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Paris, the capital and largest city of France, is one of the engines of the global economy. In 2012, the GDP of the Paris Region as calculated by INSEE was 624 billion Euros. In 2009, an Internet survey rated Paris as one of the world's most expensive cities in which to purchase goods and services.

Although in terms of population the urban area of Paris is only approximately the 20th largest urban area in the world, its GDP of the Paris Region is the fourth-largest in the world, after Tokyo, New York and narrowly behind Los Angeles. The GDP and income per capita is one of the highest in the world; the Paris region accounts for 30% of France's wealth. In 2009, the GDP per capita (PPP) was $46,800 for 9.82 million people. The average income was $56,980 in 2009, 41% higher than in the rest of the country. Paris is one of few economic areas that didn't have any GDP decrease during the financial crisis in 2008; the GDP increased all over the period.

The Paris economy is essentially a service economy, with business and financial services generating nearly half of the Paris region's GDP. Its manufacturing base has declined since its pre-1970s heyday, generating now less than 10% of the region's GDP, even though the Paris Region still remains one of the manufacturing centers of Europe due to the sheer size of its economy, with a shift from traditional to high-tech manufacturing.

Paris GDP

Economically speaking, the agglomeration of Paris is among the largest economic centers in the world, with the sixth-largest gross metropolitan product in the world in 2008 according to a study by PricewaterhouseCoopers whose main results are shown in the table below.

Year in, year out, the Paris Region accounts for 28 to 29% of the total GDP of metropolitan France, although its 2007 population is only 18.8% of the total population of metropolitan France. According to Eurostat, the GDP of the Paris Region accounted alone for 4.4% of the total GDP of the European Union (of 27 members) in the year 2005, although its population is only 2.3% of the total population of the EU27.

Fortune Global 500 companies

In 2008, Paris hosted the world headquarters of twenty-five Fortune Global 500 companies (the 500 largest corporations in the world by revenue, ranked every year by Fortune magazine) with a combined revenue of 1,420 billion US dollars in the fiscal year 2007-2008. This is more Fortune Global 500 companies and a larger combined revenue than any city in the world except Tokyo as shown in the table below.

Twelve Fortune Global 500 companies are also headquartered in the inner and outer suburbs of Paris, notably in the business district of La Défense, thus giving a total of thirty-seven Fortune Global 500 companies whose world headquartered are located within the Paris Region. Here is a list of these thirty-seven companies:

Spatial organisation of the Paris economy

At the 1999 census, there were 5,089,179 persons employed in the Paris aire urbaine (or "metropolitan area"). At the same 1999 census, 4,949,306 people living in the Paris aire urbaine had a job. The almost 140,000 people difference between these two figures comes from an outflow of about 60,000 people living inside the aire urbaine who work outside of it, and an inflow of about 200,000 people living outside of the aire urbaine who come to work inside it every day. Thus, out of the 5,089,179 people employed in the Paris aire urbaine in 1999, only about 200,000 people (3.9% of the total) lived outside of it, which is not surprising since the boundaries of the aires urbaines are based on commuting patterns.

Well into the middle of the 20th century, the majority of jobs in the aire urbaine were concentrated in the city of Paris proper. However, after the Second World War the economic activity relocated to the suburbs, and the city has been steadily losing jobs to the benefit of the suburbs, in particular the Hauts-de-Seine (92) département, home of the new La Défense business district, to the west of the city proper. Today, the city of Paris is not properly speaking the economic centre of the aire urbaine since most of the offices are in fact located in the western half of the city proper and in the central portion of the Hauts-de-Seine département, forming a triangle between the Opéra, La Défense and the Val de Seine district. Hauts-de-Seine has become a sort of extension of central Paris, with 873,775 persons employed there in the end of 2005, more than half as many as in the city of Paris proper (1,653,551 persons employed in the city of Paris in the end of 2005).

As a consequence workers do not just commute from the suburbs to work in the city of Paris, but also come from the city of Paris to work in the suburbs. Of the 5,416,643 persons employed in the Paris Region in the end of 2005, only 1,653,551 (30.5%) worked inside the city of Paris proper, while 3,763,092 (69.5%) worked in the suburbs. However, once adding Hauts-de-Seine, the previous figures show that City of Paris and Hauts-de-Seine together still harboured 46.7% of all persons employed in the Paris Region in the end of 2005, which should help to put into perspective the phenomenon of job relocation to the suburbs: it was as much a relocation to the suburbs as an extension of central Paris beyond the administrative borders of the city.

During the 1960s and 1970s, the French government created several villes nouvelles ("new towns") on the outer ring of the Paris suburbs in order to multi-polarise the economy of the city. Economically speaking, those villes nouvelles have been a relative success since many companies are still moving into those areas today. However, they didn't completely fulfil their role of multi-polarisation: economic activities still remain in a large measure concentrated in the central core (City of Paris and Hauts-de-Seine) of the aire urbaine, as the above employment figures show.

Sectors of the Paris economy

The figures below, extracted from the 1999 census, show the distribution of the 5,089,179 persons employed in the Paris aire urbaine across the different economic sectors in the year 1999. This will give a sense of the extreme diversity of the Paris economy, marked nonetheless by the notable dominance of services.

• Primary sector: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing: 26,741 persons in employment (0.5% of total workforce)
• Secondary sector: Manufacturing and mining, construction, and utilities: 913,503 p. in emp. (17.9% of t. wf)
  • Manufacturing (includes mining and oil and gas extraction): 627,534 p. in emp. (12.3% of t. wf)
    The manufacturing industries employing most people are:
    • Electronic and electrical equipment, appliances, and components: 112,281 p. in emp. (2.2% of t. wf)
      This branch is made of: computers and peripheral equipment; mobile phones; radio and television broadcasting and wireless communications equipment; semiconductors and other electronic components; navigational, measuring, electro-medical, and control instruments; electrical engines; electric lighting equipment; miscellaneous electrical equipment (cables, transformers, switchboards, etc.). This branch DOES NOT include household electronic and electrical appliances (televisions, radios, DVD players, ovens, refrigerators, watches, clocks, etc.).
    • Publishing, printing, and reproduction of recorded media: 87,599 p. in emp. (1.7% of t. wf)
      Books, newspapers, magazines, etc. This branch DOES NOT include the motion picture and sound recording industries, neither does it include the broadcasting industries.
    • Foodstuff, beverages, and tobacco products manufacturing: 59,862 p. in emp. (1.2% of t. wf)
    • Machinery and equipment manufacturing: 56,270 p. in emp. (1.1% of t. wf)
      This branch is made of: engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment; pumps and compressors; material handling equipment; ventilation, heating, air-conditioning, and commercial refrigeration equipment; agriculture, construction, and mining machinery; machine tools; industrial moulds; industrial machinery (plastics and rubber industry machinery, textile machinery, etc.); and other general purpose machinery (welding and soldering equipment, industrial process furnaces and ovens, scales and balances (except laboratory), etc.). This branch DOES ALSO INCLUDE three industries generally listed under "Fabricated metal products manufacturing" in Anglo-Saxon classifications: architectural and structural metals manufacturing; boilers, tanks, and shipping containers; and arms and ammunitions.
    • Motor vehicles, trailers, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing ("car industry"): 52,149 p. in emp. (1.0% of t. wf)
  • Construction: 235,872 p. in emp. (4.6% of t. wf)
  • Utilities: Electricity, natural gas and water supply: 50,097 p. in emp. (1.0% of t. wf)
• Tertiary sector: Services: 4,148,935 p. in emp. (81.6% of t. wf)
  The services employing most people are:
  • Business services (include rental and leasing services): 841,157 p. in emp. (16.5% of t. wf)
    • Professional and technical services: 509,048 p. in emp. (10.0% of t. wf)
      This branch is made of: computer systems design and related services; data processing, hosting, and related services; software publishing; legal services; accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative management and general management consulting; human resources and executive search consulting; marketing consulting; process, physical distribution, and logistics consulting; environmental consulting; advertising and related services; and architectural, engineering, and related services.
    • Administrative, support, and waste management services: 272,981 p. in emp. (5.4% of t. wf)
      This branch is made of: employment services (placement, temporary); investigation and security services; services to buildings and dwellings; photographic services; office administrative services; translation and interpretation services; business support services (call centres, collection agencies, etc.); packaging and labelling services; convention and trade show organisers; and waste management and remediation services. This branch DOES ALSO INCLUDE renting and leasing of machinery and equipment without operator and of personal and household goods, which is generally listed along with "Real estate" in Anglo-Saxon classifications.
    • Research and development: 59,128 p. in emp. (1.1% of t. wf)
  • Commerce: 660,843 p. in emp. (13.0% of t. wf)
    • Retail trade (except of motor vehicles) and repair: 308,323 p. in emp. (6.1% of t. wf)
    • Wholesale and commission trade (except of motor vehicles): 276,282 p. in emp. (5.4% of t. wf)
    • Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles: 76,238 p. in emp. (1.5% of t. wf)
  • Public administrations and defense: 510,972 p. in emp. (10.0% of t. wf)
  • Health services and social assistance: 451,373 p. in emp. (8.7% of t. wf)
  • Transportation, storage, and communications: 419,779 p. in emp. (8.2% of t. wf)
    This branch is made of: public and private transportation of passengers and freight; warehousing and storage; travel agencies; post and couriers; and telecommunications.
  • Education: 334,852 p. in emp. (6.6% of t. wf)
  • Finance and insurance: 256,722 p. in emp. (5.0% of t. wf)
  • Accommodation and food services (hotels and restaurants): 202,228 p. in emp. (4.0% of t. wf)

Manufacturing

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Business services

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Commerce and finance

Commerce: 660 843 employees Retail stores (except automobiles) and repair: 308 323 employees Wholesale and commissions (except cars): 276 282 employees Sale, maintenance, and repair of automobiles: 76,238 employees Public administration and defense: 510 972 employees

See also

• Economy of France

References

1. Paris Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Contribution des CCI de Paris - Ile-de-France à la révision du SDRIF, page 110. "TEM Paris – La Défense – QCA" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
2. INSEE. "GDP of IDF in 2012" (in French). Retrieved 1 April 2015.
3. "Cost of living Index".
4. ^ PricewaterhouseCoopers, "UK Economic Outlook, March 2007", page 5. "Table 1.2 – Top 30 urban agglomeration GDP rankings in 2005 and illustrative projections to 2020 (using UN definitions and population estimates)". Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
5. ^ Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Paris - Île-de-France, "Paris region : Key Figures 2007", page 16. "Value added by sector" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
6. Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. "Produits Intérieurs Bruts Régionaux (PIBR) en valeur en millions d'euros" (XLS) (in French). Retrieved 22 October 2008.
   €552,050 million according to the INSEE Excel table, i.e. US$772.8 billion at current exchange rates, using the 2007 euro/dollar exchange rate used by the IMF.
7. "Population des régions aux derniers recensements". Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (in French). Retrieved 22 October 2008.
8. Eurostat (12 February 2008). "Regional GDP in the European Union, 2005" (PDF). Retrieved 8 March 2008.
9. Fortune magazine (21 July 2008). "Fortune Global 500 - Top cities". CNN. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
10. Fortune magazine (21 July 2008). "Fortune Global 500 - France". CNN. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
11. INSEE, Government of France. "1999 French census, Total employment at workplace by gender, age, and employment status in the aire urbaine of Paris" (in French). Retrieved 1 September 2007. {{cite web}}: Check |first= value (help)
12. INSEE, Government of France. "1999 French census, Economically active population by gender, age, and activity status in the aire urbaine of Paris" (in French). Retrieved 1 September 2007. {{cite web}}: Check |first= value (help)
13. INSEE Ile-de-France, Government of France. "Estimations d'emploi salarié et non salarié par secteur d'activité et par département au 31 décembre" (in French). Retrieved 1 September 2007. {{cite web}}: Check |first= value (help)
14. INSEE, Government of France. "1999 French census, Total employment at workplace by gender, employment status, and economic sector in the aire urbaine of Paris" (in French). Retrieved 1 September 2007. {{cite web}}: Check |first= value (help)

External links

• Paris Region Economic Development Agency
• Template:Fr icon Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Paris - Île-de-France
  • Paris Region: Key figures 2008 – 2008 economic report published by the Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Paris - Île-de-France
• Template:Fr icon CROCIS: Commerce, Industry, and Services Regional Observation Center – research and study department of the Paris Chamber of Commerce and Industry gathering data and statistics on the economy of the Paris Region (Greater Paris)
• Paris-Ile de France Capitale Economique – non-profit organization created by the Paris Chamber of Commerce and Industry and made up of French companies and professional organizations aiming at promoting Greater Paris economic strengths
• Paris Développement – economic development agency of the city of Paris
• IAURIF: Institute for Urban Planning and Development of the Paris Île-de-France Region
• Template:Fr icon L'industrie en Île-de-France – a website about the manufacturing industries in the Paris Region
• Template:Fr icon Comité Mécanique Île-de-France – a website about the mechanical industries in the Paris Region
• Template:Fr icon Regional Agency for Technologies and Information Society
• Template:Fr icon DRIRE Île-de-France – website of the regional division of the French Ministry of Economy, Finance, and Employment for the Paris Region
• Template:Fr icon Economic and Social Council of the Paris Île-de-France Region
• Template:Fr icon INSEE Île-de-France – website of the regional division of INSEE for the Paris Region

• Use dmy dates from April 2011
• Île-de-France
• Economy of Paris