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This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Detransition" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2019)

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Detransition is the cessation or reversal of a gender transition, whether by social, legal, and/or medical means.

Direct, formal research of detransition is lacking. Professional interest in the phenomenon has been met with contention. Detransitioners (persons who detransition) have similarly experienced controversy and struggle.

Background and terminology

Transition is the process of changing one's gender presentation and/or sex characteristics to accord with one's internal sense of gender identity. Transition commonly involves social changes (such as clothing, personal name, and pronouns), legal changes (such as legal name and legal gender), and medical changes (such as hormone replacement and surgery).

Detransition (also sometimes termed as retransition) is the process of halting or reversing a gender transition. Like transition, detransition is not a single event, it can vary greatly among individuals, and it can involve changes to one's gender expression, social identity, legal identity documents, and physically sexual characteristics. Desistance is a general term for any cessation, and it is commonly used to describe detransition, especially for individuals who have transitioned socially but not medically. Those who undertake detransition are known as detransitioners. Detransition is commonly associated with transition regret, but regret and detransition do not always coincide.

Occurrence

Formal studies of detransition have been few in number, of disputed quality, and politically controversial. Frequency estimates vary greatly from 0 to 95%, with notable differences in terminology and methodology. Detransition is more common in the earlier stages of transition, particularly before surgeries. The number of detransitioners is unknown but growing.

A 2008 study of gender dysphoric adolescents found 61% to desist from their transgender identity before reaching adulthood, and a 2013 study found 63% to desist. A 2018 survey of WPATH (World Professional Association for Transgender Health) surgeons found that approximately 0.3% of patients who underwent transition-related surgery later requested detransition-related surgical care. A 2003 German study found evidence for an increase in the number of demands for detransition, blaming poor practice on the part of "well-meaning but certainly not unproblematic" clinicians who—contrary to international best practices—assumed that transitioning as quickly as possible should be the only correct course of action. Surgeon Miroslav Djordjevic and psychotherapist James Caspian have reported that demand for surgical reversal of the physical effects of medical transition has been on the rise.

Motivation to transition among detransitioners has included trauma, isolation, dissociation, inadequate mental healthcare, and social pressure to pursue transition. Informed consent and affirmation of self-diagnosis (both newer but increasingly employed models for transgender healthcare) have been criticized for failing to meet the needs of those who eventually detransition. Among eventual detransitioners, the progression of transition has been found to magnify, rather than remedy, gender dysphoria. Sufferers may fixate on passing (being perceived as their preferred gender), leading them to pursue ever further steps in medical transition.

Motivation to detransition has included financial barriers to transition, social rejection in transition, depression or suicidality due to transition, discomfort with sexual characteristics developed during transition, concern for lack of data on long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy, concern for loss of fertility, complications from surgery, and changes in gender identity.

Individual accounts

Michael Berke (born 1964) lived as a woman and became famous for having switched back to being a male after his/her involvement with a mega church.

Since 2011, Walt Heyer has written several books on his experience of regret and detransition.

In June 2015, US-based Vocativ (then an online newspaper) profiled Joel Nowak. Nowak identified as a woman for ten years, including a legal change of name, hormone therapy, and surgery, before re-identifying as a man. Nowak described long feeling "closeted" and in denial about his doubts of transition. He described detransition as feeling "liberating", and he expressed hope for topics of gender to move beyond dogmatism.

Laura Perry returned to her female birth sex in 2016 after living as a man during her twenties.

Zahra Cooper, 21, spent almost a year on testosterone treatment and had been living as a man for three years when she decided to go back the gender assigned to her at birth in April 2017.

In September 2017, the Australian 60 Minutes television program featured a 12-year-old boy who had undergone hormone replacement therapy for two years before deciding to stop. Both he and his mother stated they did not regret transition, nor have they regretted detransition.

Also in September 2017, British daily paper The Guardian published an interview with Elan Anthony of Ohio. Anthony lived as a transgender woman for two decades, including undertaking hormones and surgery, before detransitioning. He described a well-intentioned but misguided rush to transition from doctors and allies. In detransition, he lost friends, and he developed a renewed sense of shame. He has since pursued advocacy work for detransitioners, and he has begun work toward a doctorate in psychology.

The October/November 2017 issue of The Economist's 1843 magazine published a profile of female detransitioner Max Robinson. Robinson began transition at age 15, including hormones and surgery. Three years later, she began to detransition. She has since re-identified as a bisexual woman. She has now blamed her gender dysphoria on her anxiety and depression, and she has now believed her therapist overlooked "the possibility that her mental health problems, far from being symptomatic of gender dysphoria, could actually be the cause of it."

Renee Sullivan spent eight years living as a man before returning to her female birth sex.

In April 2018, Paper magazine published a biography of Brian Belovitch (formerly known as Tish Gervais), a performance artist in New York City. Belovitch undertook medical transition following social pressure to conform his feminine personality to binary gender norms. He lived as trans for fifteen years, until eventually desisting hormones and getting a mastectomy. Belovitch primarily cited his evolved view of gender identity (referring to himself now as "genderqueer or gender nonconforming") for his reason to detransition. He noted feeling rejected initially by friends and peers, who saw his decision as a betrayal. He voiced hope for an eventual destigmatization of detransition.

Jeffrey McCall formerly lived as a trans "woman" and went by the name, “Scarlet.”

In June 2018, American magazine The Atlantic released a short film entitled "Reversing a Gender Transition", documenting Ohio-resident Carey Callahan's experiences in transition, regret, and detransition. Callahan identified as trans for four years, including a period of nine months on hormones, before detransitioning. She has since become an advocate for detransitioners: writing, vlogging, and presenting public talks. She has expressed concern that WPATH's Standards of Care (SOC) are too loose, while also supporting individuals' pursuit of informed transition.

Billy Burleigh, who once lived as a woman reclaimed his male birth sex despite having undergone gender reassignment surgery.

Lee Harries said in November 2018 that she wasn't transgender - but instead was a woman suffering with horrific complex PTSD, after years of sexual abuse.

In March 2019, Jamie Shupe, the first American to be legally recognized as having a non-binary gender, criticized his transition and publicly re-identified as a man.

Cultural and political impact

Individuals who have detransitioned, and some researchers and medical providers, have voiced concern for a lack of legal, medical, and psychological assistance for those seeking detransition. Healthcare professionals add that they perceive an atmosphere of censorship around discussing and researching the phenomenon, while detransitioners express experiences of harassment from activists who view detransition as a political threat.

In August 2017, the Mazzoni Center's Philadelphia Trans Health Conference, which is an annual meeting of transgender people, advocates, and healthcare providers, canceled a panel discussion on detransition. The conference organizers said, "When a topic becomes controversial, such as this one has turned on social media, there is a duty to make sure that the debate does not get out of control at the conference itself. After several days of considerations and reviewing feedback, the planning committee voted that the workshops, while valid, cannot be presented at the conference as planned".

In September 2017, Bath Spa University declined permission for James Caspian, a counselor who specializes in transgender therapy, to research regret of gender-reassignment procedures and pursuit of detransition. Caspian alleged the reason for the university's refusal was that it was "a potentially politically incorrect piece of research, carries a risk to the university".

WPATH's Standards of Care have offered no mention of detransition, though a majority of WPATH surgeons have expressed desire for detransition guidelines to be included, and former WPATH president and longtime chair of WPATH's SOC revision team, Eli Coleman, has listed detransition among the topics he's working to include in the eighth edition.

The rise of detransition has attracted interest from both social conservatives on the political right and radical feminists on the political left. This attention has elicited in detransitioners feelings of both exploitation and support.

See also

• Feminist views on transgender topics
• Healthcare and the LGBT community
• LGBT rights by country or territory
• LGBT social movements

References

1. Brown and Rounsley 1996
2. Graham n.d.; Tobia 2018; Herzog 2017a; Clark-Flory 2015; Danker et al. 2018
3. Clark-Flory 2015; Herzog 2017a; Graham n.d.
4. Herzog 2017a; Singal 2018; Graham n.d.
5. Herzog 2017a; Graham n.d.; Singal 2018
6. Graham n.d.; Herzog 2017a
7. • "o research had been done into the subject." BBC 2017
   • "There is a paucity of literature." Danker et al. 2018
   • "here’s an extreme dearth of the sorts of careful long-term studies required." Singal 2016
8. • "The research on outcomes post-transition is mixed at best." Marchiano 2017
   • "Intentional misinformation or using data incorrectly… Low quality statistics… Definitions for regret vary…" Graham n.d.
   • "No one knows how common detransitioning is. A frequently cited statistic…doesn’t paint a complete picture. It comes from a study…that examined only those people who had undergone sex-reassignment surgery and legally changed their gender, then applied to change their gender back—a standard that…would have excluded her and most of the detransitioners she knows." Singal 2018
9. • "esearch in this field is extremely controversial." Danker et al. 2018
   • "t might cause criticism of the research on social media, and criticism of the research would be criticism of the university, and…it was better not to offend people." BBC 2017
   • " potentially politically incorrect piece of research carries a risk to the university. Attacks on social media may not be confined to the researcher, but may involve the university. The posting of unpleasant material on blogs or social media may be detrimental to the reputation of the university." Weale 2017
10. • "Detransitioning after surgical interventions…is exceedingly rare. Research has often put the percentage of regret between 1 and 2%. … Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options. 'There are people who take hormones and then decide to go off hormones,' says Randi Ettner, a therapist who has served on the board of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. 'That is not uncommon.'" Clark-Flory 2015
    • "There is a wealth of replicated research that tells us that 80–95% of children who experience a cross-sex identification in childhood will eventually desist and come to identify with their natal sex as adults." Marchiano 2017
    • "A 50-year study out of Sweden found that only 2.2 percent of people who medically transitioned later experienced 'transition regret'. … There have, however, been almost a dozen studies looking at the rate of desistance among trans-identified kids James Cantor summarized 'ery few trans kids…transition by the time they are adults'. The exact rate of desistance varied by study, but overall they concluded that about 80%…identified as their sex at birth. … he most recent study…found that two-thirds ultimately identified as the gender they were assigned at birth." Herzog 2017a
    • "For decades, follow-up studies of transgender kids have shown that a substantial majority—anywhere from 65 to 94%—eventually ceased to identify as transgender." Brooks 2018
    • "There were 15 (5 and 10 ) regret applications corresponding to a 2.2% regret rate for both sexes. There was a significant decline of regrets over the time period." Dhejne et al. 2014
    • "Definitions for regret vary, when they do they study, how long after surgery, etc. … Gender dysphoria is rare (small n). Detransitioning is rare. … 2.2% applications for reversal of legal gender status … 80% satisfied" Graham n.d.
11. Clark-Flory 2015; Marchiano 2017
12. • "Miroslav Djordjevic…has seen an increase in 'reversal' surgeries among transgender women who want their male genitalia back. … Other researchers also report hearing about such regrets." Borreli 2017
    • "He then amassed some preliminary findings that suggested a growing number of young people…were transitioning their gender and then regretting it." Shute 2017
    • "e wanted to study after coming across evidence of a growing number of people who regretted having the surgery…" BBC 2017
    • "…preliminary findings that suggested growing numbers of young people…were regretting gender reassignment…" Weale 2017
    • "The growing number of detransitioners is a possible indication that there are significant numbers of people who are not satisfied with transition outcomes." Marchiano 2017
    • "Max is one of what appears to be a growing number of people who believe they were failed by the therapists and physicians they went to for help with their gender dysphoria." Singal 2018
    • "Cass recently started posting videos to YouTube, where there are a growing number of detransitioning confessionals." Herzog 2017a
13. Stein 2009; Wallien and Cohen-Kettenis 2008
14. Brooks 2018; Herzog 2017a; Steensma et al. 2013
15. Danker et al. 2018
16. "In jüngster Zeit gibt es jedoch einige Hinweise für die Zunahme von Rückumwandulungsbegehren und es stellen sich zunehmend Patienten vor, bei denen schondie erste diagnostische Exploration Hinweise auf übergreifende Identitätsstörungen, u. U. auch auf transvestitisch-fetischistische Neigungen, auf unrealistische Erwartungen hin-sichtlich eines „völlig neuen Lebens“, jedoch nicht auf eine gelebte und innerlich fixierteGeschlechtsrollentransposition gibt. In Anbetracht derartiger Verläufe besorgt die zwarwohlmeinende, aber keinesfalls unproblematische Einstellung einiger Behandler, die annehmen, dass das möglichst schnelle Bedienen der vehement vorgetragenen Patienten-wünsche die einzig richtige Vorgehensweise wäre,„da man da sowieso nichts anderes machen kann.“ Dies widerspricht eklatant den Erfahrungen internationaler Gender-Zentren" Bosinski 2003
17. • Borreli 2017
    • Shute 2017
    • "…his preliminary findings that suggested growing numbers of young people, particularly women, were regretting gender reassignment… e was first alerted to the issue of gender reassignment reversal in 2014, when a Belgrade doctor told him he had been asked to carry out an unprecedented seven reversals that year. 'I found it very difficult to get people willing to talk openly about the experience of reversing surgery. They said they felt too traumatised to talk about it…'" Weale 2017
    • "e wanted to study people who had swapped gender and then changed their minds after coming across evidence of a growing number of people who regretted having the surgery and finding no research had been done into the subject… 'I found it very difficult to get people willing to talk openly about the experience of reversing surgery. They said they felt too traumatised to talk about it…'" BBC 2017
18. Marchiano 2017
19. Graham n.d.; Marchiano 2017; Singal 2018
20. Marchiano 2017
21. • Borreli 2017
    • Bowen 2007
    • Clark-Flory 2015
    • Danker et al. 2018
    • Herzog 2017a
    • McFadden 2017
    • Sarner 2017
    • Turban et al. 2018
    • "Six persons clearly ventilated their feelings of regret about the decision; three of them accused their clinician of incompetence. Four others respectively gave as primary reasons: social isolation, disappointing surgical results and a sudden vanishing of the urge to live as a woman." Kuiper and Cohen-Kettenis 1998
22. Harrell, Ashley (2007-10-11). "Tranny Regret". New Times Broward-Palm Beach. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
23. Heyer n.d.
24. Clark-Flory 2015
25. "From transgender to transformed". Baptist Press. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
26. kirsty.johnston@nzherald.co.nz @kirsty_johnston, Kirsty Johnston Kirsty Johnston is an investigative reporter at the New Zealand Herald (2017-04-28). "From girl to boy and back again: Zahra Cooper reverses decision to become male". ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
27. Schipp 2017
28. McFadden 2017
29. McCann 2017
30. "A Different Stripe". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
31. Tobia 2018
32. "Former trans-woman: I dumped my dresses, hair, makeup to follow Jesus". LifeSiteNews. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
33. Pollock 2018; Singal 2018
34. "'It was wrong to cut off my male anatomy': people who regret sex change surgery (PHOTOS)". rtd.rt.com. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
35. Loveridge-Greene, Olive; Evans, Sophie (2018-11-04). "'Turning into a man was the greatest mistake - I'm still Debbie'". mirror. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
36. Shupe 2019
37. Graham n.d.
38. Shute 2017; BBC 2017; Borreli 2017; Stein 2009; Veissière 2018
39. • "etransitioning has resulted in the most harassment she has ever faced." Pollock 2018
    • "…with various sides accusing each other of bigotry, harassment, censorship…such a fraught issue that many people I interviewed requested anonymity." Herzog 2017a
    • Veissière 2018
40. Rodriguez 2017; Herzog 2017b
41. Mazzoni 2017
42. BBC 2017; Weale 2017; Hurst 2017
43. • WPATH 2012
    • "There are currently no professional guidelines or resources for providers who encounter patients who experience regret and/or seek detransition." Danker et al. 2018
44. • "88% of respondents feel that WPATH SOC 8 should include a chapter on detransition" Danker et al. 2018
45. • "Miscellaneous suggestions…detransition." Coleman 2017
46. Herzog 2017a; Bowen 2007

Sources

Books

• Brown, M.L.; Rounsley, C.A. (1996). True Selves: Understanding Transsexualism – For Families, Friends, Coworkers, and Helping Professionals. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-7879-6702-4.

Journal articles

• Bosinski, H.A.G. (2003-04-03). "Diagnostische und arztrechtliche Probleme bei transsexuellen Geschlechtsidentitätsstörungen". Der Urologe (in German). 42 (5): 709–721. doi:10.1007/s00120-003-0337-0. ISSN 0340-2592.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Danker, Sara; Narayan, Sasha K.; Bluebond-Langner, Rachel; Schechter, Loren S.; Berli, Jens U. (August 2018). "A Survey Study of Surgeons' Experience with Regret and/or Reversal of Gender-Confirmation Surgeries". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery – Global Open. 6: 189. doi:10.1097/01.GOX.0000547077.23299.00 – via Wolters Kluwer.
• Dhejne, Cecilia; Öberg, Katarina; Arver, Stefan; Landén, Mikael (November 2014). ""An Analysis of All Applications for Sex Reassignment Surgery in Sweden, 1960–2010: Prevalence, Incidence, and Regrets"". Archives of Sexual Behavior: 43 (8): 1535–1545. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0300-8. ISSN 0004-0002. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Kuiper, A.J.; Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. (1998). "Gender Role Reversal among Postoperative Transsexuals". International Journal of Transgenderism: 2, 3. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Marchiano, Lisa (6 Oct 2017). "Outbreak: On Transgender Teens and Psychic Epidemics". Psychological Perspectives. 60 (3): 345–366. doi:10.1080/00332925.2017.1350804.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Steensma, Thomas D; McGuire, Jenifer K; Kreukels, Baudewijntje PC; Beekman, Anneke J; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T (2013). "Factors associated with desistence and persistence of childhood gender dysphoria: a quantitative follow-up study". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: 52, 582–590. Retrieved 4 February 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Turban, Jack L.; Keuroghlian, Alex S. (2018). "Dynamic Gender Presentations: Understanding Transition and "De-Transition" Among Transgender Youth". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 57 (7): 451–453. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.03.016.
• Wallien, Madeleine S.C.; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T. (2008). "Psychosexual outcome of gender-dysphoric children". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: 47, 1413–1423. Retrieved 4 February 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

News

• "Bath Spa University 'blocks transgender research'". BBC. 25 September 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
• Borreli, Lizette (3 October 2017). "Transgender surgery: regret rates highest in male-to-female reassignment operations". Newsweek. Retrieved 5 March 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Bowen, Innes (1 August 2007). "Are sex change operations justified?". BBC. Retrieved 22 December 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Brooks, Jon (23 May 2018). "The Controversial Research on 'Desistance' in Transgender Youth". kqed.org. KQED. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
• Clark-Flory, Tracy (15 June 2015). "Detransitioning: Going From Male To Female To Male Again". Vocativ. Retrieved 1 September 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Herzog, Katie (28 June 2017a). "The Detransitioners: They Were Transgender, Until They Weren't". The Stranger. Retrieved 13 November 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Herzog, Katie (30 August 2017b). "Philly Trans Health Conference Cancels Sessions on Detransitioning". thestranger.com. The Stranger. Retrieved 30 January 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Hurst, Greg (23 September 2017). "Bath Spa university bars research into transgender surgery regrets". thetimes.co.uk. The Sunday Times. Retrieved 3 February 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• McCann, Charlie (October–November 2017). "When girls won't be girls". 1843. Retrieved 13 March 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• McFadden, Joan (16 September 2017). "Transition caused more problems than it solved". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 November 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Pollock, Nicolas (18 June 2018). "'I Wanted to Take My Body Off': Detransitioned". TheAtlantic.com. The Atlantic. Retrieved 30 January 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Rodriguez, Jeremy (7 September 2017). "Trans Health Conference returns with new initiatives, future goals". epgn.com. Philadelphia Gay News. Retrieved 2 February 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Sarner, Moya (4 February 2017). "Experience: I regret transitioning". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 November 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Schipp, Debbie (8 September 2017). "Patrick's pain: 'I didn't know who the person staring back at me was'". News Ltd. Retrieved 1 November 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Shupe, Jamie (10 March 2019). "I Was America's First 'Nonbinary' Person. It Was All a Sham". The Daily Signal. Retrieved 11 March 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Shute, Joe (2 October 2017). "The new taboo: More people regret sex change and want to 'detransition', surgeon says". National Post. Postmedia. Retrieved 5 March 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Singal, Jesse (7 February 2016). "How the Fight Over Transgender Kids Got a Leading Sex Researcher Fired". thecut.com. The Cut. Retrieved 16 February 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Singal, Jesse (July–August 2018). "When Children Say They're Trans". theatlantic.com. The Atlantic. Retrieved 30 January 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Tobia, Jacob (3 April 2018). "Inside One Person's Journey From Man to Woman and Back Again". papermag.com. Paper. Retrieved 12 March 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Weale, Sally (26 September 2017). "University 'turned down politically incorrect transgender research'". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 November 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Online sources

• "Catalogue of Walt Heyer's works". WorldCat. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
• Coleman, Eli (28 February 2017). "The WPATH Standards of Care: What it really says and looking forward to Version 8" (PDF). Retrieved 1 February 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Graham, Julie (n.d.). "Detransition, Retransition: What Providers Need to Know" (PDF). fenwayhealth.org. Fenway Health. Retrieved 29 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• "Response to the cancellation of workshops". Mazzoni Center. 29 August 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
• Stein, Martin T. (28 January 2009). "Does Gender Dysphoria in Young Children Persist?". jwatch.org. NEJM Journal Watch. Retrieved 16 February 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Veissière, Samuel (2 December 2018). "The Debate on Trans Teens: Compassion Is Needed on All Sides". psychologytoday.com. Psychology Today. Retrieved 2 February 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• "The World Professional Association for Transgender Health Standards of Care". wpath.org. WPATH. 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2019.

Further reading

• Stewart, Chuck (16 February 2018). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Americans at Risk: Problems and Solutions [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-3236-9. OCLC 1002302935. Retrieved 31 January 2019. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Yarbrough, Eric, M.D. (8 March 2018). "9 Transitions and Detransitions". Transgender Mental Health. Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Pub. ISBN 978-1-61537-113-6. OCLC 1035850780. Retrieved 31 January 2019. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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