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Revision as of 14:14, 14 March 2019 by 83.149.240.100 (talk)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within Jewish diaspora communities through contact with surrounding languages.
Afro-Asiatic languages
Cushitic languages
Semitic languages
- Karaite Egyptian Arabic, based on old Egyptian Arabic
- Judeo-Aramaic
-
- Galilean dialect (extinct)
Other Afro-Asiatic languages
Indo-European languages
Iranian languages
- Judeo-Bukharic (Bukhari, Bukhori, Judeo-Tajik)
- Judeo-Golpaygani (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Hamedani
- Judeo-Persian (Dzhidi, Jidi)
- Judeo-Shirazi
- Judeo-Tat (Juhuri)
- Judeo-Kurmanji language (mostly as a second language in addition to Judeo-Aramaic)
Romance languages
- Judeo-Latin (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)
- Judeo-Andalusian (extinct)
- Judeo-Aragonese (extinct)
- Judeo-Navarro-Aragonese with a significant Jewish koiné of Tudela (extinct)
- Judeo-Asturleonese (extinct)
- Judeo-Portuguese (almost extinct) and Judeo-Galician (extinct)
- Judeo-Spanish (Judezmo, Ladino)
- Judeo-Catalan and Judeo-Valencian (extinct)
- Judeo-Provençal (extinct)
- Judeo-Gascon (also was used by latest Sephardic migrants) (extinct)
- Judeo-Franco-Provençal (including the Savoyard dialect) (extinct)
- Judeo-French (Zarphatic): a group of Jewish northern oïl languages and their dialects (extinct)
- Judeo-Ligurian (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Piedmontese (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Lombard (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Emilian-Romagnol (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Venetian (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Italian with a wide range of dialects and city koinés
- Judeo-Sicilian (extinct)
Other Indo-European languages
- Judeo-Czech (Knaanic) (extinct)
- Judeo-Koiné Greek, based on Koine Greek
- Judeo-Greek (Romaniyot, Yevanic)
- Karaite Greek, a Karaite varitety of Greek
- Judeo-Marathi
- Yiddish
Turkic languages
- Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Krymchak) (almost extinct)
- Karaim (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Azerbaijani (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of Miyandoab)
Kartvelian languages
- Judeo-Georgian
- Judeo-Mingrelian language (almost extinct)
Dravidian languages
- Judeo-Malayalam (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Telugu, a variety of Telugu
(both written in local alphabets)
Uralic languages
- Judeo-Hungarian (Magyaric/Magyarit, not to be confused with the modern Hungarian language, spoken by Jews).
Doubted languages
Indo-European languages
Romance languages
- Judeo-Rhaeto-Romance
- Judeo-Friulian
Baltic languages
- Judeo-Samogitian
Slavic languages
- Judeo-Old Polish
- Judeo-Old Russian
Indo-Arian languages
- Judeo-Hindustani
- Judeo-Gujarati language
Armenian languages
- Judeo-Armenian (although it was common to use Aramaic or Persian varieties among this Jewish community)
North Caucasian languages
Abkhazo-Adyghean languages
- Judeo-Circassian
Austronesian languages
Malayo-Polinesian languages
- Judeo-Malay (could be used in old-settled Jewish community, approximately till the 18th century)
Languages of Inscriptions/Books
There are some languages, mostly spoken by Jews as second or even third language, that could not be determined as their main communicative system. Some of them could be called languages with doubted relation to Jewish communities. Nevertheless, some of them were written or printed in Aramaic/Hebrew letters.
These languages are, e.g.: Ottoman Turkish for Sephardic, Romaniote and Kurdistani Jews of Ottoman Empire, whose main spoken languages were Judeo-Spanish, Yevanic and Judeo-Aramaic languages; Estonian, Latvian, Belorussian, Ukrainian, Rumanian and Russian for Ashkenazi Yiddish-speaking communities. That was Dutch for Sephardic Judeo-Spanish and Judeo-Portuguese migrants.
There are also different languages, which could have some contacts with Jewish communities, e.g. different Celtic languages during the Roman empire period, as well as in Medieval Northern France or British Isles. It could be Old English for Jews with Judeo-Anglo-Norman spoken dialects. It could be the Laz language for hellenophones of Empire of Trebizond. It could be Azerbaijani for Jews of eastern Georgia. And it could be Abkhaz and Svan varieties for Mingrelian Jews.
But one shouldn’t confuse this languages with so-called newly-born Jewish languages, such as Jewish Swedish, Finnish, Dutch, Latin American Spanish and Portuguese or English varieties in modern communities, which became the main spoken languages within diaspora.
See also
References
- ^ Rubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (2015-10-30). Handbook of Jewish Languages. BRILL. ISBN 9789004297357.
- Hudson, Grover (2013). "A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)" (PDF). Northeast African Studies. New series. 13 (2). Retrieved 2015-10-09.
- ^ Weninger, Stefan (2011-12-23). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 709. ISBN 9783110251586.
- ^ Spolsky, Bernard (2014-03-27). The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. ISBN 9781139917148.
- Habib Borjian, “Judeo-Iranian Languages,” in Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin, eds., A Handbook of Jewish Languages, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 234-295. .
- Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51-74. .
- Nahon, Peter, 2018. Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine. Paris:Classiques Garnier.
- https://books.google.it/books?id=ZQd2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=Judeo-Sicilian&source=bl&ots=p0k7vt8ctZ&sig=ACfU3U1Rf0J_M0jamtug5lVYeCLt3JTsmw&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB44TvovrgAhXKD5oKHdi0CYEQ6AEwBXoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Sicilian&f=false
- https://books.google.it/books?id=uGwxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA257&lpg=PA257&dq=Judeo-Sicilian+translation&source=bl&ots=G1qiLszl5E&sig=ACfU3U2irwgLXiC8b7n2tv9reEzxrLnsoA&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf6ZqVp_rgAhViwMQBHaMzAhYQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Sicilian%20translation&f=false
- International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 2003-01-01. p. 83. ISBN 9780195139778.
- Katz, Dovid (October 2012). Bláha, Ondřej; Dittman, Robert; Uličná, Lenka (eds.). "Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination" (PDF). Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background: 164, 173. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
- "YIVO | Krymchaks". www.yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
- https://books.google.ru/books?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=Judeo-Hungarian+language&source=bl&ots=YtxbUHG5Sw&sig=9SabIVPCHzn0s52AAjrs1OR7IUQ&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxjJn_uK7eAhWGVSwKHVkDC2gQ6AEwB3oECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Hungarian%20language&f=false
- https://books.google.lt/books?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA749&lpg=PA749&dq=catechism%20Samgitian&source=bl&ots=6EyYbdDB0m&sig=ACfU3U02r3YtifOD1e6Zs-JPLVHGBs9uVg&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitrP-xpPrgAhWx4aYKHQB-CYkQ6AEwCHoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=catechism%20Samogitian&f=false
- https://books.google.lt/books?id=tS-PMqoj1EIC&pg=PA430&lpg=PA430&dq=catechism+Samogitian&source=bl&ots=1BCazud0a1&sig=ACfU3U2OAVeWSbwNLZC0mkQa95IO3dapWw&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU-6bAqvrgAhWhyaYKHeMmADEQ6AEwA3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=catechism%20Samogitian&f=false
- https://www.gorgiaspress.com/a-unique-hebrew-glossary-from-india-an-analysis-of-judeo-urdu
- https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/judeo-persian/
- https://books.google.it/books?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA749&lpg=PA749&dq=Judeo-Armenian&source=bl&ots=6EyYbdDB0m&sig=ACfU3U02r3YtifOD1e6Zs-JPLVHGBs9uVg&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitrP-xpPrgAhWx4aYKHQB-CYkQ6AEwCHoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Armenian&f=false
- https://books.google.hu/books?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA635&dq=Judeo-Turkish&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIuOfE5oHhAhWPyKYKHVKEBdMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Turkish&f=false
- https://books.google.it/books?id=t3fLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA570&dq=Judeo-Swedish&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwif8dSZ5oHhAhWEwMQBHR8BAiMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Swedish&f=false