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Catalan independence referendum, 2017

1 October 2017 (2017-10-01)
Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic?
Results
Choice Votes % Yes 2,044,038 92.01% No 177,547 7.99% Valid votes 2,221,585 97.17% Invalid or blank votes 64,632 2.83% Total votes 2,286,217 100.00% Registered voters/turnout 5,313,564 43.03%
Provisional results. Source: Government of Catalonia

Politics of Catalonia
Statute and lawsStatute of Autonomy 1932 1979 2006 Constitutions (13-18th c.) Civil Code
GeneralitatPresident (list) Salvador Illa (PSC)
ExecutiveExecutive Council President (list): Salvador Illa (PSC) Cabinet International relations
LegislatureParliament (15th) President: Josep Rull (Junts)
JudiciaryHigh Court of Justice President: Jesús María Barrientos Council of Statutarian Pledges Ombudsman Syndicate of Accounts Audiovisual Council
Public order Ministry of Justice (list) Ministry of Home Affairs (list) Police of Catalonia
Political partiesParliamentary parties PSC Junts ERC PPC Vox Comuns CUP AC
ElectionsParliamentary elections 1932 1980 1984 1988 1992 1995 1999 2003 2006 2010 2012 2015 2017 2021 2024 Referendums 1931 1979 2006 2009–11 2014 2017
SubdivisionsRegional Vegueries Unique territorial entity (Val d'Aran) Counties Provinces Local Metropolitan area Terçons Municipalities
Other countries
v t e

The Catalan independence referendum of 2017, also known by the numeronym 1-O (for "1 October") in Spanish and Catalan media, was an independence referendum called by the Generalitat de Catalunya and approved by the Parliament of Catalonia, but declared illegal on 6 September 2017 and suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain because it breached the Spanish Constitution of 1978. It was held on 1 October 2017 in the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia, using a disputed voting process.

The referendum was approved by the Catalan parliament in a session on 6 September 2017 along with a law which states that independence would be binding with a simple majority, without requiring a minimum turnout. Opposition parties refused to participate in the session and called on their voters to boycott the vote, except Catalunya Sí que es Pot who abstained but supports participation. The law is illegal according to the Catalan Statutes of Autonomy which require a two third majority in the Catalan parliament for any change to Catalonia's status. The referendum itself is also illegal according to the Spanish constitution. It was suspended by the Constitutional Court on 7 September 2017, with the Catalan government stating the court order was not valid for Catalonia and proceeding to gather the support of 712 of 948 municipalities of Catalonia, including a partial support by Barcelona.

The referendum question, which voters answered with "Yes" or "No", was "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic?". The "Yes" side won, with 2,044,038 (92.01%) voting for independence and 177,547 (7.99%) voting against, on a turnout of 43.03%. The Catalan government estimated that up to 770,000 votes were not cast due to polling stations being closed off during the police crackdown, although the "universal census" system introduced earlier in the day allowed electors to vote in any given polling station. Catalan government officials have argued that the turnout would be higher were it not for Spanish police suppression of the vote, and that were it not for closures and police pressure, turnout could have been as high as 55%. On the other hand, many voters who did not support Catalan independence did not turn out.

The Government of Spain opposes any Catalan self-determination referendum, because the Spanish Constitution does not allow for a vote on the independence of any Spanish region while also deeming it illegal without its consent. This interpretation is also favoured by the Catalan Statutory Guarantees Council. However, the Catalan government invoked the right to self-determination for calling the referendum. Following a constitutionality check demanded by the Spanish government, the Constitutional Court of Spain annulled the resolution emanated by the Parliament of Catalonia to hold such a vote. The Government of Catalonia, though, maintained that the vote would still be held on 1 October. To avoid the Spanish government's influence, the Catalan government passed a referendum law through its own parliament, by simple majority, in September declaring that it would then follow a "Catalan-only" legality (as opposed to the general Spanish one). The referendum law was also suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain.

On the day of the referendum, the inaction of the autonomous police force of Catalonia, the Mossos d'Esquadra, allowed polling stations to open. The National Police Corps and the Guardia Civil intervened and raided polling stations after they opened. 893 civilians and 431 agents of the Nacional Police and the Guardia Civil were reported to have been injured. The Mossos d'Esquadra are being investigated for disobedience, for not having complied with the orders of the High Court of Justice of Catalonia to prevent the referendum. Josep Lluís Trapero Álvarez, the Mossos d'Esquadra Major, is being investigated for sedition by the Spanish National Court. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Zeid Ra'ad Al, urged the Spanish government to probe all acts of violence that took place to prevent the referendum, through impartial and independent investigations.

The Spanish government and Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy have come under international scrutiny over the use of force on civilians to prevent the referendum. After the events of the poll, the European Commission released an official statement: "Under the Spanish Constitution, yesterday's vote in Catalonia was not legal. We call on all relevant players to now move very swiftly from confrontation to dialogue. Violence can never be an instrument in politics. We trust the leadership of Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy to manage this difficult process in full respect of the Spanish Constitution and of the fundamental rights of citizens enshrined therein."

Background

The ballot was initially scheduled for no later than 17 September 2017, a result of an election pledge made by pro-independence parties ahead of the 2015 Catalan election (during the previous legislature, the Catalan government had held a non-binding "citizen participation process" about the question).

The election resulted in a minority government for the Junts pel Sí coalition (JxSí), which had won a plurality of MPs (62 of the 135 seats), plus conditional support from the 10 CUP-CC MPs. Shortly after the government was formed, it resolved to hold a referendum on independence.

On 24 January 2017, the Government of Catalonia held a privately organised conference in one of the rooms of the European Parliament in its Brussels headquarters. The event, entitled "The Catalan Referendum", was promoted by Carles Puigdemont, President, Oriol Junqueras, Vice President, and Raül Romeva. It was attended by 500 people, among whom were MEPs, diplomats and journalists from the international media.

Organisation

The Catalan government's decree officially calling the referendum was expected to be approved in the second half of August but was approved only on 6 September.

Shortly after the referendum was announced, attention focused on the issue of the ballot boxes, since the Government of Spain is in charge of providing them, whereas for this non-State-sanctioned vote, the Government of Catalonia would have to put them in place, potentially risking prosecution for the misuse of public funds. On 24 March, the Spanish Public Prosecutor's Office in Catalonia had already announced an inquiry to determine whether a referendum is in the planning.

Tendering by the Catalan government for materials such as ballot papers and envelopes for a putative regional election in the region are thought by some to be an attempt to covertly organise the referendum.

In terms of its organisation, the electoral roll is one of the main points in contention, since this is managed by the National Institute of Statistics, an autonomous organisation placed under the jurisdiction of the government of Spain. To access its data, polls must have been authorised by the Spanish Congress, something which is out of the question in this case. Without an undisputed access to the electoral roll, the results may be deemed unreliable. Similar difficulties could be met when it comes to the electoral commission to be formed for monitoring the polling and results.

An official announcement by the Government of Catalonia suggested that Catalan residents overseas willing to vote would have to register. By the end of June 2017, out of 285,000 Catalans living abroad and eligible to vote, 5,000 had registered.

Tensions within the Catalan government

On 3 July 2017, president Puigdemont sacked his Minister for Enterprise, Jordi Baiget [es], who, in the face of the legal challenges, had just expressed doubts regarding the referendum taking place as envisioned by the Catalan government.

Then, on 14 July, Puigdemont proceeded with a cabinet reshuffle, replacing three additional ministers in his cabinet (the ones responsible for Presidency, Education and Interior) in a move widely seen as a removal of the remaining hesitant voices within his cabinet in regards to the referendum issue.

On 17 July, the chief of the Catalan police, called Mossos d'Esquadra, resigned without giving any reason. The Catalan police force is seen as key to enforcing any court orders sought by the central government challenging the secession vote.

Additional isolated resignations and dismissals have been noted among some of the high-level civil servants potentially playing a role with the vote's organisation.

Scope

When the Spanish Constitutional court suspended the law on the referendum on 7 September 2017, it forbade several Catalan office holders, the Catalan media, as well as the 948 municipalities of Catalonia to participate in the preparation of the referendum. The municipalities were instructed to reply within 48 hours whether they intended to comply or not. Out of 726 municipalities that answered, 682 announced that they would support the referendum anyway, 41 announced they would refuse to support it, and three, including the municipality of Barcelona, answered without making their intentions clear.

Among those that refused to support the referendum, however, there are large population centers, such as the provincial capitals of Lleida (140,000 inhabitants) and Tarragona (130,000 inhabitants) or the cities of Terrassa (215,000 inhabitants) and Hospitalet de Llobregat (250,000 inhabitants) governed by PSC mayors. The mayor of Barcelona, Ada Colau, while refusing to make a statement whether the municipality of Barcelona would provide logistical support to the referendum or not, strongly criticised the "language of testosterone" and the pressure that she said was being exerted on the municipalities. Nevertheless, she announced that she would do anything possible to allow those in Barcelona who wished to vote to do so.

Police operation to stop the referendum

On 20 September 2017, following orders of the trial court number 13, the Spanish Civil Guard started Operation Anubis. During the first day, the police officers raided different headquarters of the Government of Catalonia and arrested 14 people, including high-ranking persons, administrative staff, and company CEOs involved in the preparation of the referendum. Simultaneously, several printing companies were searched for ballot papers and ballot boxes. Crowds spontaneously gathered around the regional ministries to support the arrested staff and later on several pro-independence organisations, including the Catalan National Assembly and Òmnium Cultural, and called for "peaceful resistance" against the police operation.

During the following days the Spanish Civil Guard and the Spanish National Police would be reinforced with police officers from the rest of Spain, which are expected to reach 16,000 police and military police officers distributed in different Catalan cities on 1 October 2017, and would continue to carry out searches in companies that allegedly had referendum ballots or ballot boxes. This would spark multiple protest demonstrations all across Catalonia, including cacerolazos during the night. Several other cities of Spain also organised demonstrations "in defense of the right to decide of the Catalans." On the other hand, demonstrations were held throughout Spain in which thousands of people protested against the referendum and the agents were acclaimed by the crowds in numerous cities of Spain when they left for Catalonia.

Administration

The Catalan Government announced it planned to hold the referendum on 1 October 2017. The Electoral Commission of Catalonia was responsible for overseeing the referendum, but it was dissolved on 22 September 2017. The campaign was planned to last 15 days, spanning from 00:00 on 15 September 2017 to 24:00 on 29 September 2017.

According to the Catalan government, the following people were entitled to vote in the referendum:

• Those who have the political condition of Catalan, are 18 years of age or older on the voting day, are not under any of the situations that legally deprive the right to vote and are on the electoral roll.
• Those Catalans currently residing abroad and who have their last residence in Catalonia, fulfil all the legal requirements, and have formally applied to take part in the voting process.

Question

The question of the referendum was asked "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic?".

International observers

The referendum was attended by several international observers. The first accredited international observers, led by The Hague Center for Strategic Studies, were headed by Daan Everts and consisted of 20 observers from the United States of America, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France and Poland, among others. The second international mission, called the International Electoral Expert Research Team, was headed by Helena Catt and consisted of 17 observers from the United Kingdom, France, Ireland and New Zealand, among others. There was also a delegation of 33 parliamentarians and politicians, called the International Parliamentary Delegation on Catalonia's Referendum on Self-Determination 1 October 2017, from political parties in Slovakia, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Republic of Macedonia, Monaco, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom.

Of these international observers, those summoned by Diplocat are not recognised by the UN as such in not recognising this Diplocat as an international observer.

Pre-result responses

Domestic

•  Basque Autonomous Community: The regional parliament showed its sympathy and support for the referendum and strongly criticised the Spanish government's stance on the issue. It denounced any measures taken against the vote or 'democracy' altogether. Tens of thousands took to the streets of Bilbao at two different dates in September in support of the Catalan referendum, sovereignty and 'democracy'. The latter was attended by the three main political forces of the Basque Autonomous Community, Geroa Bai, Basque nationalist unions ELA and LAB, and high-ranking public officials like the mayors of San Sebastián and Bilbao, E. Goia and J.M. Aburto. ETA, for its part, issued a statement endorsing the referendum.
•  Navarre: The parliament of Navarre denounced the Spanish government's de facto 'takeover' of the Catalan devolution and urged to stop its repressive approach.
•  Galicia: Over 3,000 people marched through the streets of Santiago in Galicia to show their solidarity with the Catalan vote. The demonstration was attended by representatives of En Marea and BNG.
•  Madrid: A discussion event in favour of the referendum was organised in a public venue but relocated following the Spanish Conservatives' cancellation demand to the mayor of Madrid Manuela Carmena, on the grounds that it "incites illegal actions", "defies institutions and constitutional legality" and "offends the monarchy". A judge then stepped in ordering a ban on an event held in a public venue, but it was eventually held on 17 September in an independent theater, growing into a rally for the freedom of expression in the street. The mayor of Madrid, besides requesting the Spanish premier's resignation for his "inability to dialogue", also critised the Catalan referendum for "not meeting the minimum standards" and the violence enforced by the Spanish police in Catalonia.

UN member states

•  Belgium: Belgium's Prime Minister Charles Michel reaffirmed the government's call for political dialogue in Spain, and made an official reaction to the violence used to obstruct the referendum, on Twitter on 1 October: "Violence can never be the answer! We condemn all forms of violence and reaffirm our call for political dialogue #CatalanReferendum #Spain".
•  Croatia: Croatian Prime Minister Andrej Plenković stated that Croatia considers this referendum an internal issue of Spain, while Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs called on Spanish and Catalan government's to launch a dialogue on finding a peaceful solution to the problem.
•  China: In response to a journalist's question, on 28 September 2017 foreign ministry spokesman Lu Kang said that the People's Republic of China believes "the issue of Catalonia belongs to the domestic affairs of Spain. We believe that the Spanish central government can properly handle relevant issues and maintain national solidarity, unity and prosperity".
•  France: On 16 June, President Emmanuel Macron stated that he considers the question of Catalan independence to be an internal issue of Spain.
•  Germany: On 8 September, Steffen Seibert, the spokesman for Chancellor Angela Merkel, stated that Germany was interested in stability in Spain and that for this it was necessary that the law, including the Spanish constitution, was respected at all levels. The German government had issued a similar statement previously in 2015.
•  Hungary: On 18 September, government spokesman Zoltán Kovács announced that they would "respect the will of the people". At the same time, he called the independence issue an "internal issue of Spain and Catalonia".
•  Lithuania:
  • Lithuanian President Dalia Grybauskaitė said that the referendum on Catalonia's independence did not comply with the Spanish Constitution, but to use force is a failure of the Spanish authorities. The President believes that Madrid and Barcelona will, in any case, speak with one another and look for solutions to democratic problems.
  • On 28 September, Minister of Foreign Affairs Linas Linkevičius commented that Baltic states' movement to regain independence from the Soviet Union is not comparable with situation in Catalonia due to Spain being a democracy that follows the rule of law. At the same time he urged both parties to have a constructive dialogue without any unnecessary measures.
•  Portugal: Foreign Minister Augusto Santos Silva declined to comment on the referendum in Catalonia on 27 September, but believes that the Spanish government will be able to resolve the issue, in agreement with the Spanish constitution and law. Augusto Santos Silva said that this is an internal affair of Spain. In a manifesto signed by almost a hundred people, academics, deputies, journalists, doctors, journalists and notably by the former socialist presidential candidate Manuel Alegre and the former leader of the Left Bloc Francisco Louçã appealed to a "negotiated political solution" to the political situation in Catalonia, considering themselves "outraged" by the civil rights abuses committed by the Spanish Government.
•  Russia: The head of the international affairs committee at Russia’s upper house Konstantin Kosachev called on the Spanish government to lead a dialogue with the Catalans. Otherwise their contradictions will only deepen, which could end with the breakup of the state, as it is also shown in Ukraine. This polling, like the earlier polling in Iraqi Kurdistan, "is another clear and evident clash of the basic principles the humanity follows: the territorial integrity and the right to self-determination." "A state should be talking to its citizens, should reach accord. Like we are doing in Russia."
•  Serbia: Minister of Foreign Affairs Ivica Dačić, in a interview with Deutsche Welle, stated that Catalonia wants to repeat the example of Kosovo, by declaring unilateral independence without any agreement from Madrid. He stated that Serbia cannot accept such a model and that it is not a political issue but a problem of international law.
•  United Kingdom: Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson described the referendum as an internal issue for Spain, saying "Spain is a close ally and a good friend, whose strength and unity matters to the UK", while also insisting rule of law be upheld.
•  United States: On 13 April, the embassy in Madrid stated that the U.S. sees the question of Catalan independence as an internal issue of Spain. On 26 September, President Donald Trump, during his meeting with Mariano Rajoy, said that "Spain is a great country and it should remain united", but expressed his doubts on whether a referendum will be held, stating that "I think that nobody knows if they are gonna have a vote. The President would say they are not going to have a vote. But I think that the people would be very much opposed to that." Earlier that month, the State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert insisted in that the referendum is an internal affair of Spain and that the US "will work with whatever government or entity that comes out of it".

International organisations and institutions

•  European Union: On 7 September, Antonio Tajani, the President of the European Parliament, stated in a letter to Spanish MEP Beatriz Becerra (UPyD) that the constitutional order of each EU member state needed to be respected at all times. He also stated that if a territory would secede from a EU member state, it would become a third country with respect to the EU and the EU treaties would no longer apply there.

On 14 September, the President of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, said that the EU "would follow and respect the rulings of the Spanish constitutional court and parliament". Further, while the EU would respect the choice if a "yes" for Catalan independence were to come to pass, Juncker stated that Catalonia could not become an EU member the day after the vote.

On 2 October, the European Commission released a statement on its webpage declaring the referendum illegal.

•  Council of Europe: The Council of Europe, when consulted by Carles Puigdemont, said that any referendum must be carried out "in full compliance with the constitution".
•  United Nations: The UN has refused to participate in the monitoring of the referendum.

  On 23 September, the UN Independent Expert on the Promotion of a Democratic and Equitable International Order, Alfred de Zayas, issued a media statement where he advocates for the right of self-determination of Catalan people, reminding "he Spanish Constitution itself stipulates in its articles 10 and 96 the supremacy of international law and in particular international human rights law over of domestic law" and that "self-determination is not limited to the decolonisation context".

Other political parties, groups and sub-national goverments

•  United Kingdom:
  • Jeremy Corbyn, leader of the UK Labour Party, issued a statement condemning the violence in Catalonia and called on the British government to appeal to the Spanish government to end its crackdown in Catalonia. Later, previous Labour leader Ed Milliband issued a similar statement, describing scenes as "appalling" and saying "the U.K. government cannot just stay silent".
  • Northern Ireland: Michelle Gildernew, the Sinn Féin MP for Fermanagh South Tyrone, called for international recognition of the referendum.
  •  Scotland: On 16 September, Fiona Hyslop, the Scottish Government Cabinet Secretary for External Affairs, said: "The decision over Catalonia's future direction is a matter for the people who live there, and the Catalan and Spanish Governments are perfectly entitled to take positions for and against independence. However, all peoples have the right to self-determination and to choose the form of government best suited to their needs, a principle which is enshrined in the UN Charter."
  •  Wales: First Minister Carwyn Jones of Welsh Labour talked of "violence replacing democracy and dialogue", while leader of Plaid Cymru Leanne Wood criticised this position describing violence as "not on both sides".
•  Ireland: Mick Barry TD of Solidarity attended the referendum as an international observer, the party condemned the violence and showed support for the declaration of a general strike
  •  Dublin: On 22 September, in a letter to Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, the Lord Mayor of Dublin, Mícheál MacDonncha, regretted the legal prosecution of over 700 Catalan Mayors and urged them "to find a political solution to Catalonia’s legitimate claims and ask you to stop threats on my fellow Mayors".
•  Denmark: A group of 17 Danish MPs from seven parties criticised the growing tensions in the weeks before the referendum and called on the Spanish government to play a constructive role and encourage political dialogue.
• European Union Parliament: Gregor Gysi, the chairman of the Party of the European Left, condemned the arrests by the Guardia Civil in the run-up to the referendum and called for a political solution to the problem.
•  Italy:
  • The Lega Nord leader Matteo Salvini expressed his solidarity to the Catalan people after the arrests of 14 Catalan government officials; however, he also kept distance from the Catalan referendum calling it "a stretch" against the Spanish law.
  •  Sardinia: After the actions of the Spanish government against the referendum, the region of Sardinia expressed its support and solidarity to the Catalan community by means of unanimous resolution of the regional council, and offered to the government of Catalonia to print ballots for the referendum and to guard them, rejecting the negative attitude of the Spanish government towards political dialogue.
•  Flanders: On 20 September, the Minister-President of the Flemish Region Geert Bourgeois said: "I regret the recent escalation with a display of power from both the police and court in the Catalan capital and I urgently call upon the Spanish government to go into dialogue with the Catalan government, the legitimate representative of the Catalan people. If this is currently impossible, there must be international mediation."
•   Switzerland: On 27 September, a group of MPs from all parties of the Council of States sent a letter to the Spanish government supporting the Catalan referendum, stating that "without taking a decision on the choice to be made, we believe that the right of the Catalan people to determine their future must be respected", and condemning the arrests of people and seizure of voting material as "unworthy of a modern and democratic state".
•  Rojava: On 29 September, TEV-DEM declared their support for the referendum.
•  Slovenia: Speaker of the National Assembly Milan Brglez stated that the "Catalans have the right to self-determination".

Opinion polls

On the 1 October 2017 referendum

Pollsters generally started using the proposed referendum question ("Do you want Catalonia to be an independent state in the form of a republic?") after it was revealed in early June 2017.

The Centre for Opinion Studies (Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió, CEO) polled respondents on their intentions rather than asking them the actual referendum question. In its March 2017 poll, aside from asking respondents whether they would want Catalonia to become an independent state, it asked their intents in the event of a referendum on the independence of Catalonia being called and organised by the Government of Catalonia without agreement from the Spanish Government. In a July 2017 poll a similar question was proposed, with the difference that it asked about the actual 1 October referendum.

Total

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size	Yes	No	Other/ Abst.	?	Lead
Opinòmetre/Ara	16 Sep 2017	1,000	44.1	38.1	3.9	13.9	6.0
NC Report/La Razón	1–8 Aug 2017	800	41.5	48.6	–	9.9	7.1
Opinòmetre/Ara	17–20 Jul 2017	1,000	41.9	37.8	4.2	16.1	4.1
GESOP/CEO	26 Jun–11 Jul 2017	1,500	39.0	23.5	23.0	14.5	15.5
NC Report/La Razón	29 Jun–1 Jul 2017	800	44.0	48.6	–	7.4	4.6
GAD3/La Vanguardia	23–29 Jun 2017	?	42.5	37.6	10.2	9.7	4.9
DYM/El Confidencial	22–28 Jun 2017	531	47.0	44.4	–	8.6	2.6
Opinòmetre/Ara	12–15 Jun 2017	1,000	42.3	38.9	6.0	12.8	3.4
GESOP/CEO	6–21 Mar 2017	1,500	43.3	22.2	28.6	5.9	21.1

Certain to vote

(Note: voters who were not willing to vote were primarily those opposed to independence and/or a referendum being held, so support for independence among those who were certain to vote was expected to be high.)

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size	Turnout	Yes	No	?	Lead
The National	30 Sep 2017	3,300	62	83.0	16.0	2.0	67.0
Opinòmetre/Ara	16 Sep 2017	1,000	51.0	69.9	14.3	15.8	55.6
Celeste-Tel/eldiario.es	12–15 Sep 2017	800	59.9	59.5	30.7	9.8	28.8
Sociométrica/El Español	28 Aug–1 Sep 2017	700	50	72.0	28.0	–	44.0
Opinòmetre/Ara	17–20 Jul 2017	1,000	54.9	66.5	18.5	15.0	48.0
GESOP/CEO	26 Jun–11 Jul 2017	1,500	67.5	57.8	34.8	7.4	23.0
DYM/El Confidencial	22–28 Jun 2017	531	70.1	65.4	28.4	6.2	37.0
Opinòmetre/Ara	12–15 Jun 2017	1,000	54.9	67.0	19.0	14.0	48.0

On the independence issue

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size	Yes	No	Other/ Abst.	?	Lead	Question
Sociométrica/El Español	28 Aug–1 Sep 2017	700	50.1	45.7	–	4.2	4.4
GESOP/CEO	26 Jun–11 Jul 2017	1,500	41.1	49.4	–	9.5	8.3
GAD3/La Vanguardia	7–12 Apr 2017	601	41.9	39.7	9.1	9.3	2.2
GESOP/CEO	6–21 Mar 2017	1,500	44.3	48.5	–	7.2	4.2
GAD3/La Vanguardia	2–5 Jan 2017	601	42.3	41.9	5.9	9.9	0.4
NC Report/La Razón	16–23 Dec 2016	1,000	44.8	47.2	–	8.0	2.4
DYM/CEO	12–17 Dec 2016	1,047	45.3	46.8	–	7.8	1.5
GESOP/El Periódico	12–14 Dec 2016	800	48.9	40.3	2.4	8.5	8.6
Opinòmetre/CEO	17 Oct–3 Nov 2016	1,500	44.9	45.1	–	9.9	0.2
GESOP/ICPS	26 Sep–17 Oct 2016	1,200	46.6	33.8	15.0	4.7	10.2
NC Report/La Razón	2–6 Aug 2016	1,255	41.3	43.2	–	15.5	1.9
Opinòmetre/CEO	28 Jun–13 Jul 2016	1,500	47.7	42.4	–	10.0	5.3
GAD3/La Vanguardia	13–16 Jun 2016	800	48.4	35.3	7.7	8.6	13.1
Opinòmetre/CEO	22 Feb–8 Mar 2016	1,500	45.3	45.5	–	9.2	0.2
NC Report/La Razón	28–31 Dec 2015	1,255	44.1	49.7	–	6.2	5.6
DYM/El Confidencial	30 Nov–3 Dec 2015	504	37.0	54.0	–	9.0	17.0
Feedback/La Vanguardia	20–27 Nov 2015	1,000	45.5	48.7	–	5.2	3.2
GESOP/CEO	16–23 Nov 2015	1,050	46.6	48.2	–	5.2	1.6
Opinòmetre/CEO	5–27 Oct 2015	2,000	46.7	47.8	–	5.6	1.1
2015 Catalan regional election
Feedback/La Vanguardia	14–17 Sep 2015	1,000	45.2	45.9	–	8.9	0.7
Metroscopia/El País	14–16 Sep 2015	2,000	45.0	46.0	–	9.0	1.0
DYM/El Confidencial	14–16 Sep 2015	1,157	50.0	42.0	–	8.0	8.0
Sigma Dos/El Mundo	31 Aug–3 Sep 2015	1,400	44.4	46.2	–	9.4	1.8
Feedback/La Vanguardia	6–9 Jul 2015	1,000	44.5	48.4	–	7.1	3.9
Opinòmetre/CEO	2–24 Jun 2015	2,000	42.9	50.0	–	7.1	7.1
Feedback/La Vanguardia	27–29 Apr 2015	1,000	43.7	47.9	–	8.3	4.2
Opinòmetre/CEO	9 Feb–2 Mar 2015	2,000	44.1	48.0	–	7.8	3.9
DYM/CEO	9–13 Dec 2014	1,100	44.5	45.3	–	10.3	0.8
GESOP/ICPS	12 Nov–6 Dec 2014	1,200	49.9	27.4	18.8	4.1	22.5
Feedback/La Vanguardia	1–4 Dec 2014	1,000	47.4	42.9	–	9.7	4.5
Sigma Dos/El Mundo	17–20 Nov 2014	1,000	35.7	44.7	9.6	10.0	9.0
2014 Catalan self-determination referendum
GESOP/8tv	30 Oct 2014	1,600	46.2	38.0	–	15.8	8.2
Opinòmetre/CEO	29 Sep–23 Oct 2014	2,000	49.4	32.3	8.4	10.0	17.1
Sigma Dos/El Mundo	26–29 Aug 2014	?	34.0	39.5	–	19.2	5.5
Feedback/La Vanguardia	30 Apr–8 May 2014	577	43.4	43.5	–	13.4	0.1
Opinòmetre/CEO	24 Mar–15 Apr 2014	2,000	47.2	27.9	12.4	12.6	19.3
GESOP/El Periódico	26–28 Feb 2014	800	46.1	36.3	–	17.6	9.8
GESOP/El Periódico	12–13 Dec 2013	800	44.1	36.2	–	19.7	7.9
Feedback/La Vanguardia	16–19 Nov 2013	1,000	44.9	45.0	–	10.1	0.1
GESOP/CEO	4–14 Nov 2013	2,000	54.7	22.1	17.0	6.3	32.6
GESOP/El Periódico	16–18 Oct 2013	800	53.3	41.5	–	5.3	11.8
GESOP/ICPS	25 Sep–10 Oct 2013	800	48.6	25.2	21.9	4.3	23.4
GESOP/CEO	31 May–13 Jun 2013	2,000	55.6	23.4	15.9	5.1	32.2
GESOP/El Periódico	28–31 May 2013	800	57.8	36.0	–	6.3	21.8
GESOP/CEO	4–14 Feb 2013	2,000	54.7	20.7	18.1	6.4	34.0
GESOP/El Periódico	14–16 Jan 2013	800	56.9	35.0	–	8.2	21.9
GESOP/ICPS	27 Nov–20 Dec 2012	1,200	49.2	29.2	15.1	6.5	20.0
2012 Catalan regional election
Feedback/La Vanguardia	12–16 Nov 2012	1,000	47.5	40.2	–	10.1	7.3
Feedback/La Vanguardia	6–9 Nov 2012	1,000	47.9	39.9	–	10.2	8.0
DYM/CEO	22–30 Oct 2012	2,500	57.0	20.5	14.9	7.7	36.5
Feedback/La Vanguardia	22–26 Oct 2012	1,000	52.8	35.4	–	9.7	17.4
Feedback/La Vanguardia	8–11 Oct 2012	1,000	54.3	33.1	–	10.1	21.2
Feedback/La Vanguardia	21–27 Sep 2012	1,200	54.8	33.5	–	10.2	21.3
DYM/CEO	4–18 Jun 2012	2,500	51.1	21.1	22.1	5.8	30.0
DYM/CEO	6–21 Feb 2012	2,500	44.6	24.7	25.2	5.5	19.9
GESOP/ICPS	19 Sep–27 Oct 2011	2,000	43.7	25.1	23.2	8.0	18.6
GESOP/CEO	29 Sep–13 Oct 2011	2,500	45.4	24.7	24.4	5.6	20.7
GESOP/CEO	2–17 Jun 2011	2,500	42.9	28.2	23.8	5.2	14.7
Noxa/La Vanguardia	1–2 Sep 2010	800	40.0	45.0	10.0	5.0	5.0
"Would you prefer your community being an independent state?" ^ "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state?" ^ "If a legal referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what do you think your vote would be?" "What would you vote in a referendum on the independence of Catalonia?" "If you went out to vote, would you vote Yes or No to independence?" ^ "If tomorrow a referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what would you do?" "Do you declare yourself independentist?" "Do you favour Catalonia's independence?" ^ "Do you think Catalonia should separate from Spain and become an independent state?" ^ "If a legal referendum was held, do you think you would vote For or Against Catalonia becoming an independent state?" "If a negotiated and fully legal referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what would be your likeliest vote?" "Do you support Catalonia going independent?" ^ "If a referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what do you think your vote would be?" ^ "Would you agree on Catalonia separating itself from Spain and becoming a new state within the EU?" ^ "If a referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what would you vote?" "If tomorrow a referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what would you vote?"

On whether a referendum should be held

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size	Yes	No	?	Notes
Metroscopia/El País	18–21 Sep 2017	2,200	82	16	2	On a legal referendum as the best solution
GESOP/El Periódico	19–22 Feb 2017	?	71.9	26.1	2.0	On the State allowing a referendum
GAD3/La Vanguardia	13–16 Jun 2016	800	76.6	19.7	3.6
NC Report/La Razón	16–23 Dec 2016	1,000	51.1	40.7	8.2	On holding a 9N-style referendum
GESOP/El Periódico	12–14 Dec 2016	800	84.6	13.8	1.6
			49.6	48.8	1.6	On holding a not legal referendum
NC Report/La Razón	2–6 Aug 2016	1,255	52.0	35.1	12.9	On agreeing a referendum with the State
GAD3/La Vanguardia	13–16 Jun 2016	800	75.7	20.6	3.7
DYM/El Confidencial	30 Nov–3 Dec 2015	504	69.0	26.0	5.0	On the need of holding a referendum
Feedback/La Vanguardia	20–27 Nov 2015	1,000	78.8	19.9	1.3
Feedback/La Vanguardia	14–17 Sep 2015	1,000	79.2	18.6	2.2
Feedback/La Vanguardia	6–9 Jul 2015	1,000	79.8	19.4	0.8
Feedback/La Vanguardia	27–29 Apr 2015	1,000	79.1	19.4	1.5
Feedback/La Vanguardia	1–4 Dec 2014	1,000	83.9	14.5	1.6
NC Report/La Razón	13–15 Nov 2014	?	54.3	39.9	5.8	On holding an agreed referendum
Feedback/La Vanguardia	30 Apr–8 May 2014	577	74.0	24.6	1.4
GESOP/El Periódico	12–13 Dec 2013	800	73.6	20.0	6.4	On the State authorising the 9N referendum
Feedback/La Vanguardia	16–19 Nov 2013	1,000	73.5	23.6	2.9
GESOP/El Periódico	28–31 May 2013	800	75.1	20.8	4.2	On the Government of Spain authorising a referendum
			69.6	25.8	2.3	On holding a referendum
GESOP/El Periódico	14–16 Jan 2013	800	62.9	30.5	6.6	On holding a referendum even with the State's opposition
Feedback/La Vanguardia	12–16 Nov 2012	1,000	73.4	24.1	2.5
Feedback/La Vanguardia	6–9 Nov 2012	1,000	73.6	24.0	2.4
Feedback/La Vanguardia	22–26 Oct 2012	1,000	81.5	17.5	1.0
Feedback/La Vanguardia	8–11 Oct 2012	1,000	81.7	17.6	0.7
Feedback/La Vanguardia	21–27 Sep 2012	1,200	83.9	14.9	1.2

Results

Overall

Referendum results

Choice	Votes	%
Yes	2,044,038	92.01
No	177,547	7.99
Valid votes	2,221,585	97.17
Invalid or blank votes	64,632	2.83
Total votes	2,286,217	100.00
Registered voters/turnout	5,313,564	43.03
Source: Government of Catalonia.

The Catalan government estimated that polling stations representing up to 770,000 potential voters—14.5% of all registered voters—were closed down by police in raids, with any votes cast in those stations either seized, lost or inaccessible and therefore not counted. Catalan government spokesman Jordi Turull argued that turnout would have been higher were it not for "Spanish police suppression". Catalan government officials argued that calculation by experts showed that without police pressure and closures, turnout could have reached 55%. This was reported as not considering the fact that, as a result of changes implemented by the Catalan government earlier in the day which saw the introduction of a "universal census", any Catalan elector going out to vote could do so in any one of the still functioning polling stations. President Puigdemont himself voted in Cornella del Terri instead of Sant Julià de Ramis where he was registered to vote, foiling a police operation to track him down along the way—or Parliament of Catalonia Speaker Carme Forcadell.

Results by vegueries

Aftermath

On 3 October 2017, Carles Puigdemont said that his government intends to act on the result of the referendum "at the end of this week or the beginning of next" and declare independence from Spain. Puigdemont will go before the Catalan Parliament to address them on Monday 9 October 2017, pending the agreement of other political parties.

On 4 October 2017, Mireia Boya, a lawmaker of the Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP), announced that a declaration of independence would likely come after the parliamentary session on 9 October.

The King of Spain, Felipe VI, called the Catalan referendum "illegal" and appealed to the union , calling the situation "extremely serious."

According to Swiss national radio, the Foreign Ministry of Switzerland has offered to mediate between the two sides in the crisis.

On 10 October 2017, the President of the Generalitat of Catalonia, Carles Puigdemont, declared the independence but left it suspended. Puigdemont said during his appearance in the Catalan parliament that he assumes, in presenting the results of the referendum, "the people's mandate for Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic", but proposed that in the following weeks the parliament "suspends the effect of the declaration of independence to engage in a dialogue to reach an agreed solution" with the Spanish Government.

Violence and injuries

On the day of the poll, the Mossos d'Esquadra was ordered to close voting centers before they opened and confiscate election materials by the High Court of Justice of Catalonia, but promptly ignored the order. In its place, the Spanish police and the Guardia Civil mounted operations to execute the order. The security forces met resistance from citizens who were joined in some cases by members the Corps of Firefighters of Catalonia and obstructed their access to the voting tables. The police used force to try to gain that access. In some other incidents the security forces were surrounded and driven out by the crowds. The police made multiple charges using batons. According to the Ministry of the Interior, rubber bullets were only used against demonstrators in Barcelona's Eixample district. There were incidents in polling stations in Barcelona, Girona and elsewhere; they forced entry to the premises, ejected the occupants with force, and seized ballot boxes, some of them containing votes. According to the Generalitat de Catalunya, 844 people requested the services of the Catalan emergency health service, this number includes people irritated by gas and people suffering of anxiety attacks. Of those injured, most were minor, but four people were hospitalised by the emergency health service and of those two were in serious condition: A 70 year old person who was not involved in the protests suffered a heart attack and another that did participate was struck in the eye by a rubber bullet. According to the Ministry of the Interior 431 agents were injured, 39 of them required immediate medical treatment and the remaining 392 had injuries by bruises, scrapes, kicks and bites. The government endorsed the police actions, that ultimately in the following days also met the approval of the King of Spain. According to El País, after the first reports of violence, the government canceled the order given to the security forces and they pulled out early from the polling centers.

A Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) councillor accused the police of pushing her down the stairs, breaking all the fingers of her hand "expressly one by one" and sexual abuse during a polling station evacuation. The scene was recorded. The video shows no evidence of her claims. She later admitted that her injuries were less severe than initially claimed, she had an inflammation in one finger. The Spanish Ministry of the Interior instructed the Spanish Attorney General to investigate whether the accusations of police sexual abuse against protesters made by Mayor of Barcelona Ada Colau could be considered a legal offense of slander against Spanish Law enforcement organisations.

Various media reported on fake images of police violence against civilians that were posted in social networks. They included images of people injured in other events. Among them, one of a 13-year-old boy who was beaten by the Mossos d'Esquadra during the general strike of Catalonia on 14 November 2012 and others taken on that same day, those of a young man from Madrid in 2012, who had a wound on his head and was bleeding, protests against austerity on 29 May 2013 in Tarragona, Turkish police charges, and protesting miners. The news sites Okdiario and Periodista Digital were also accused of falsely trying to discredit some of those involved in police violence episodes, such as an old woman who was mistakenly identified as having been photographed together with Arnaldo Otegi and dubbed her as a "fan of the terrorists" in Twitter.

Economic effects

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2017)

As of August 2017 the spread between Spanish 10-year government debt and German bonds was close to its narrowest in seven years; however, since the start of July the yield on the Catalan regional government's bonds had jumped by about 50 basis points, signaling unease among investors in regards to the referendum issue.

Stratfor suggested financial market disruption is due to the political upheaval. Predrag Dukic, senior equity sales trader at CM Capital Markets Bolsa, wrote: "The independence movement seeks to paralyze the region with strikes, disobedience, etc., a nightmare scenario for what until yesterday seemed a strong Spanish economic recovery." Markus Schomer, chief global economist at PineBridge Investments, suggested that the uncertainty both in and outside of Spain has made it hard to price the scenarios into final markets so far. Further he commented a strong approval could result in a euro −0.0255% sell off, just as in the aftermath of the German federal election the previous week. "I don’t think there is an immediate change coming from that referendum. It'll take quite a bit longer to assess where this is going and what this will mean, how the EU will react, how the Spanish government will react. So I don't think you'll see people adjusting their portfolios on Monday, but you could get the classic knee-jerk, risk-off reaction."

Press coverage

Spanish and Catalan sources describe aspects of the events differently. Notable examples include the coverage of Spanish TV channel TVE (Televisión Española) and Catalan channel TV3. TV3 covered the referendum and the police violence regularly while TVE mainly emphasised the Spanish government's position on its legality. The Spanish media coverage was criticised by Televisión Española information council, calling for the resignation of the entire direction.

The British newspaper The Guardian wrote that "Rajoy's subsequent choice to employ physical force to impose his will on civilians exercising a basic democratic right carried a chill echo of Spain's past and a dire warning for the future. That is dictatorship."

The Spanish newspaper El País argued in a that "the network of fake-news producers that Russia has employed to weaken the United States and the European Union is now operating at full speed on Catalonia", involving a network of Russian media outlets and social network bots which, according to the argument, aimed to influence local and global discussion of events. Later investigations by Medium-DFRL found support for some but not all of the arguments made by Spanish outlets. It is argued that the goal wasn't specifically to support Catalan independence but to "foment divisions to gradually undermine Europe’s democracy and institutions" and at discrediting Spanish legal and political authorities, while Russian authorities have denied that Russian actors had any involvement.

See also

• Catalan independence
• Catalan Republic
• History of Catalonia
• Politics of Catalonia
• Catalan Revolt
• Catalan nationalism
• Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum, 2017
• Catalan general strike

Opinion poll sources

1. ^ "Participació del 60% i més avantatge del sí l'1-O". Ara (in Catalan). 16 September 2017.
2. "La mayoría de los catalanes cree que el referéndum no se celebrará". La Razón (in Spanish). 16 August 2017.
3. "Encuesta NC Report". La Razón (in Spanish). 16 August 2017.
4. ^ "La pressió de l'Estat no fa perdre suports a l'1-O ni a la independència". Ara (in Catalan). 24 July 2017.
5. ^ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política. 2a onada 2017" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 21 July 2017.
6. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política. 2a onada 2017 - REO 857" [Political Opinion Barometer. 2nd wave 2017 - REO 857]. CEO (in Catalan, Spanish, and English). 21 July 2017.
7. "Referéndum: La mayoría dice no a la «república catalana»". La Razón (in Spanish). 3 July 2017.
8. "Encuesta NC Report". La Razón (in Spanish). 3 July 2017.
9. "El 54% de los catalanes está dispuesto a participar en una consulta unilateral". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2 July 2017.
10. ^ "El 65,4% de los catalanes que han decidido ir a las urnas el 1-O votará sí a la independencia". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 3 July 2017.
11. ^ "Primera encuesta sobre el referéndum catalán: participación del 64% y ventaja para el 'sí'". Ara (in Spanish). 18 June 2017.
12. ^ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política. 1a onada 2017" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 30 March 2017.
13. "Huge upsurge in support for independence is revealed in world exclusive final Catalan poll". The National. 3 September 2017.
14. "El 60% de los catalanes quiere participar en el referéndum del 1-O". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 17 September 2017.
15. "El 'sí' ganará con un 72% y un 50% de participación si se celebra el referéndum". El Español (in Spanish). 5 September 2017.
16. "El 50,1% de los catalanes está a favor de la independencia, el 45,7% en contra". El Español (in Spanish). 3 September 2017.
17. "El referéndum unilateral pierde apoyos frente a la consulta acordada". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 17 April 2017.
18. ^ "La mayoría quiere un referéndum pactado y descarta la unilateralidad". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 9 January 2017.
19. ^ "El 82,2% aprueba la oferta de diálogo del Gobierno a la Generalitat". La Razón (in Spanish). 27 December 2016.
20. ^ "Apoyo a más financiación y mayor autogobierno" (PDF). La Razón (in Spanish). 27 December 2016.
21. "Enquesta sobre context polític a Catalunya. 2016" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 29 December 2016.
22. ^ "El referéndum unilateral de independencia divide a los catalanes". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 17 December 2016.
23. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 39. 3a onada 2016" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 18 November 2016.
24. "Sondeig d'opinió Catalunya 2016" (PDF). ICPS (in Catalan). 17 October 2016.
25. ^ "La mitad de los catalanes cree que el Parlament se someterá al TC". La Razón (in Spanish). 12 August 2016.
26. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 38. 2a onada 2016" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 22 July 2016.
27. ^ "La mayoría apuesta por mejorar el autogobierno y aparcar la separación". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 19 June 2016.
28. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 37. 1a onada 2016" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 18 March 2016.
29. "La gran mayoría de los catalanes pide no apoyar a Mas". La Razón (in Spanish). 3 January 2016.
30. "¿Cree que se deberían repetir las elecciones al Parlament de Cataluña?" (PDF). La Razón (in Spanish). 3 January 2016.
31. ^ "Ciudadanos disputaría la victoria a ERC si se adelantan las elecciones en Cataluña". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 6 December 2015.
32. ^ "El no a la independencia vuelve a cobrar ventaja". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 29 November 2015.
33. "Enquesta sobre context polític a Catalunya. 2015" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 2 December 2015.
34. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 36. 3a onada 2015" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 13 November 2015.
35. ^ "Empate técnico entre partidarios y contrarios a la independencia". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 20 September 2015.
36. "Intención de voto en Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 18 September 2015.
37. "Sólo un 16% de catalanes cree que una declaración de independencia es la solución". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 19 September 2015.
38. "Un 46% de los catalanes, en contra de la independencia". El Mundo (in Spanish). 7 September 2015.
39. "La cuestión independentista". El Mundo (in Spanish). 7 September 2015.
40. ^ "Casi el 40% apoya reformar la Constitución como salida". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 12 July 2015.
41. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 35. 2a onada 2015" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 3 July 2015.
42. ^ "Los catalanes exigen una mayoría muy reforzada para la independencia". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2 May 2015.
43. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 34. 1a onada 2015" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 13 March 2015.
44. "Enquesta sobre context polític a Catalunya. 2014" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 19 December 2014.
45. "Sondeig d'opinió Catalunya 2014" (PDF). ICPS (in Catalan). 6 December 2014.
46. ^ "La mayoría ve el plan independentista de Mas perjudicial para la economía". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 8 December 2014.
47. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 39. 3a onada 2016". El Mundo (in Spanish). 24 November 2014.
48. "EXCLUSIVA enquesta Gesop: el 46,2% dels catalans votarien avui a favor de la independència". CEO (in Catalan). 30 October 2014.
49. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 33. 2a onada 2014" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 31 October 2014.
50. "La secesión divide a los catalanes..." El Mundo (in Spanish). 1 September 2014.
51. ^ "Empate entre partidarios y contrarios a la independencia". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 12 May 2014.
52. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 32. 1a onada 2014" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 30 April 2014.
53. "La mayoría de catalanes creen que no habrá referendo el 9-N". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 9 March 2014.
54. ^ "El 74% de los catalanes reclaman a Rajoy que autorice la consulta". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 15 December 2013.
55. ^ "Empate entre partidarios y contrarios a la independencia". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 22 December 2013.
56. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 31. 3a onada 2013" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 22 November 2013.
57. "La opción 'más autogobierno' iguala en apoyo a la independencia". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 28 October 2013.
58. "Sondeig d'opinió Catalunya 2013" (PDF). ICPS (in Catalan). 10 October 2013.
59. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 30. 2a onada 2013" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 20 June 2013.
60. ^ "Baròmetre polític de Catalunya. Maig 2013" (PDF). El Periódico de Catalunya (in Catalan). 8 June 2013.
61. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 29. 1a onada 2013" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 21 February 2013.
62. ^ "La mayoría de los catalanes están a favor de la consulta". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 20 January 2013.
63. "Sondeig d'opinió Catalunya 2012" (PDF). ICPS (in Catalan). 20 December 2012.
64. ^ "El pacto fiscal sigue imponiéndose a la independencia, que se estanca". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 18 November 2012.
65. ^ "El pacto fiscal se impone a la independencia, que pierde apoyo". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 11 November 2012.
66. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 28. 3a onada 2012" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 8 November 2012.
67. ^ "El pacto fiscal neutralizaría la mayoría independentista". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 28 October 2012.
68. ^ "El 65% ve viable la independencia pero entiende el temor empresarial". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 14 October 2012.
69. ^ "El 84% de los catalanes apoya una consulta y el 55%, la independencia". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 30 September 2012.
70. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 27. 2a onada 2012" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 27 June 2012.
71. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 26. 1a onada 2012" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 2 March 2012.
72. "Sondeig d'opinió Catalunya 2011" (PDF). ICPS (in Catalan). 27 October 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
73. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 25. 3a onada 2011" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 25 October 2011.
74. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 24. 2a onada 2011" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 29 June 2011.
75. "El apoyo a la independencia remite y cae al 40%,frente al 45%en contra". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 7 September 2010.
76. "Sondeo sobre el referéndum en Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 22 September 2017.
77. "Referéndum: apoyo del 71,9% en Catalunya y rechazo del 61,5% en el resto de España". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 25 February 2017.
78. "El 76,3% de los que no votaron el 9-N no quiere la independencia". La Razón (in Spanish). 16 November 2014.

References

1. ^ "Catalan referendum results". Government of Catalonia. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
2. ^ Jones, Sam (9 June 2017). "Catalonia calls independence referendum for October". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
3. ^ "El independentismo inicia su campaña en Tarragona pese a las advertencias del Constitucional". 20minutos.es. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
4. "Recurso de inconstitucionalidad n.º 4334-2017, contra la Ley del Parlamento de Cataluña 19/2017, de 6 de septiembre, del Referéndum de Autodeterminación" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
5. Duarte, Esteban (11 September 2017). "Catalan Separatists Plot Show of Force in Battle With Madrid". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
6. "Did the referendum comply with basic voting regulations?". El País. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
7. "The EU Commission just said the Catalan referendum was illegal". `]. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
8. Epatko, Larisa (4 October 2017). "What happened with Catalonia's vote for independence -- and what's next". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 4 October 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
9. Jones, Sam (10 September 2017). "Catalans to celebrate their national day with independence protests". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
10. "Les bases de Podem Catalunya donen suport al referèndum de l'1 d'octubre però no el veuen vinculant". VilaWeb.cat (in Catalan). Retrieved 25 September 2017.
11. Ríos, Pere (6 September 2017). "Las diez claves de la ley del referéndum de Cataluña". Retrieved 30 September 2017.
12. "Catalan independence vote divides region's mayors". Reuters.com. 9 September 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
13. "Un total de 734 ens catalans ja donen suport al Referèndum de l'1 d'octubre -". Municipisindependencia.cat. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
14. "Référendum en Catalogne : 700 maires menacés de poursuites et d'arrestation". Midilibre.fr. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
15. Colau, Ada. "Complim el nostre compromís: a Barcelona l'#1oct es podrà participar sense posar en risc institució ni servidors públics". Twitter. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
16. ^ "El Govern anuncia un 90% de 'síes' entre las 2.262.424 papeletas contadas y asegura haber escrutado el 100,88% de votos" (in Spanish). El Mundo. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
17. ^ "Catalan independence referendum: Region votes overwhelmingly for independence from Spain". The Independent. 2 October 2017.
18. ^ Hilary Clarke, Isa Soares and Vasco Cotovio (2 October 2017). "Catalonia referendum plunges Spain into political crisis". CNN. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
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External links

• Catalan independence referendum, 2017 Template:En icon Template:Ca icon Template:Oc icon Template:Es icon
• Catalonia Votes Template:En icon Template:De icon Template:Es icon Template:Fr icon
• Opinion Studies Center (in Catalan, Spanish and English)
• Organizations urge the EU to suspend Spain’s right of vote if blocks referendum
• The Guardian view on Catalonia’s referendum: the Spanish state has lost

v t e Catalan nationalism and independence movement
Events	¡Cu-Cut! incident 1918-1919 autonomy campaign Plot of Prats de Molló Catalan Republic (1931) Events of 6 October Operation Garzón Fresno Case 2009–2011 independence referendums support 2010 autonomy protest 2012 independence demonstration 2013 Catalan Way 2014 Catalan Way 2014 self-determination referendum 2015 Free Way 2016 We are ready 2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis 2017 National Day for Yes 2017 Yes Campaign 2017 Operation Anubis 2017 independence referendum reactions 2017 Catalan general strike 2017 Wake Up Europe! 2017 Catalan regional election 2019 trial of independence leaders 2019–2020 protests 2019 Catalan general strike
Concepts	Catalan Countries Principality of Catalonia Republican Generalitat Anti-Catalan sentiment Federalism
Documents	Bases de Manresa (1892) Draft Constitution of the Catalan Republic (1928) Declaration of Sovereignty (23 Jan 2013) White Paper on the National Transition of Catalonia (Sep 2014) Initiation of the Process of Independence (9 Nov 2015) Let Catalans Vote (May 2017) Law on the Referendum on Self-determination (6 Sep 2017) Law of juridical transition (8 Sep 2017) Catalan declaration of independence (10/27 Oct 2017)
People	Valentí Almirall Enric Prat de la Riba Josep Puig i Cadafalch Francesc Macià Lluís Companys Joan Comorera Josep Irla Josep Tarradellas Jordi Pujol Guillem Agulló Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira Artur Mas Oriol Junqueras Muriel Casals Carme Forcadell Jordi Sànchez Jordi Cuixart Carles Puigdemont Roger Torrent Anna Gabriel Quim Torra Elisenda Paluzie Pere Aragonès Lluís Llach
Organisations	Pro-independence Association of Municipalities for Independence Assemblea Nacional Catalana Òmnium Cultural Committees for the Defense of the Republic Estat Català Socialist Party of National Liberation† Catalan European Democratic Party† Republican Left of Catalonia Sobiranistes Junts per Catalunya DC MES Popular Unity Candidacy Endavant Poble Lliure Més per Mallorca PSM Més per Menorca PSMe Catalan Solidarity for Independence Reagrupament Republican Left of the Valencian Country Democratic Tsunami Catalan Alliance Autonomist and federalist Assembly of Catalonia† Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia† Democratic Convergence of Catalonia† Catalonia in Common Proposta per les Illes Youth Young Republican Left of Catalonia Nationalist Youth of Catalonia Arran La Forja Maulets†
Sign † marks defunct organisations.

v t e Elections and referendums in Catalonia
Regional elections	1932 1980 1984 1988 1992 1995 1999 2003 2006 2010 2012 2015 2017 2021 2024 Next
General elections	1977 1979 1982 1986 1989 1993 1996 2000 2004 2008 2011 2015 2016 2019 (Apr) 2019 (Nov) 2023
European Parliament elections	1987 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024
Local elections	1931 1934 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023
Referendums	1931 1979 2006 2009–11 2014 2017

• 2017 referendums
• Catalan independence movement
• Independence referendums
• October 2017 events in Spain
• Referendums in Catalonia
• 2017 in Catalonia
• Police brutality