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An ironworks or iron works is a building or site where iron is smelted and where heavy iron and steel products are made. The term is both singular and plural, i.e. the singular of ironworks is ironworks.

Ironworks succeed bloomeries when blast furnaces replaced former methods. An integrated ironworks in the 19th century usually included one or more blast furnaces and a number of puddling furnaces or a foundry with or without other kinds of ironworks. After the invention of the Bessemer process, converters became widespread, and the appellation steelworks replaced ironworks.

The processes carried at ironworks are usually described as ferrous metallurgy, but the term siderurgy is also occasionally used. This is derived from the Greek words sideros - iron and ergon or ergos - work. This is an unusual term in English, and it is best regarded as an anglicisation of a term used in French, Spanish, and other Romance languages.

Varieties of ironworks

Primary ironmaking

Ironworks is used as an omnibus term covering works undertaking one or more iron-producing processes. Such processes or species of ironworks where they were undertaken include the following:

• Blast furnaces — which made pig iron (or sometimes finished cast iron goods) from iron ore;
• Bloomeries — where bar iron was produced from iron ore by direct reduction;
• Electrolytic smelting — Employs a chromium/iron anode that can survive a 2,850 °F (1,570 °C) to produce decarbonized iron and 2/3 of a ton of industrial-quality oxygen per ton of iron. A thin film of metal oxide forms on the anode in the intense heat. The oxide forms a protective layer that prevents excess consumption of the base metal.
• Finery forges — which fined pig iron to produce bar iron, using charcoal as fuel in a finery (hearth) and coal or charcoal in a chafery (hearth);
• Foundries — where pig iron was remelted in an air furnace or in a foundry cupola to produce cast iron goods;
• Potting and stamping forges with melting fineries using the first process in which bar iron was made from pig iron with mineral coal or coke, without the use of charcoal;
• Puddling furnaces — a later process for the same purpose, again with coke as fuel. It was usually necessary for there to be a preliminary refining process in a coke refinery (also called running out furnace). After puddling, the puddled ball needed shingling (metallurgy) and then to be drawn out into bar iron in a rolling mills.

Modern steelmaking

From the 1850s, pig iron might be partly decarburised to produce mild steel using one of the following:

• The Bessemer process in a Bessemer converter, improved by the Gilchrist-Thomas process;
• The Siemens-Martin process in an Open hearth furnace;
• Electric arc furnace, introduced in 1907;
• Basic oxygen steelmaking, introduced in 1952.

The mills operating converters of any type are better called steelworks, ironworks referring to former processes, like puddling.

Further processing

After bar iron had been produced in a finery forge or in the forge train of a rolling mill, it might undergo further processes in one of the following:

• A slitting mill - which cut a flat bar into rod iron suitable for making into nails.
• A tinplate works - where rolling mills made sheets of iron (later of steel), which were coated with tin.
• A plating forge with a tilt hammer, a lighter hammer with a rapid stroke rate, enabling the production of thinner iron, suitable for the manufacture of knives, other cutlery, and so on.
• A cementation furnace might be used to convert the bar iron (if it was pure enough) into blister steel by the cementation process, either as an end in itself or as the raw material for crucible steel.

Manufacture

Most of these processes did not produce finished goods. Further processes were often manual, including

• Manufacturing by blacksmiths or more specialist kind of smith.
• It might be used in shipbuilding.

In the context of the iron industry, the term manufacture is best reserved for this final stage.

Notable ironworks

Great Britain

• Blaenavon Ironworks Heritage Site. Blaenavon (Blaenafon) South Wales
• Coalbrookdale Ironworks
• Cyfarthfa Ironworks at Merthyr Tydfil, Glamorgan, south Wales
• Dowlais Ironworks also at Merthyr Tydfil
• Millwall Ironworks, a shipbuilding firm on the Isle of Dogs, on the River Thames, London, England
• Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Co. Ltd, a shipbuilding firm at Leamouth on the River Thames, England
• Vulcan Iron Works at Bradford and other places

United States of America

• American Iron Works in Hyattsville, Maryland
• Bath Iron Works in Maine
• Burden Iron Works in Troy, New York
• Cambria Iron Company in Johnstown, Pennsylvania
• Falling Creek Ironworks, Virginia.
• Saugus Iron Works in Saugus, Massachusetts
• Toledo Iron Works in Miami, Florida
• Tredegar Iron Works at Richmond, Virginia
• Vulcan Iron Works in Pennsylvania and other places

Czech Republic

• Třinec Iron and Steel Works in Třinec, Czech Republic

Germany

• Völklingen Ironworks Heritage Site

Spain

• Altos Hornos de Vizcaya in Bilbao
• Arcelor facilities in Avilés and Gijón, formerly Ensidesa

Historical

• Kindiba, in Burkina Faso. Ancient iron extraction site consisting of mines and three clay built furnaces.
• Darkhill Ironworks, in the Forest of Dean, England. Experimental ironworks established in 1818 and designated an 'Industrial Archaeological Site of International Importance'
• Royal Ironworks of St John, Ipanema, in São Paulo state, Brazil

References

1. Hayman, Richard (2005). Ironmaking: History and Archaeology of the British Iron Industry. History Press.
2. 9 May 2013 (2013-05-09). "A new iron age?". The Why Files. Retrieved 2014-02-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
3. Ghosh, Ahindra; Chatterjee, Amit (2008). Ironmaking and Steelmaking: Theory and Practice. Prentice-Hall of India.

External links

Media related to Ironworks at Wikimedia Commons

v t e Iron and steel production
History of ferrous metallurgy List of steel producers
Iron production (Ironworks)	Smelting Bloomery (produces sponge iron) Blast furnace (produces pig iron) Cold blast Hot blast Anthracite iron Direct reduced iron Secondary Wrought iron (via Finery forge or Reverberatory Puddling Furnace) Cast iron (via Cupola furnace or Induction furnace)
Steelmaking (Steel mill)	Primary (Pre-1850) Pattern welding Crucible steel (Damascus steel, Wootz steel) Tatara furnace Cementation process Primary (Post-1850) Bessemer process Open hearth furnace Electric arc furnace Basic oxygen process Secondary Electro-slag remelting Vacuum arc remelting Argon oxygen decarburization
Heat treatment methods	Annealing Low hydrogen Short circuit Hardening / Case-hardening Ausforming Boriding Carbonitriding Carburizing Cryogenic Ferritic nitrocarburizing Induction Nitriding Precipitation Quench polish quench Tempering Austempering Martempering Cryogenic treatment (Deburring Deflashing Hardening) Differential heat treatment Decarburization Forming gas Post weld heat treatment Quenching Superplastic forming
Production by country	Bangladesh China India Italy Luxembourg Nigeria United States

• Industrial Revolution
• Iron and steel mills