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Windows 10

Version of the Windows NT operating system
File:Windows 10 build 10240 (RTM).pngScreenshot of Windows 10, Showing the Start Menu and Action Center
Developer	Microsoft
Released to manufacturing	July 15, 2015; 9 years ago (2015-07-15)
General availability	July 29, 2015; 9 years ago (2015-07-29)
Latest release	10 RTM (v10.0.10240)
Latest preview	Release Preview Channel 22H2 (10.0.19045.5247) (December 10, 2024; 30 days ago (2024-12-10)) [±]
Update method	Windows Update, Windows Store, Windows Server Update Services
Platforms	IA-32, x64, ARMv7
Kernel type	Hybrid (Windows NT)
Preceded by	Windows 8.1 (2013)
Official website	www.microsoft.com/windows
Support status
Mainstream support until October 13, 2020, Extended support until October 14, 2025

Windows 10 is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. Officially unveiled in September 2014 following a brief demo at Build 2014, the operating system reached general availability beginning on July 29, 2015. The main goal of Windows 10 is to unify the Windows operating system across multiple Microsoft product families—including PCs, tablets, smartphones, embedded systems, and Xbox One, as well as new products such as Surface Hub and HoloLens—allowing these products to share what Microsoft described as a "universal" application architecture and Windows Store ecosystem. Expanding upon the Windows Runtime platform introduced by Windows 8, this architecture allows applications to be adapted for use between these platforms while sharing common code. To encourage its adoption, Microsoft announced that during its first year of availability, Windows 10 would be made available free of charge to users of genuine copies of eligible editions of Windows 7 or Windows 8.1.

Windows 10 introduced revisions to the operating system's user interface, including the addition of a Start menu similar to Windows 7 but incorporating Windows 8's live tiles, a virtual desktop system, a notifications sidebar (replacing the charms bar on Windows 8/8.1), and the ability to adjust user interface behaviors based on available input devices—particularly on laplets. Windows 10 provides integration with additional Microsoft services, including the intelligent personal assistant Cortana, and Xbox Live. Windows 10 also introduced a new default web browser, Microsoft Edge, as well as integrated support for fingerprint and face recognition login, and new versions of DirectX and WDDM to improve the operating system's graphics capabilities for games.

Windows 10 and its delivery is often described by Microsoft as a "service", due to its ongoing updates. Unlike previous versions of Windows, Microsoft Updates is non-optional on Windows 10, and the license agreement requires users to receive new updates, including security patches, new features, changes to Windows, and automatic driver updates. Professional and Enterprise versions of Windows 10 allow deferral of updates for a limited period estimated as around 8 months (the "Current Business Branch" or CBB), and in addition, Enterprise editions can also use periodic, long-term support milestones to ensure stability (the "Long Term Servicing Branch" or LTSB). Windows Insider is an ongoing program enables beta testing of future updates. New features are delivered free for the "supported lifetime" of the device. The forcible updates process is a source of concern among onlookers. Historically in recent years, many of the seriously malfunctioning updates capable of blue screening a PC have been driver updates and security patches, and therefore some technology analysts express reservations about a system which does not easily (or at all) allow the possibility to prevent a specific Microsoft-selected driver or security patch known to be troublesome, from being forcibly installed in such cases; this problem arose for real in July 2015 when Windows 10 forcibly overwrote an NVidia driver causing widespread video setup and booting failures among users of that driver.

Microsoft's goal at launch is to have Windows 10 installed on at least one billion devices in the two to three years following its release.

Development

At the Microsoft Worldwide Partner Conference in 2011, Andrew Lees, then chief of Microsoft's mobile technologies, stated that the company intended to have a single ecosystem for PCs, phones, tablets, and other devices. "We won’t have an ecosystem for PCs, and one for phones, and one for tablets—they’ll all come together."

In December 2013, technology writer Mary Jo Foley reported that Microsoft was working on an update to Windows 8 codenamed Threshold, after a planet in Microsoft's Halo franchise. Similarly to "Blue" (which became Windows 8.1), Foley called Threshold a "wave of operating systems" across multiple Microsoft platforms and services, scheduled for the second quarter of 2015. Foley reported that among the goals for Threshold was to create a unified application platform and development toolkit for Windows, Windows Phone and Xbox One (which all use a similar Windows NT kernel). It was speculated that Threshold would be branded as "Windows 9".

In April 2014, at the Build Conference, Microsoft's Terry Myerson unveiled an updated version of Windows 8.1 that added the ability to run Windows Store apps inside desktop windows and a more traditional Start menu in place of the Start screen seen in Windows 8. The new Start menu takes after Windows 7's design by using only a portion of the screen and including a Windows 7-style application listing in the first column. The second column displays Windows 8-style app tiles. Myerson stated that these changes would occur in a future update, but did not elaborate. Microsoft also unveiled the concept of a "universal Windows app", allowing Windows Store apps created for Windows 8.1 to be ported to Windows Phone 8.1 and Xbox One while sharing a common codebase, with an interface designed for different device form factors, and allowing user data and licenses for an app to be shared between multiple platforms. Windows Phone 8.1 would share nearly 90% of the common Windows Runtime APIs with Windows 8.1 on PCs.

In July 2014, Microsoft's new CEO Satya Nadella explained that the company was planning to "streamline the next version of Windows from three operating systems into one single converged operating system for screens of all sizes", unifying Windows, Windows Phone, and Windows Embedded around a common architecture and a unified application ecosystem. However, Nadella stated that these internal changes would not have any effect on how the operating systems are marketed and sold. Screenshots of a Windows build which purported to be Threshold were leaked in July 2014, showing the previously presented Start menu and windowed Windows Store apps followed by further screenshot in September 2014 of a build identifying itself as "Windows Technical Preview", numbered 9834, showing a new virtual desktop system, a notification center, and a new File Explorer icon.

Announcement

Threshold was officially unveiled during a media event on September 30, 2014, under the name Windows 10; Myerson said that Windows 10 would be Microsoft's "most comprehensive platform ever", providing a single, unified platform for desktop computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones, and all-in-one devices. He emphasized that Windows 10 would take steps towards restoring user interface mechanics from Windows 7 to improve the experience for users on non-touch devices, noting criticism of Windows 8's touch-oriented interface by keyboard and mouse users. Despite these concessions, Myerson noted that the touch-oriented interface would "evolve" as well on 10. In describing the changes, Joe Belfiore likened the two operating systems to electric cars, comparing Windows 7 to a first-generation Toyota Prius hybrid, and Windows 10 to an all-electric Tesla—considering the latter to be an extension of the technology first introduced in the former.

Microsoft has not clarified the reasoning for naming the new operating system Windows 10 instead of Windows 9; however, Terry Myerson has stated that "based on the product that's coming, and just how different our approach will be overall, it wouldn't be right to call it Windows 9." He also joked that they couldn't call it "Windows One" (alluding to several recent Microsoft products with a similar brand, such as OneNote, Xbox One and OneDrive) because they had already made a Windows 1.

Further details surrounding Windows 10's consumer-oriented features were presented during another media event held on January 21, 2015, entitled "Windows 10: The Next Chapter". The keynote featured the unveiling of Cortana integration within the operating system, new Xbox-oriented features, Windows 10 for phones and small tablets, an updated Office Mobile suite, Surface Hub—a large-screened Windows 10 device for enterprise collaboration based upon Perceptive Pixel technology, along with HoloLens—augmented reality eyewear and an associated platform for building apps that can render holograms through HoloLens.

Release

On June 1, 2015, Microsoft first promoted that Windows 10 would be released on July 29, 2015. Microsoft began an advertising campaign centring around Windows 10, "Upgrade Your World", on July 20, 2015 with the premiere of television commercials in Australia, France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The commercials focused on the tagline "A more human way to do", emphasizing new features and technologies supported by Windows 10 that sought to provide a more "personal" experience to users. The campaign culminated with launch events in thirteen cities on July 29, which celebrated "the unprecedented role our biggest fans played in the development of Windows 10".

Features

A major aspect of Windows 10 is a focus on harmonizing user experiences and functionality between different classes of devices, along with addressing shortcomings in the Windows user interface that were introduced in Windows 8. Continuing with this pattern, the successor to Windows Phone 8.1 unveiled at the same event is also branded as Windows 10, and shares some user interface elements and apps with its PC counterpart.

The Windows Store app ecosystem was revised into Windows apps. They are made to run across multiple platforms and device classes, including smartphones, tablets, Xbox One consoles, and other compatible Windows 10 devices. Windows apps share code across platforms, have responsive designs that adapt to the needs of the device and available inputs, can synchronize data between Windows 10 devices (including notifications, credentials, and allowing cross-platform multiplayer for games), and are distributed through a unified Windows Store. Developers can allow "cross-buys", where purchased licenses for an app apply to all of the user's compatible devices, rather than only the one they purchased on (i.e. a user purchasing an app on PC is also entitled to use the smartphone version at no extra cost).

On Windows 10, Windows Store serves as a unified storefront for apps, Groove music (formerly Xbox Music), and Movies & TV (formerly Xbox Video). Windows 10 also allows web apps and desktop software (using either Win32 or .NET Framework) to be packaged for distribution on the Windows Store. Desktop software distributed through Windows Store is packaged using the App-V system to allow sandboxing.

User interface and desktop

A new iteration of the Start menu is used on the Windows 10 desktop, with a list of applications and other options on the left side, and live tiles on the right. The menu can be resized, and expanded into a full-screen display, which is the default option in touch environments. A new virtual desktop system known as Task View was added. Clicking the Task View button on the taskbar or swiping from the left side of the screen displays all open windows and allows users to switch between them, or switch between multiple workspaces. Windows Store apps, which previously could be used only in full screen mode, can now be used in self-contained windows similarly to other programs. Program windows can now be snapped to quadrants of the screen by dragging them to the corner. When a window is snapped to one side of the screen, the user is prompted to choose a second window to fill the unused side of the screen (called "Snap Assist"). Windows' system icons were also changed to a new, minimalist design.

Charms have been removed; their functionality in Windows Store apps is accessed from an App commands menu on their titlebar. In its place is Action Center, which displays notifications and settings toggles. It is accessed by clicking an icon in the system tray, or dragging from the right of the screen. Notifications can be synced between multiple devices. The Settings app (formerly PC Settings) was refreshed and now includes more options that were previously exclusive to the desktop Control Panel.

Windows 10 is designed to adapt its user interface based on the type of device being used and available input methods. It offers two separate user interface modes: a user interface optimized for mouse and keyboard, and a "tablet mode" designed for touchscreens. Users can toggle between these two modes at any time, and Windows can prompt or automatically switch when certain events occur, such as disabling tablet mode on a tablet if a keyboard or mouse is plugged in or a convertible tablet is being used in its a laptop state. In tablet mode, universal apps default to full screen mode, and the taskbar remains visible (unless set to auto-hide), but now contains a back button for use in apps and defaults to a "lightweight" mode that does not display opened programs. The full screen Start menu is used in this state, similarly to Windows 8, but scrolls vertically instead of horizontally.

System and security

Windows 10 incorporates multi-factor authentication technology based upon standards developed by the FIDO Alliance. The operating system includes improved support for biometric authentication through the Windows Hello and Passport platforms; devices with supported cameras (requiring infrared illumination, such as Intel RealSense) allow users to login with face- or iris-recognition, similarly to Kinect. Devices with supported readers support fingerprint-recognition login. Credentials are stored locally and protected using asymmetric encryption. The Passport platform allows networks, software and websites to authenticate users using either a PIN or biometric login to verify their identity, without sending a password.

The enterprise version of Windows 10 offers additional security features; administrators can set up policies for the automatic encryption of sensitive data, and selectively block applications from accessing encrypted data. Windows 10 also offers Device Guard, a system which allows administrators to enforce a high security environment by blocking the execution of software that is not digitally signed by a trusted vendor or Microsoft, with a particular focus on blocking zero-day exploits. Device Guard runs inside a hypervisor, so that its operation remains separated from the operating system itself.

To reduce the storage footprint of the operating system, Windows 10 automatically compresses system files. The system can reduce the storage footprint of Windows by approximately 1.5 GB for 32-bit systems and 2.6 GB for 64-bit systems. The level of compression used is dependent on a performance assessment performed during installations or by OEMs, which tests how much compression can be used without harming operating system performance. Furthermore, the Refresh and Reset functions use runtime system files instead, making a separate recovery partition redundant, allowing patches and updates to remain installed following the operation, and further reducing the amount of space required for Windows 10 by up to 12 GB. These functions replace the WIMBoot mode introduced on Windows 8.1 Update, which allowed OEMs to configure low-capacity devices with flash-based storage to use Windows system files out of the compressed WIM image typically used for installation and recovery. Windows 10 also includes a related function in its Settings app known as Storage Sense, which allows users to view a breakdown of how their device's storage capacity is being used by different types of files, and determine whether certain types of files are saved to internal storage or an SD card by default.

Online services and functionality

Windows 10 introduces a new default web browser, Microsoft Edge. It features a new standards-compliant rendering engine forked from Trident, annotation tools, and offers integration with other Microsoft platforms present within Windows 10. Internet Explorer 11 is maintained on Windows 10 for compatibility purposes, and is deprecated in favor of Edge.

Windows 10 incorporates Microsoft's intelligent personal assistant, Cortana, which was first introduced with Windows Phone 8.1 in 2014. Cortana replaced Windows' embedded search feature, supporting both text and voice input. Many of its features are a direct carryover from Windows Phone, including integration with Bing, setting reminders, a Notebook feature for managing personal information, as well as searching for files, playing music, launching applications and setting reminders or sending emails. Cortana is implemented as a universal search box located alongside the Start and Task View buttons, which can be hidden or condensed to a single button.

Windows 10 also offers the Wi-Fi Sense feature originating from Windows Phone 8.1; users can optionally have their device automatically connect to "suggested" open hotspots, and share their own network's password with contacts (either via Skype, People, or Facebook) so they may automatically connect to it on a Windows 10 device without needing to enter the network's password. Credentials are stored in an encrypted form on Microsoft servers, and sent to the devices of the selected contacts in this form.

Multimedia and gaming

Windows 10 provides heavier integration with the Xbox ecosystem: an updated Xbox app allows users to browse their game library (including both PC and Xbox console games), and Game DVR is also available using a keyboard shortcut, allowing users to save the last 30 seconds of gameplay as a video that can be shared to Xbox Live, OneDrive, or elsewhere. Windows 10 also allows users to control and play games from an Xbox One console over a local network. The Xbox Live SDK allows application developers to incorporate Xbox Live functionality into their apps, and future wireless Xbox One accessories, such as controllers, are supported on Windows with an adapter. Candy Crush Saga is also being developed for Windows 10, and will be released as an automatic download for Windows 10 users in 2015. Microsoft Solitaire Collection is an app included in Windows 10, that, unlike previous versions, requires users to watch personalized 30 second ads to play the game, or pay $1.49/month or $10/year to play without targeted ads.

Windows 10 adds FLAC and HEVC codecs and support for the Matroska media container, allowing these formats to be opened in Windows Media Player and other applications.

DirectX 12

Windows 10 includes DirectX 12 alongside WDDM 2.0. Unveiled March 2014 at GDC, DirectX 12 aims to provide "console-level efficiency" with "closer to the metal" access to hardware resources, and reduced CPU and graphics driver overhead. Most of the performance improvements are achieved through low-level programming which can reduce single-threaded CPU bottlenecking caused by abstraction through higher level APIs. The performance gains achieved by allowing developers direct access to GPU resources is similar to other low-level rendering initiatives such as AMD's Mantle, Apple's Metal API or the OpenGL successor, Vulkan. WDDM 2.0 introduces a new virtual memory management and allocation system to reduce workload on the kernel-mode driver.

Removed features

Windows Media Center was discontinued, and is uninstalled when upgrading from a previous version of Windows. Those who performed upgrades from a Windows installation that had Media Center receive a replacement Windows DVD Player universal app at no charge to maintain DVD playback functionality.

The OneDrive built-in sync client, which was introduced in Windows 8.1, no longer supports offline placeholders in Windows 10. Functionality to view offline files is expected to be added sometime in the future in a new Windows app.

Users are no longer able to synchronize Start menu layouts across all devices associated with a Microsoft account. A Microsoft developer justified the change by explaining that a user may have different applications they want to emphasize on each device that they use, rather than use the same configuration across each device. The ability to automatically install a Windows Store app across all devices associated with an account was also removed.

The option to select various methods for downloading Windows Updates (or ignoring them completely) was removed. Windows 10 Pro and Enterprise users, if configured by the administrator, may defer updates, but only for a limited time. Users consent to the automatic installation of all updates, features and drivers provided by the service, and to the automatic removal or changes to features being modified or no longer provided, under the end-user license agreement.

Microsoft Solitaire was removed in Windows 8.1, instead requiring users to install "Microsoft Solitaire Collection" which requires users to watch personalized 30 second ads to play the game, or pay $1.49/month or $10/year to play without targeted ads.

Editions and pricing

Windows 10 is available in four main editions, of which the Home and Pro versions are sold at retail in most countries, and as pre-loaded software on new computers. Home is aimed at home users, while Pro is aimed at small businesses and enthusiasts. Each edition of Windows 10 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition below it, and add additional features oriented towards their market segments; for example, Pro adds additional networking and security features such as BitLocker, Device Guard, Windows Update for Business, and the ability to join a domain. The remaining editions, Enterprise and Education, contain additional features aimed towards business environments, and are only available through volume licensing.

An updated version of Microsoft's Windows Phone operating system for smartphones will also be released to accompany Windows 10. Due to Microsoft's unification strategy and its support for tablets, this operating system is branded as Windows 10 Mobile and is marketed as an edition of Windows 10, rather than as a separate product line. Editions of Enterprise and Mobile will also be produced for embedded systems, along with Windows 10 IoT Core, which is designed specifically for use in small footprint, low-cost devices and Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios and is similar to Windows Embedded.

Preview releases

A public beta program for Windows 10 known as the Windows Insider Program (previously Windows Technical Preview) began with the first publicly available preview release on October 1, 2014. Insider preview builds are aimed towards enthusiasts and enterprise users for the testing and evaluation of updates and new features. Users of the Windows Insider program receive occasional updates to newer preview builds of the operating system and will continue to be able to evaluate preview releases after general availability (GA) in July 2015 - this is in contrast to previous Windows beta programs, where public preview builds were released less frequently and only during the months preceding GA.

Windows Insider builds will continue to be released following the RTM of Windows 10.

Public release

Microsoft promoted that Windows 10 would become generally available (GA) on July 29, 2015. In comparison to previous Windows releases, which had a longer turnover between the release to manufacturing (RTM) and general release to allow for testing by vendors (and in some cases, the development of "upgrade kits" to prepare systems for installation of the new version), an HP executive explained that because it knew Microsoft targeted the operating system for a release in 2015, the company was able to optimize its then-current and upcoming products for Windows 10 in advance of its release, negating the need for such a milestone.

The general availability build of Windows 10, numbered 10240, was first released on July 15, 2015 to Windows Insider channels for pre-launch testing prior to its formal release. Although a Microsoft official stated that there would be no specific RTM build of Windows 10, 10240 was designated as an "RTM" build by media outlets because it was released to all Windows Insider members at once (rather than to "Fast" ring members first), it no longer carried pre-release branding and desktop "watermark" text, and because its build number had mathematical connections to the number 10 in reference to the operating system's naming.

Users are able to upgrade through the "Get Windows 10" application and Windows Update, or the "Media Creation Tool", which is functionally identical to the Windows 8 version, can also be used to generate an ISO image or USB install media. In-place upgrades are supported from Windows 7 or Windows 8; this process requires installation of Windows 7 Service Pack 1 or Windows 8.1, and prerequisite updates. Windows 10 became available in 190 countries and 111 languages upon launch, and as part of efforts to "re-engage" with users in China, Microsoft also announced that it would partner with Qihoo and Tencent to help promote and distribute Windows 10 in China, and that Chinese PC maker Lenovo would provide assistance at its service centers and retail outlets for helping users upgrade to Windows 10.

At retail, Windows 10 is priced similarly to editions of Windows 8. A Windows 10 Pro Pack license allows upgrades from Windows 10 Home to Windows 10 Pro. Retail copies ship on USB flash drive media or DVD-ROM media. New computers and devices running Windows 10 will also be released during the operating system's launch window.

Windows RT devices, which run on ARM architecture, will receive a separate update with "some" of the changes of Windows 10 in the future, as such, Microsoft does not officially consider these devices to be directly compatible with Windows 10. On February 2, 2015, Microsoft announced that it would provide a free ARM port of Windows 10 for Raspberry Pi 2 devices through its Internet of Things developer program.

Licensing

Windows 10 licenses are not tied directly to a product key; instead, they are tied to a hash that is generated from the system's hardware during the upgrade process, and stored on Microsoft's activation servers. If Windows 10 is reinstalled cleanly on a system that it has already been installed on, and no product key is explicitly entered during installation, the online activation process will automatically recognize the system's Windows 10 license if there has not been any significant hardware changes.

Upgrade and support

Update and support system

Windows 10 is serviced in a significantly different manner from previous releases of Windows. Its delivery is often described by Microsoft as a "service", due to its ongoing updates, with Terry Myerson explaining that Microsoft's aim is that "the question 'what version of Windows are you running' will cease to make sense."

Unlike previous versions of Windows, Microsoft Updates is non-optional on Windows 10, and the license agreement requires users to receive new updates, including security patches, new features, non-critical updates, changes to the Windows interface, and automatic driver updates. Professional and Enterprise versions of Windows 10 allow deferral of updates for a limited period estimated as around 8 months , and in addition, Enterprise editions can also use periodic, long-term support milestones to ensure stability. Windows Insider is an ongoing program enables beta testing of future updates. New features are delivered free for the "supported lifetime" of the device. Microsoft use the term "branches" for these; therefore there are several branches that can be selected by users of the Pro, Educational, and Enterprise editions. The "Current Business Branch" (CBB) allows deferral of updates, while the "Long Term Servicing Branch" (LTSB) allows indefinite deferral for mission-critical stability.

On Windows 10 Enterprise, administrators can choose between "Current Branch for Business" (CBB) and long-term support release channels. CBB will receive feature updates on a roughly four-month delay from their CB release and allow administrators to delay non-critical updates to ensure they are suitable for their environment. LTSB versions of Windows 10 are periodic snapshots of Windows 10's CBB branch, and will receive only critical patches over their 10-year support lifecycle. Systems can also be placed one or two versions behind the most recent LTSB version to allow for structured deployments and internal lifecycles. Microsoft director Stella Chernyak explained that "we have businesses may have mission-critical environments where we respect the fact they want to test and stabilize the environment for a long time."

Windows 10 Home is permanently set to download and install updates automatically. Only Pro and Enterprise editions of Windows 10 may defer updates. CBB may defer feature updates for up to eight months, after which the update must be installed in order to maintain support.

As per lifecycle policies, "Windows 10, released in July 2015" will receive mainstream support for five years after its original release, followed by five years of extended support, but this is subject to conditions. Microsoft's support lifecycle policy for the OS notes that "Updates are cumulative, with each update built upon all of the updates that preceded it", that "a device needs to install the latest update to remain supported", and that a device's ability to receive future updates will depend on hardware compatibility, driver availability, and whether the device is within the OEM's "support period"—a new aspect not accounted for in lifecycle policies for previous versions. Microsoft initially stated that Windows 10 would freely receive updates for the "supported lifetime of the device." To comply with U.S. accounting laws, revenue for Windows 10 is deferred "on a straight-line basis over the estimated period the software upgrades are expected to be provided by estimated device life", defined as two to four years depending on "customer type."

In-place upgrade

In-place upgrade paths are supported for all editions of Windows 7 and Windows 8.1 (with the exception of Windows RT). Change of architecture editions during in-place upgrades is not supported (i.e. changing from 32-bit to a 64-bit edition or vice-versa); a clean install is required. There are no direct upgrade paths provided for Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 8, or Windows RT.

Free upgrade

During the first year of availability, upgrade licenses for Windows 10 will be available at no charge to users who own a genuine license for an eligible edition of Windows 7 or Windows 8, and have installed the latest service pack for their currently installed version (SP1 and Windows 8.1 respectively). Enterprise customers under an active Software Assurance (SA) contract with Microsoft are entitled to obtain Windows 10 Enterprise under their existing terms, as with previous versions of Windows. Enterprise customers whose SA agreement is expired or are under a volume license that does not have upgrade rights, all users running non-genuine copies of Windows, and those without an existing Windows 7 or 8 license, are not entitled to freely upgrade to Windows 10; upgrading from a non-genuine version is possible, but will result in a non-genuine copy of 10.

The Windows Insider Preview version of Windows 10 automatically updated itself to the generally released version, and will continue to do so for future builds, as it had throughout the testing process. It will only remain activated and considered genuine if the user continues opting into automatic updates to beta builds; if the user opts-out to stable builds, they must have a valid license for Windows 7, 8, or 10 to continue using the operating system. The license can be carried over from an in-place upgrade to 10 Insider Preview from Windows 7 or 8. Microsoft has explicitly stated that joining Windows Insider is not a valid upgrade path for those running Windows XP or Windows Vista.

On June 1, 2015, the "Get Windows 10" application ("GWX") was activated on Windows devices running versions eligible to upgrade to, and compatible with, Windows 10. Via a system tray icon, users could access an application that advertises Windows 10 and the free upgrade offer, checks for device compatibility, and allows users to "reserve" an automatic download of the operating system upon its release. On July 28, a pre-download process began in which Windows 10 installation files were downloaded to some computers that had reserved it. Microsoft stated that those who reserved Windows 10 would be able to install it through Windows Update in a phased rollout process, although the OS can alternatively be downloaded using a separate "Media Creation Tool" setup program.

Version history

  Expired   Previous   Public Release

System requirements

The basic hardware requirements to install Windows 10 are the same as for Windows 8.1 and Windows 8, and only slightly higher than Windows 7; therefore many Windows 7 PCs will support Windows 10, or need minor enhancements to do so, and all WIndows 8 and 8.1 PCs should be able to do so. Devices running a compressed operating system (including some 32 GB devices and all 16 GB devices) or PCs using a few very old 64-bit CPUs may not be supported.

Some prebuilt devices may be described as "certified" by Microsoft. Certified tablets must include Power, Volume up, and Volume down keys; ⊞ Win and Rotation lock keys are no longer required. As with Windows 8, all certified devices must ship with UEFI Secure Boot enabled by default. Unlike Windows 8, OEMs are no longer required to make Secure Boot settings user-configurable, meaning that devices may optionally be locked to run only Microsoft-signed operating systems. A supported infrared-illuminated camera is required for Windows Hello face authentication. Device Guard requires a UEFI system with no third-party certificates loaded, and CPU virtualization extensions (including SLAT and IOMMU) enabled in firmware.

Media and public reception

TechRadar felt that Windows 10 would be "the new Windows 7", citing the operating system's more familiar user interface, improvements to bundled apps, performance improvements, a "rock solid" search system, and the Settings app being more full-featured than its equivalents on 8 and 8.1. The Microsoft Edge web browser was praised for its performance, albeit not being in a feature-complete state on-launch. Whilst considering them a "great idea in principle", concerns were shown for Microsoft's focus on the universal app ecosystem, noting that "It's by no means certain that developers are going to flock to Windows 10 from iOS and Android simply because they can convert their apps easily. It may well become a no-brainer for them, but at the moment a conscious decision is still required."

Engadget was similarly positive, noting that the upgrade process was "painless", and that Windows 10's user interface had balanced aspects of Windows 8 with those of previous versions with a more "mature" aesthetic. Cortana's "always-on" voice detection was considered to be its "true strength", also citing its query capabilities and personalization features, but noting that it was not as pre-emptive as Google Now. Windows 10's stock applications were praised for being improved over their Windows 8 counterparts, and for supporting windowed modes. The Xbox app was also praised for its Xbox One streaming functionality, although recommending its use over a wired network due to inconsistent quality over Wi-Fi. In conclusion, it was argued that "Windows 10 delivers the most refined desktop experience ever from Microsoft, and yet it's so much more than that. It's also a decent tablet OS, and it's ready for a world filled with hybrid devices. And, barring another baffling screwup, it looks like a significant step forward for mobile. Heck, it makes the Xbox One a more useful machine."

Ars Technica noted that Windows 10's new Start menu system had an artificial cap of 500 entries, and that any apps beyond this cap would not appear in the Start menu's "All apps" view, nor search results. The new Tablet mode interface was panned for removing the charms and app switching, making the Start button harder to use by requiring users to reach for the button on the bottom-left rather than at the center of the screen when swiping with a thumb, and for making application switching less instantaneous through the use of Task View. Microsoft Edge was praised for being "tremendously promising", and "a much better browser than Internet Explorer ever was", but criticized it for its lack of functionality on-launch. In conclusion, contrasting Windows 8 as being a "reliable" platform albeit consisting of unfinished concepts, Windows 10 was considered "the best Windows yet" and was praised for having a better overall concept in its ability to be "comfortable and effective" across a wide array of form factors, but that it was buggier than previous versions of Windows were on-launch.

ExtremeTech felt that Windows 10 restricted the choices of users, citing its more opaque setting menus, forcing users to give up bandwidth for the peer-to-peer distribution of updates, and for taking away user control of specific functions, such as updates, explaining that "it feels, once again, as if Microsoft has taken the seed of a good idea, like providing users with security updates automatically, and shoved the throttle to maximum."

Criticisms

Update system changes

Windows 10 Home users are not allowed to defer updates, and is permanently set to download and install updates automatically. Tom Warren of The Verge felt that, given web browsers such as Google Chrome had already adopted such an automatic update system, such a requirement would help to keep all Windows 10 devices secure, and felt that "if you're used to family members calling you for technical support because they've failed to upgrade to the latest Windows service pack or some malware disabled Windows Update then those days will hopefully be over."

The forcible updates process is a source of concern among onlookers. Historically in recent years, many of the seriously malfunctioning updates capable of blue screening a PC have been driver updates and security patches, and therefore some technology analysts express reservations about a system which does not easily (or at all) allow the possibility to prevent a specific Microsoft-selected driver or security patch known to be troublesome, from being forcibly installed in such cases.

Concerns were raised that due to these changes, users would not be able to defer updates that are faulty or known to cause problems with certain system configurations—although all updates will now also be subject to public beta testing through Windows Insider. An example of such a situation occurred just prior to the general release of the operating system, when an Nvidia graphics card driver that was automatically pushed to Windows 10 users via Windows Update caused notable issues, with some reporting that their system was unable to boot, and others reporting that the update had caused issues with multi-monitor and SLI configurations. Microsoft offers a diagnostic tool that can be used to "hide" updates and prevent them from being reinstalled, but only after they had been already installed, then uninstalled without rebooting the system.

Privacy and data collection

Concerns were shown by advocates and other critics for Windows 10's privacy policies and its increased collection and use of customer data. Under the default "Express" settings, Windows 10 is configured to send various information to Microsoft and other parties, including the collection of user contacts, calendar data, and "associated input data" to personalize "speech, typing, and inking input", typing and inking data to improve recognition, allow apps to use a unique "advertising ID" for analytics and advertising personalization (functionality introduced by Windows 8.1) and allow apps to request the user's location data and send this data to Microsoft and "trusted partners" to improve location detection (unlike 8, which only sent location data to Microsoft). Users can opt out from most of this data collection. Telemetry data is also sent to Microsoft, and this cannot be disabled on non-Enterprise versions of Windows 10. The use of Cortana also requires the collection of data "such as your device location, data from your calendar, the apps you use, data from your emails and text messages, who you call, your contacts and how often you interact with them on your device” to personalize its functionality.

Rock Paper Shotgun writer Alec Meer argued that Microsoft's intent for this data collection lacked transparency, stating that "there is no world in which 45 pages of policy documents and opt-out settings split across 13 different Settings screens and an external website constitutes 'real transparency'." ExtremeTech pointed out that, whilst previously campaigning against Google for similar data collection strategies, " now hoovers up your data in ways that would make Google jealous." Reporting on these policies, The Guardian argued that such data collection had become a norm, especially on mobile devices with other digital assistants such as Google Now and Siri.

See also

• Comparison of operating systems
• History of Microsoft Windows
• History of operating systems
• List of operating systems

External links

• Redmond Mag - discussion in full of the different servicing branches, and their implications and management, for businesses

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• 2015 software
• Windows 10