though to political activists who organized the demonstrations in the few days prior to the revolution due to the violent clashes that erupted between opponents and supporters of Morsi resulting in a number of deaths including an American student. The city hasn't seen the kind of clashes it had witnessed in the previous days but the FJP however accused anti-Morsi protesters of rioting and of being behind the ransacking of their party's office in the El-Hadara district earlier on Sunday.

Nearly every governorate saw its own demonstrations with huge ones taking place in several cities all over Egypt, including Mansoura, Damanhour, Mahalla, Suez, Port Said and Minya. In the Nile Delta's Menoufia, hundreds staged anti-Morsi protests in the city of Ashmoun. Some in other parts of the governorate have cut off the Cairo-Alexandria agricultural road while others have closed off seven city council buildings with chains and signs reading "Closed by order of the people". Sharqia, where Morsi had lost before to his rival candidate Ahmed Shafik by about 160,000 votes in the 2012 election, had thousands demonstrating across the province with the capital Zagazig hosting several protests concentrated around the governorate building and in Orabi Square. The FJP office was attacked by armed assailants just hours after an Al-Ahram interview with the local party leader Ahmed Shehata when he presented his own version of Sunday's protests claiming that the number of "real revolutionaries" protesting peacefully that day would not exceed 20,000 across Egypt. The attack claimed the life of 21 year-old student Hossam Shoqqi, who had previously served tea for the reporters. Zagazig overall had a strong anti-Morsi sentiment already and was prominent with graffiti and posters slamming the Muslim Brotherhood. Gharbia saw tens of thousands of demonstrators in the capital Tanta. Several marches have been delayed till afternoon prayers in the industrial city of Mahalla, known for its strong revolutionary spirit. But the city witnessed major protests and the numbers have dramatically increased afterwards, with workers forming the majority of the protesters. Reportedly 90% of workers at the state-owned Misr Spinning and Weaving Company, the country's largest factory employing over 25,000 workers, went on strike to join the protests, and along with other textile workers across the city, have previously warned several times that under Morsi their factories are threatened with closure altogether. The protesters chanted slogans like "Abdel Nasser said it before, the Muslim Brotherhood are not to be trusted". Prominent labour activist Kamal el-Fayoumi told Al-Ahram that "Mahalla contributed heavily to the removal of Mubarak from power, and we will do the same thing with Morsi". Hundreds participated in demonstrations in Kafr El Zayat against Morsi with anti-Muslim Brotherhood chants such as "National unity against the Brotherhood" and "You who rule in the name of religion, where is justice and where is religion?" The Dakahlia Governorate city of Mansoura saw hundreds of thousands continuously flocking in the city's main Al-Shaheed Square from several rally points. Chants included "Go, you're two-faced, you've divided the people in two" and the protests had notable persons participating such as Mohamed Ghonim, a leading Middle East urologist, in a different mass march in the city. Similarly to the events in Sharqia and Gharbia, the city of Desouk in Kafr el-Sheikh had demonstrators closing the city council building and the governorate complex which consists of several governmental institutions including the Media Centre, Tax Authority and cotton ginning companies. The protesters said the buildings will be locked down until the regime is ousted and when local departments are formed to run provincial authorities following consultations with political groups in the city. This kind of action also managed to take place in Beheira, with protesters shutting down the local councils in Mahmoudiya and Itay al-Baroud, as well as other municipalities in the governorate's capital Damanhour before erecting tents outside all of the besieged buildings. Thousands demonstrated in Damanhour Square and some carried police officers on their shoulders chanting "Here are all the Egyptian people" using drums to accompany their chants against the Brotherhood. The port city of Damietta in the north was estimated to have several thousand demonstrators in the streets, according to a member of the Socialist Popular Alliance, with some in Al-Saa'a Square demanding early presidential elections. Around 250 fishing boats sailed in the Nile heading to the square using megaphones to chant anti-Mori slogans. They have taken over the governorate headquarters and the offices of the local educational authority and also planned to occupy other government buildings to prevent governor Tarek Khedr from entering his office.

A similar scene took place in the Upper Egyptian governorate of Luxor, where a flotilla consisting of boats and motor launches packed with people in hundreds waving Egyptian flags and chanting "Leave Morsi!" accompanied by drums, reportedly sailed down the Nile voicing their opposition to the president. Both river banks saw a huge number of protesters in a city that rarely witnesses unrest, with masses demonstrating across Luxor en route to one of their rallying points at the governorate building, where a sit-in was planned until their demands are met. There was a line of men on the corniche holding hands and making a corridor packed with women of all ages into the front, sealing off area of the governor’s office. Luxor Temple was the site another gathering, where marches from Karnak, Sawagi and Awamea had met and the temple's exterior became full in the afternoon despite the stifling heat that day. 3,500 anti-Morsi demonstrators were reported in the city of Aswan south of the Luxor and Qena governorates. There were escalating verbal confrontations between opponents and supporters of Morsi in Aswan's main Shohadah Square as lawyers had gathered for a march heading to the square from the city court. Tamarod, joined by a number of parties such as the Wafd Party, announced an open ended sit-in in Sohag's Culture Square, the city's largest, where revolutionary forces have announced their intention to march after mid-day prayers. Shops were closed and the city's trading activity was relatively calm. The protesters chanted against the Brotherhood and called for national unity between Muslims and Christians while other marches were arriving from all over Sohag and from surrounding villages. On the other hand, hundreds of Islamists and their supporters gathered in front of the city's Korman mosque in support of Morsi. A near confrontation would inevitable between pro and anti-Morsi demonstrators if the police had not intervened forcing the Islamists to abandon the site for Tamarod. Tahta, another city in the Sohag Governorate, witnessed thousands in its main streets demanding the ouster of President Mohamed Morsi. The governorate of Assiut, an Islamist stronghold which was the site of this day's deadliest clashes, a drive-by took place in the capital Assiut where it was estimated that more than 50,000 were protesting in the city by night. Gunmen on a motorcycle opened fire on a protest in which tens of thousands were participating, killing one person and wounding four, sending the panicked crowd running. The enraged protesters later marched on the nearby FJP offices, where gunmen inside the compound shot at them, killing two more demonstrators, according to security officials who were speaking on condition of anonymity because they weren't authorized to talk to the press. The clashes later escalated with protesters fighting alongside security forces on one side and Morsi's supporters on the other.

Storming of the Muslim Brotherhood headquarters

Around midnight, the Muslim Brotherhood's national headquarters in Cairo's Mokattam district, whom Morsi's critics view as the government's real seat of power in the country, came under attack when anti-Morsi protesters started throwing Molotov cocktails and rocks at the six-story building's windows. There were also reports of shotguns being used from the side of the protesters according to the Brotherhood's spokesman Gehad El-Haddad who said that the attackers had been successfully repelled by the officials present in the building. This however proved untrue as clashes immediately followed the all-night siege with birdshot and live ammunition reportedly exchanged between the two sides. According to the Health Ministry, eight people have been killed as the rioting continued until next morning when anti-Morsi protesters eventually stormed the compound, despite being barricaded with sandbags prior to the attack, and the building was later ransacked and torched. Looting took place the next morning with rioters carting off furniture, blankets, rugs, files and air-conditioning devices among others. Fire was reportedly still raging from one floor as protesters tore down the Muslim Brotherhood signs from the building's front facade and another waved the Egyptian flag from an upper-story window.

July 1

As the protests headed into their second day, the plundering persisted at the Brotherhood's headquarters compound, the site of fierce clashes the previous night. The protesters were already gearing up for new rallies this day, with some having spent the night in several tents that were installed in Tahrir Square and around Ittihadiya Palace. Around 600 families who were reportedly affiliated with the so-called "Couch Party", the silent majority of Egyptians who usually avoid participating in political events but prominently joined most anti-Morsi demonstrations this time, staged demonstrations in the up-scale Greater Cairo district of Mohandessin, along with others in the El-Manial district in southern Cairo, calling for Morsi to resign and some brought sofas with them as a way of displaying how unashamed they are of belonging to this movement. The band Cairokee attended the demonstrations at the Heliopolis presidential palace and performed in front of hundreds of thousands of protesters, with lyrics such as "we are the people… and our path is right" and "you say ‘justice’, and they call you a betrayer", after receiving an invitation by volunteer organizers. There have been calls by organizers for sit-ins at the Cabinet building, interim parliament, and another presidential place by the demonstrations' organizers, as well as other calls for nationwide labor strikes to pressure the government but there were no reported responses by the country's trade unions. Tamarod released a statement giving Morsi a deadline to step down until the next day at 5:00 PM, warning him they would hike up the demonstrations marching on all palaces and that he would face a mass campaign of "complete civil disobedience". They also requested a new presidential election as part of their declaration and called on the military and police to make it clear that they support the protesters. In addition, five cabinet ministers resigned in solidarity with the protests. They were Minister of Communication and IT Atef Helmy, Minister of Environment Khaled Abdel-Aal, Minister of Water Utilities Abdel Qawi Khalifa, Minister of Legal and Parliamentary Affairs Hatem Bagato, who had previously stated on Sunday that the Supreme Constitutional Court (SCC) cannot dismiss the president from office, and finally Minister of Tourism Hisham Zazou, who had previously submitted his resignation to PM Hesham Qandil earlier in June after Morsi appointed as governor of Luxor an ex-militant linked to a group that was responsible for the massacre of tourists in 1997, but later came back to office when the governor resigned instead.

Like many scenarios that occurred in the Delta on Sunday, Upper Egypt also had demonstrators occupying government buildings, most notably in Assiut and Sohag. Dozens barricaded the governorate office in Sohag with chains, setting up protest tents and blocking state employees from entering the building and the police intervened to separate protesters from pro-Brotherhood employees following the closure.

July 2

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July 3: Deadline

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Coup d'état

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Arrests

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Road map

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See also

• 2013 Egyptian coup d'état
• Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
• History of the Republic of Egypt
• Egyptian Armed Forces
• Egyptian Revolution of 1919
• Egyptian Revolution of 1952
• Egyptian Revolution of 2011

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107. See
108. "Protesters force governorate offices to close across Egypt". Egypt Independent. July 1, 2013.

v t e Major revolts and riots in modern Egypt
Major events before 2010	Urabi revolt (1879–1882) 1919 Egyptian revolution Helwan riots (1945) 1945 anti-Jewish riots in Egypt Cairo fire (1952) 1952 Egyptian revolution Corrective Revolution (1971) 1977 Egyptian bread riots 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 2000 Kosheh lynchings 2005 Alexandria riot 2008 Egyptian general strike
Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)	2011 Egyptian revolution 2011 Maspero demonstrations Sinai insurgency (2011–present) 2012–2013 Egyptian protests 2013 Egyptian coup d'état Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014) Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)
2017–present	2017 Warraq Island protests 2019 Egyptian protests Egyptian National Action Group 2020 Egyptian protests

• Proposed deletion as of 17 February 2014
• 2013 in Egypt
• 21st-century revolutions
• 2013 Egyptian coup d'état
• Politics of Egypt
• Protests in Egypt
• Riots and civil disorder in Egypt
• Egyptian revolutions
• Arab Spring by country