List of pioneers in computer science

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This article presents a list of individuals who helped in the creation, development and imagining of what computers and electronics could do.

The pioneers

Ach. Date	Person	Achievement
0830~	Al-Khwārizmī	The term "algorithm" is derived from the algorism, the technique of performing arithmetic with Arabic numerals developed by al-Khwarizmi.
1944	Howard Aiken	Conceived and codesigned the Harvard Mark I.
1970	Frances E. Allen	Developed bit vector notation and program control flow graphs.
1939	John Atanasoff	Built the first electronic digital computer, the Atanasoff–Berry Computer, though it was neither programmable nor Turing-complete.
1815 1852	Ada Lovelace	An English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. She was the first to recognize that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation, and created the first algorithm intended to be carried out by such a machine. As a result, she is often regarded as the first to recognize the full potential of a "computing machine" and the first computer programmer.
1943	Gertrude Blanch	Led the Mathematical Tables Project group from 1938 to 1948. During World War II, the project operated as a major computing office for the U.S. government and did calculations for the Office of Scientific Research and Development, the Army, the Navy, the Manhattan Project and other institutions.
1822 1837	Charles Babbage	Originated the concept of a programmable general-purpose computer. Designed the Analytical Engine and built a prototype for a less powerful mechanical calculator.
1954 1963	John Backus	Led the team that created FORTRAN (Formula Translation), the first practical high-level programming language, and he formulated the Backus–Naur form that described the formal language syntax.
1946	Jean Bartik	One of the first computer programmers, on ENIAC (1946), an early vacuum tube computer back when "programming" involved using cables, dials, and switches to physically rewire the machine. Worked with John Mauchly toward BINAC (1949), EDVAC (1949), UNIVAC (1951) to develop early "Stored program" computers.
1946	Kathleen Antonelli	Was an Irish–American computer programmer and one of the six original programmers of the ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer.
1946	Marlyn Meltzer	Was one of the six original programmers of ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer and was inducted into the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame in 1997.
1946	Ruth Teitelbaum	Was one of the six original programmers of ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer and was inducted into the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame in 1997.
1947	Irma Wyman	Worked on a missile guidance project at the Willow Run Research Center. To calculate trajectory, they used mechanical calculators. In 1947–48, she visited the U.S. Naval Proving Ground where Grace Hopper was working on similar problems and discovered they were using a prototype of a programmable Mark II computer.
1949	Evelyn Boyd Granville	Was the second African-American woman in the U.S. to receive a PhD in mathematics. From 1956 to 1960, she worked for IBM on the Project Vanguard and Project Mercury space programs, analyzing orbits and developing computer procedures.
1966	Margaret R. Fox	Was appointed Chief of the Office of Computer Information in 1966, part of the Institute for Computer Science and Technology of NBS. She held the post until 1975. She was also actively involved in the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and served as the first Secretary for the American Federation of Information Processing Societies (AFIPS).
1950	Ida Rhodes	One of the pioneers in the analysis of systems of programming. She co-designed the C-10 language in the early 1950s for the UNIVAC I – a computer system that was used to calculate the census.
1952	Mary Coombs	One of the first programmers on, and was the first female programmer on LEO, the first business computer. She went on to work on LEO II and LEO III
1961	Dana Ulery	Was the first female engineer at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, developing real-time tracking systems using a North American Aviation Recomp II, a 40-bit word size computer.
1989 1990	Tim Berners-Lee	Invented worldwide web. With Robert Cailliau, sent first HTTP communication between client and server.
1966	Corrado Böhm	Theorized of the concept of Structured programming.
1847 1854	George Boole	Formalized Boolean algebra, the basis for digital logic and computer science.
1947	Kathleen Booth	Invented the first assembly language.
1969 1978	Per Brinch Hansen	Developed the RC 4000 multiprogramming system which introduced the concept of an operating system kernel and the separation of policy and mechanism, effectively the first microkernel architecture. Co-developed the monitor with Tony Hoare, and created the first monitor implementation. Implemented the first form of remote procedure call in the RC 4000, and was first to propose remote procedure calls as a structuring concept for distributed computing.
1959 1995	Fred Brooks	Manager of IBM System/360 and OS/360 projects; author of The Mythical Man-Month.
1958	Nikolay Brusentsov	Built ternary computer Setun.
1930	Vannevar Bush	Analogue computing pioneer. Originator of the Memex concept, which led to the development of Hypertext.
1946	Frances V. Spence	Was one of the original programmers for the ENIAC (the first digital computer). She is considered to be one of the first computer programmers in history and was inducted into the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame, along with the other original ENIAC programmers, in 1997.
1951	David Caminer	With John Pinkerton, developed the LEO computer the first business computer, for J. Lyons and Co
1978	Vint Cerf	With Bob Kahn, designed the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), the primary data communication protocols of the Internet and other computer networks.
1972	Mary Shaw	Became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Carnegie Mellon University.
1972	Karen Spärck Jones	Was one of the pioneers of information retrieval and natural language processing.
1972	Sandra Kurtzig	Founded ASK Computer Systems, an early Silicon Valley startup
1973	Susan Nycum	Co-authored Computer Abuse, a minor classic that was one of the first studies to define and document computer-related crime.
1973	Phyllis Fox	Worked on the PORT portable mathematical/numerical library.
1974	Elizabeth Feinler	Her team defined a simple text file format for Internet host names. The list evolved into the Domain Name System and her group became the naming authority for the top-level domains of .mil, .gov, .edu, .org, and .com.
1978	Sophie Wilson	A British computer scientist. She is known for designing the Acorn Micro-Computer, as well as the instruction set of the ARM processor.
1980	Carla Meninsky	Was the game designer and programmer for Atari 2600 games Dodge 'Em and Warlords.
1983	Janese Swanson	(with others) Developed the first of the Carmen Sandiego games. She went on to found Girl Tech. Girl Tech develops products and services that encourage girls to use new technologies, such as the Internet and video games.
1984	Roberta Williams	Did pioneering work in graphical adventure games for personal computers, particularly the King's Quest series.
1984	Susan Kare	Created the icons and many of the interface elements for the original Apple Macintosh in the 1980s, and was an original employee of NeXT, working as the Creative Director.
1985	Radia Perlman	Invented the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), which is fundamental to the operation of network bridges, while working for Digital Equipment Corporation. Has done extensive and innovative research, particularly on encryption and networking. She received the USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award in 2007, among numerous others.
1987	Monica S. Lam	Received a Ph.D. for her work on optimizing compilers. She has since then performed influential research in many areas of computer science as well as co-authored a famous textbook on compilers.
1988	Éva Tardos	Was the recipient of the Fulkerson Prize for her research on design and analysis of algorithms.
1989	Frances E. Allen	Became the first female IBM Fellow in 1989. In 2006, she became the first female recipient of the ACM's Turing Award.
1992	Donna Dubinsky	CEO and co-founder of Palm, Inc., co-founder of Handspring, co-founder of Numenta, Harvard Business School's Alumni Achievement Award winner for "introducing the first successful personal digital assistant (PDA) and who is now developing a computer memory system modeled after the human brain".
1956	Noam Chomsky	Made contributions to computer science with his work in linguistics. He developed Chomsky hierarchy, a discovery which has directly impacted programming language theory and other branches of computer science.
1936	Alonzo Church	Founded contributions to theoretical computer science, specifically for the development of the lambda calculus and the discovery of the undecidability problem within it.
1962	Wesley A. Clark	Designed LINC, the first functional computer scaled down and priced for the individual user. Put in service in 1963, many of its features are seen as prototypes of what were to be essential elements of personal computers.
1981	Edmund M. Clarke	Developed model checking and formal verification of software and hardware together with E. Allen Emerson.
1970	Edgar F. Codd	Proposed and formalized the relational model of data management, the theoretical basis of relational databases.
1971	Stephen Cook	Formalized the notion of NP-completeness, inspiring a great deal of research in computational complexity theory.
1965	James Cooley	With John W. Tukey, created the fast Fourier transform.
1962	Ole-Johan Dahl	With Kristen Nygaard, invented the proto-object oriented language SIMULA.
1968	Vera Molnár	Is one of the pioneers of computer and algorithmic arts. In 1968 she began working with computers, where she began to create algorithmic drawings based on simple geometric shapes geometrical themes.
1971	Erna Schneider Hoover	Is an American mathematician notable for inventing a computerized telephone switching method which developed modern communication according to several reports. At Bell Labs, where she worked for over 32 years, Hoover was described as an important pioneer for women in the field of computer technology.
1969	Margaret Hamilton	Was in late 1960s Director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for the Apollo space program. MIT work prevented an abort of the Apollo 11 moon landing by using robust architecture. Later, she was awarded the NASA Exceptional Space Act Award for her scientific and technical contributions.
1968	Edsger Dijkstra	Made advances in algorithms, pioneered and coined the term structured programming, invented the semaphore, and famously suggested that the GOTO statement should be considered harmful.
1943 1951	J. Presper Eckert	With John Mauchly, designed and built the ENIAC, the first modern (all electronic, Turing-complete) computer, and the UNIVAC I, the first commercially available computer.
1981	E. Allen Emerson	Developed model checking and formal verification of software and hardware together with Edmund M. Clarke.
1963	Douglas Engelbart	Best known for inventing the computer mouse (in a joint effort with Bill English); as a pioneer of human-computer interaction whose Augment team developed hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to GUIs.
1943	Tommy Flowers	Designed and built the Mark 1 and the ten improved Mark 2 Colossus computers, the world's first programmable, digital, electronic, computing devices.
1879	Gottlob Frege	Developed first-order predicate calculus, which was a crucial precursor requirement to developing computation theory.
1958 1961 1967	Seymour Ginsburg	Proved "don't-care" circuit minimization does not necessarily yield optimal results, proved that the ALGOL programming language is context-free (thus linking formal language theory to the problem of compiler writing), and invented AFL Theory.
1931	Kurt Gödel	Proved that Peano axiomatized arithmetic could not be both logically consistent and complete in first-order predicate calculus. Church, Kleene, and Turing developed the foundations of computation theory based on corollaries to Gödel's work.
1954	Eiichi Goto	Invented the parametron.
1974 2005	Jim Gray	Innovator in database systems and transaction processing implementation.
1986 1990	Barbara Grosz	Created the first computational model of discourse, which established the field of research and influenced language-processing technologies. Also developed SharedPlans model for collaboration in multi-agent systems.
1954	Lois Haibt	Was a member of the ten-person team that invented Fortran and among the first women to play a crucial role in the development of computer science.
1971	Margaret Hamilton	Credited with coining the phrase "Software engineering" and developed the concepts of asynchronous software, priority scheduling, end-to-end testing, and human-in-the-loop decision capability, such as priority displays which then became the foundation for ultra reliable software design.
1972 1973	André Truong Trong Thi and François Gernelle	Invention of the Micral N, the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computer based on a microprocessor
1926	Grete Hermann	Published foundational paper for computerized algebra titled "The Question of Finitely Many Steps in Polynomial Ideal Theory", and published in Mathematische Annalen.
1960 1978	C.A.R. Hoare	Developed the formal language communicating sequential processes (CSP) and Quicksort.
1968	Betty Holberton	Wrote the first mainframe sort merge on the Univac
1889	Herman Hollerith	Widely regarded as the father of modern machine data processing. His invention of the punched card evaluating machine marks the beginning of the era of automatic data processing systems.
1952	Grace Hopper	Pioneered work on the necessity for high-level programming languages, which she termed automatic programming, and wrote the A-O compiler, which heavily influenced the COBOL language.
1997	Feng-hsiung Hsu	Work led to the creation of the Deep Thought chess computer, and the architect and the principal designer of the IBM Deep Blue chess computer which defeated the reigning World Chess Champion, Garry Kasparov, in 1997.
1952	Cuthbert Hurd	Helped the International Business Machines Corporation develop its first general-purpose computer, the IBM 701.
1954; 1962	Kenneth E. Iverson	Assisted in establishing the first graduate course in computer science (at Harvard) and taught that course; invented the APL programming language and made contribution to interactive computing.
1801	Joseph Marie Jacquard	Built and demonstrated the Jacquard loom, a programmable mechanized loom controlled by punch cards.
1206	Al-Jazari	Invented programmable machines, including programmable humanoid robots, and the castle clock, an astronomical clock considered the first programmable analog computer.
1953 1953	Maurice Karnaugh	Inventor of the Karnaugh map, used for logic function minimization.
1973	Jacek Karpinski	Developed the first differential analyzer that used transistors, and developed one of the first machine learning algorithms for character and image recognition. Also was the inventor of one of the first minicomputers, the K-202.
1970~	Adele Goldberg	One of the seven programmers that developed Smalltalk in the 1970s, one of the first object-oriented programming languages, the base of the current graphic user interface, that has its roots in the 1968 The Mother of All Demos by Douglas Engelbart. Smalltalk was later used by Apple to launch Apple Lisa in 1983, the first personal computer with a GUI, and one year later its Macintosh. Windows 1.0, based on the same principles, was launched a few months later in 1985.
1970~	Alan Kay	Pioneered many of the ideas at the root of object-oriented programming languages, led the team that developed Smalltalk, and made fundamental contributions to personal computing.
1936	Stephen Cole Kleene	Pioneered work with Alonzo Church on the Lambda Calculus that first laid down the foundations of computation theory.
1968 1989	Donald Knuth	Wrote The Art of Computer Programming and created TeX. Coined the term "analysis of algorithms" and made major contributions to that field, including popularizing Big O notation.
1974 1978	Leslie Lamport	Formulated algorithms to solve many fundamental problems in distributed systems (e.g. the bakery algorithm). Developed the concept of a logical clock, enabling synchronization between distributed entities based on the events through which they communicate. Created LaTeX.
1951	Sergei Alekseyevich Lebedev	Independently designed the first electronic computer in the Soviet Union, MESM, in Kiev, Ukraine.
1670~	Gottfried Leibniz	Made advances in symbolic logic, such as the Calculus ratiocinator, that were heavily influential on Gottlob Frege. Made developments in first-order predicate calculus that were crucial for the theoretical foundations of computer science.
1960	J. C. R. Licklider	Began the investigation of human-computer interaction, leading to many advances in computer interfaces as well as in cybernetics and artificial intelligence.
1987	Barbara Liskov	Developed the Liskov substitution principle, which guarantees semantic interoperability of data types in a hierarchy.
1300~	Ramon Llull	Designed multiple symbolic representations machines, and pioneered notions of symbolic representation and manipulation to produce knowledge—both of which were major influences on Leibniz.
1968	Julie Beth Lovins	Wrote the first stemming algorithm for word matching.
1962	Dame Stephanie "Steve" Shirley	Founded the UK software company F.I. She was concerned with creating work opportunities for women with dependents, and predominantly employed women, only 3 out of 300-odd programmers were male, until that became illegal. She adopted the name "Steve" to help her in the male-dominated business world. From 1989 to 1990, she was President of the British Computer Society. In 1985, she was awarded a Recognition of Information Technology Award.
1962	Jean E. Sammet	Developed the FORMAC programming language. She was also the first to write extensively about the history and categorization of programming languages in 1969, and became the first female president of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1974.
1965	Mary Allen Wilkes	Was the first person to use a computer in a private home (in 1965) and the first developer of an operating system (LAP) for the first minicomputer (LINC).
1965	Sister Mary Kenneth Keller	Became the first American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Computer Science in 1965. Her thesis was titled "Inductive Inference on Computer Generated Patterns."
1952	Donald MacCrimmon MacKay	Elucidated important constructive mathematical properties that allowed introduction of an axiomatic information theoretical approach to Neural coding, which was further developed by introduction of Gaussian processes to neural networks by his son Sir David J. C. MacKay.
1943 1951	John Mauchly	With J. Presper Eckert, designed and built the ENIAC, the first modern (all electronic, Turing-complete) computer, and the UNIVAC I, the first commercially available computer. Also worked on BINAC(1949), EDVAC(1949), UNIVAC(1951) with Grace Hopper and Jean Bartik, to develop early stored program computers.
1955	John McCarthy	Invented LISP, a functional programming language.
1963	Marvin Minsky	Co-founder of Artificial Intelligence Lab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, author of several texts on AI and philosophy.
0850~	Banū Mūsā	The Banū Mūsā brothers wrote the Book of Ingenious Devices, where they described what appears to be the first programmable machine, an automatic flute player.
1950 1960	Yoshiro Nakamatsu	Invented the first floppy disk at Tokyo Imperial University in 1950, receiving a 1952 Japanese patent and 1958 US patent for his floppy magnetic disk sheet invention, and licensed to Nippon Columbia in 1960 and IBM in the 1970s.
1934 1938	Akira Nakashima	NEC engineer introduced switching circuit theory in papers from 1934 to 1936, laying the foundations for digital circuit design, in digital computers and other areas of modern technology.
1960	Peter Naur	Edited the ALGOL 60 Revised Report, introducing Backus-Naur form
1943	Max Newman	Instigated the production of the Colossus computers at Bletchley Park. After the war he established the Computing Machine Laboratory at the University of Manchester where the world's first stored-program computer, the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine was invented.
1945	John von Neumann	Formulated the von Neumann architecture upon which most modern computers are based.
1962	Kristen Nygaard	With Ole-Johan Dahl, invented the proto-object oriented language SIMULA.
0500 BC ~	Pāṇini	Ashtadhyayi Sanskrit grammar was systematised and technical, using metarules, transformations, and recursions, a forerunner to formal language theory and basis for Panini-Backus form used to describe programming languages.
1642	Blaise Pascal	Invented the mechanical calculator.
1991	Nicola Pellow	Developed the first cross-platform web browser.
1952	Alan Perlis	On Project Whirlwind, member of the team that developed the ALGOL programming language, and the first recipient of the Turing Award
1964	Pier Giorgio Perotto	Designer of Olivetti Programma 101, the first personal computer.
1932	Rózsa Péter	Published a series of papers grounding recursion theory as a separate area of mathematical research, setting the foundation for theoretical computer science.
1995	Rosalind Picard	Founded Affective Computing, and laid the foundations for giving computers skills of emotional intelligence.
1936	Emil L. Post	Developed the Post machine as a model of computation, independently of Turing. Known also for developing truth tables, the Post correspondence problem used in recursion theory as well as proving what is known as Post's theorem.
1967	Dennis Ritchie	With Ken Thompson, pioneered the C programming language and the Unix computer operating system at Bell Labs.
1967	Ken Thompson	Created the Unix operating system, the B programming language, Plan 9 operating system, the first computer chess game and the UTF-8 encoding at Bell Labs and the Go programming language at Google.
1958–1960	Saul Rosen	Designed the software of the first transistor-based computer. Also influenced the ALGOL programming language.
1910	Bertrand Russell	Made contributions to computer science with his work on mathematical logic (example: truth function). Introduced the notion of type theory. He also introduced type system (along with Alfred North Whitehead) in his work, Principia Mathematica.
1975	Gerard Salton	A pioneer of automatic information retrieval, who proposed the vector space model and the inverted index.
1963 1973	Tadashi Sasaki	Sharp engineer who conceived a single-chip microprocessor CPU, presenting the idea to Busicom and Intel in 1968, influencing the first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004. He also developed LCD calculators at Sharp.
1937 1948	Claude Shannon	Founded information theory, and laid foundations for practical digital circuit design.
1968 1980	Masatoshi Shima	Designed the Intel 4004, the first commercial microprocessor, as well as the Intel 8080, Zilog Z80 and Zilog Z8000 microprocessors, and the Intel 8259, 8255, 8253, 8257 and 8251 chips.
1981 1991	Shiraz Shivji	Designed the Atari ST and Commodore 64 computers, as well as an early touchscreen tablet computer, the Momenta Pentop Computer introduced in 1991.
1964	Glenda Schroeder	Implemented the first command line user interface shell. She also described the first e-mail implementation in 1964–65 (with Pat Crisman and Louis Pouzin) by outlining a system of notifying users about backups of files.
1956 1957	Herbert A. Simon	A political scientist and economist who pioneered artificial intelligence. Co-creator of the Logic Theory Machine and the General Problem Solver programs.
1970 1990	Richard Stallman	Stallman launched the GNU Project in September 1983 to create a Unix-like computer operating system composed entirely of free software. With this, he also launched the free software movement.
1982	Michael Stonebraker	Researcher at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) who revolutionized the field of database management systems (DBMSs) and founded multiple successful database companies
1963	Ivan Sutherland	Author of Sketchpad, the ancestor of modern computer-aided drafting (CAD) programs and one of the early examples of object-oriented programming.
1978 1982	Yasaharu "Yash" Terakura	Commodore Japan engineer who designed the color PET, VIC-20, MAX Machine and C64 computers.
1965	John W. Tukey	With James Cooley, created the fast Fourier transform.
1936	Alan Turing	Made several founding contributions to computer science, including the Turing machine computational model, the conceiving of the stored program concept and the designing of the high-speed ACE design. Widely considered as the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.
1968	Noriko Umeda	His team at Japan's Electrotechnical Laboratory developed the first text-to-speech synthesis system.
1950~	An Wang	Made key contributions to the development of magnetic core memory.
1955 1960s 1974	Willis Ware	Co-designer of JOHNNIAC. Chaired committee that developed the Code of Fair Information Practice and led to the Privacy Act of 1974. Vice-chair of the Privacy Protection Study Commission.
1968	Adriaan van Wijngaarden	Developer of the W-grammar first used in the definition of ALGOL 68
1994	Sally Floyd	Is known for her work on Transmission Control Protocol.
1996	Xiaoyuan Tu	Was the first female recipient of ACM's Doctoral Dissertation Award.
1997	Anita Borg	Was the founding director of the Institute for Women and Technology (IWT), renamed Anita Borg Institute (ABI) in her honor in 2003
2006	Maria Klawe	Was the first woman to become President of the Harvey Mudd College since its founding in 1955 and was ACM president from 2002 until 2004.
2014	Megan Smith	Named third (and first female) Chief Technology Officer of the United States of America (USCTO), succeeding Todd Park.
1949	Maurice Wilkes	Built the first practical stored program computer (EDSAC) to be completed and for being credited with the ideas of several high-level programming language constructs.
1981 1985	Sophie Wilson	Wrote BBC Basic programming language. Also designed the ARM architecture and Firepath processors
1970 1978	Niklaus Wirth	Designed the Pascal, Modula-2 and Oberon programming languages.
1938 1945	Konrad Zuse	Built the first digital freely programmable computer, the Z1. Built the first functional program-controlled computer, the Z3. The Z3 was proven to be Turing-complete in 1998. Produced the world's first commercial computer, the Z4. Designed the first high-level programming language, Plankalkül.

~ Items marked with a tilde are circa dates.

References

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https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/

External links

Pioneers of Computing from the Virtual Museum of Computing
Internet pioneers

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