This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 72.138.108.74 (talk) at 18:39, 7 December 2018 (→History). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Revision as of 18:39, 7 December 2018 by 72.138.108.74 (talk) (→History)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) This article is about the letter of the Latin alphabet. For other uses, see R (disambiguation). "ℛ" redirects here. For the Unicode block containing this character, see Letterlike Symbols. | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "R" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| R | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| R r | |||
| (See below) | |||
 | |||
| Usage | |||
| Writing system | Latin script | ||
| Type | Alphabetic and Logographic | ||
| Language of origin | Latin language | ||
| Sound values | (Table) (English variations) /ɑːr/ | ||
| In Unicode | U+0052, U+0072 | ||
| Alphabetical position | 18 | ||
| History | |||
| Development |
| ||
| Time period | ~50 to present | ||
| Descendants | • ℟ • ℞ • ® • Ɍ • ᚱ • 𐍂 • Ꭱ | ||
| Sisters | Р ר ر ܪ ࠓ 𐎗 𐡓 ረ Ռ ռ Ր ր ર र | ||
| Variations | (See below) | ||
| Other | |||
| Associated graphs | r(x), rh | ||
| Writing direction | Left-to-Right | ||
| This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. | |||
 |
| ISO basic Latin alphabet |
|---|
| AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz |
R (named ar/or /ɑːr/) is the 18th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
Name
The name of the letter in Latin was er (/ɛr/), following the pattern of other letters representing continuants, such as F, L, M, N and S. This name is preserved in French and many other languages. In Middle English, the name of the letter changed from /ɛr/ to /ar/, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as farm (compare French ferme), and star (compare German Stern).
In Hiberno-English the letter is called /ɒr/ or /ɔːr/.
The letter R is sometimes referred to as the littera canina (canine letter). This phrase has Latin origins: the Latin R was trilled to sound like a growling dog. A good example of a trilling R is the Spanish word for dog, perro.
In William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, such a reference is made by Juliet's nurse in Act 2, scene 4, when she calls the letter R "the dog's name". The reference is also found in Ben Jonson's English Grammar.
Use in writing systems
See also: Rhotic consonant, R-colored vowel, and Guttural REnglish
The letter ⟨r⟩ is the eighth most common letter in English and the fourth-most common consonant (after ⟨t⟩, ⟨n⟩, and ⟨s⟩).
The letter ⟨r⟩ is used to form the ending "-re", which is used in certain words such as centre in some varieties of English spelling, such as British English. Canadian English also uses the "-re" ending, unlike American English, where the ending is usually replaced by "-er" (center). This does not affect pronunciation.
Other languages
⟨r⟩ represents a rhotic consonant in many languages, as shown in the table below.
| Alveolar trill | Listen | some dialects of British English or in emphatic speech, standard Dutch, Finnish, Galician, German in some dialects, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Czech, Javanese, Lithuanian, Latvian, Latin, Norwegian mostly in the northwest, Polish, Portuguese (traditional form), Romanian, Russian, Scots, Slovak, Swedish, Sundanese, Welsh; also Catalan, Spanish and Albanian ⟨rr⟩ |
| Alveolar approximant | Listen | English (most varieties), Dutch in some Dutch dialects (in specific positions of words), Faroese, Sicilian |
| Alveolar flap / Alveolar tap | Listen | Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish and Albanian ⟨r⟩, Turkish, Dutch, Italian, Venetian, Galician, Leonese, Norwegian, Irish, Māori |
| Voiced retroflex fricative | Listen | Norwegian around Tromsø; Spanish used as an allophone of /r/ in some South American accents; Hopi used before vowels, as in raana, "toad", from Spanish rana; Hanyu Pinyin transliteration of Standard Chinese. |
| Retroflex approximant | Listen | some English dialects (in the United States, South West England, and Dublin), Gutnish |
| Retroflex flap | Listen | Norwegian when followed by <d>, sometimes in Scottish English |
| Uvular trill | Listen | German stage standard; some Dutch dialects (in Brabant and Limburg, and some city dialects in The Netherlands), Swedish in Southern Sweden, Norwegian in western and southern parts, Venetian only in Venice area. |
| Voiced uvular fricative | Listen | German, Danish, French, standard European Portuguese ⟨rr⟩, standard Brazilian Portuguese ⟨rr⟩, Puerto Rican Spanish ⟨rr⟩ and 'r-' in western parts, Norwegian in western and southern parts. |
Other languages may use the letter ⟨r⟩ in their alphabets (or Latin transliterations schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In Haitian Creole, it represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with ⟨w⟩, e.g. 'Kweyol' for 'Kreyol'.
Brazilian Portuguese has a great number of allophones of /ʁ/ such as [χ], [h], [ɦ], [x], [ɣ], [ɹ] and [r], the latter three ones can be used only in certain contexts ([ɣ] and [r] as ⟨rr⟩; [ɹ] in the syllable coda, as an allophone of /ɾ/ according to the European Portuguese norm and /ʁ/ according to the Brazilian Portuguese norm). Usually at least two of them are present in a single dialect, such as Rio de Janeiro's [ʁ], [χ], [ɦ] and, for a few speakers, [ɣ].
Other systems
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; ⟨r⟩ represents the alveolar trill.
Related characters
Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet
- R with diacritics: Ŕ ŕ Ɍ ɍ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṙ ṙ Ȑ ȑ Ȓ ȓ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ Ṟ ṟ Ꞧ ꞧ Ɽ ɽ R̃ r̃ ᵲ ᵳ ᶉ
- International Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to R: ɹ ɺ ɾ ɻ ɽ ʀ ʁ ʶ ˞ ʴ
- Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet: ɼ ɿ
- Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to R:
- U+1D19 ᴙ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL REVERSED R
- U+1D1A ᴚ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED R
- U+1D3F ᴿ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL R
- U+1D63 ᵣ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER R
- Teuthonista phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to R:
- U+AB45 ꭅ LATIN SMALL LETTER STIRRUP R
- U+AB46 ꭆ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R WITH RIGHT LEG
- U+AB47 ꭇ LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITHOUT HANDLE
- U+AB48 ꭈ LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R
- U+AB49 ꭉ LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CROSSED-TAIL
- U+AB4A ꭊ LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R WITH CROSSED-TAIL
- U+AB4B ꭋ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R
- U+AB4C ꭌ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R WITH RING
- ⱹ : Turned r with tail is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet
- Other variations of R used for phonetic transcription: ʳ ʵ
Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet
- Ꝛ ꝛ : R rotunda
- Ꞃ ꞃ : "Insular" R (Gaelic type)
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
Abbreviations, signs and symbols
- ℟: symbol for "response" in liturgy
- ℞ : Medical prescription Rx
- ₽ : Ruble symbol
- ® : Registered trademark symbol
Physics
| R | electrical resistance | ohm (Ω) |
| Ricci tensor | unitless | |
| radiancy | ||
| gas constant | joule per mole-kelvin (J/molK) | |
| r | radius vector (position) | meter (m) |
| r | radius of rotation or distance between two things such as the masses in Newton's law of universal gravitation | meter (m) |
Encoding
| Preview | R | r | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R | LATIN SMALL LETTER R | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 82 | U+0052 | 114 | U+0072 |
| UTF-8 | 82 | 52 | 114 | 72 |
| Numeric character reference | R |
R |
r |
r |
| EBCDIC family | 217 | D9 | 153 | 99 |
| ASCII | 82 | 52 | 114 | 72 |
- Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
| NATO phonetic | Morse code |
| Romeo |
▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ |
|
|
|
|
|
| Signal flag | Flag semaphore | American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) | British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling) | Braille dots-1235 Unified English Braille |
See also
References
- "R", Oxford English Dictionary || /ˈɔr/ 2nd edition (1989); "ar", op. cit; a pronunciation /ɔːr/ is common in Ireland.
- "Analysis of selected contemporary Irish dialects" (PDF). Digilib.k.utb.cz. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
- "How to speak English like the Irish - Fluent in 3 months - Language Hacking and Travel Tips". Fluentin3months.com. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
- "A Word A Day: Dog's letter". Wordsmith.org. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
- Shakespeare, William; Horace Howard Furness; Frederick Williams (1913). Romeo and Juliet. Lippincott. p. 189.
- "Frequency Table". Math.cornell.edu. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
- ^ Constable, Peter (2003-09-30). "L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org.
- Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org.
- Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org.
- Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org.
- Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (2006-01-26). "L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org.
External links
Media related to R at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of R at Wiktionary- The dictionary definition of r at Wiktionary
| Latin script | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alphabets (list) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Letters (list) |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Multigraphs |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Keyboard layouts (list) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Historical Standards | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current Standards | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lists | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||