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Terrorist mass shooting attacks in Christchurch, New Zealand

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Christchurch mosque shootings
Part of Terrorism in New Zealand
Al Noor Mosque, June 2006
Location of Al Noor Mosque (left) and Linwood Islamic Centre (right)
LocationChristchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
Coordinates43°31′58″S 172°36′42″E / 43.5329°S 172.6118°E / -43.5329; 172.6118
Date15 March 2019
1:40 p.m. (NZDT; UTC+13)
TargetMuslims
Attack typeMass shooting
WeaponsTwo semi-automatic rifles, two shotguns, one bolt-action rifle, undetonated car bomb
Deaths50
  • 42 at Al Noor Mosque
  • 7 at Linwood Islamic Center
  • 1 later at Christchurch Hospital
Injured50
MotiveFar-right extremism
Islamophobia

The Christchurch mosque shootings were two consecutive terrorist mass shootings at Al Noor Mosque and the Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand, during Friday prayers on 15 March 2019. The attack resulted in 50 people killed and at least 50 others injured. The suspected perpetrator was arrested and charged with murder. The first attack was live streamed on Facebook Live.

Attacks

The attacks began at the Al Noor Mosque in Riccarton, a suburb of Christchurch, at 1:40 p.m. on 15 March 2019 and continued at the Linwood Islamic Centre at about 1:55 p.m. Early reports spoke of "a multiple, simultaneous attack", but later on one suspect was charged for the "planned" murder at both mosques.

Al Noor Mosque, Riccarton

A gunman began shooting worshippers at the Al Noor Mosque on Deans Avenue, Riccarton, at around 1:40 p.m. He was described in media reports as a 28-year-old Australian white supremacist who used neo-Nazi symbols. Between three to five hundred people may have been inside the mosque, attending Friday prayers, at the time of the shooting. A neighbour of the mosque told reporters that he witnessed the shooter flee the mosque and drop what appeared to be a firearm in the driveway while he fled. The neighbour said that the shooter appeared to be wearing military-style clothes. After the shooting ended, the neighbour went inside to help the victims.

The gunman live streamed the first 17 minutes of the attack on Facebook Live, starting with the drive to the mosque and ending with the drive away. Moments before the shooting, the perpetrator—seated in his car—played both a traditional marching song of the British military called "The British Grenadiers" and "Serbia Strong", a Serb nationalist song from the Bosnian War (1992–1995) celebrating Radovan Karadžić, who was found guilty of genocide against Bosnian Muslims. Just before the shooting, the gunman appeared to be greeted by one of the worshippers, who said "Hello, brother" and was amongst the first people to be killed. The live streamed footage also showed that the gunman shot at other people in the area, before driving away, having spent about six minutes at the mosque. The footage stopped as he was driving along Bealey Avenue, heading in the direction of the Linwood Islamic Centre. Police were alerted to the shooting at 1:53 p.m.

Linwood Islamic Centre

A second shooting occurred at about 1:55 p.m. at the Linwood Islamic Centre, a mosque 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) away from Al Noor. Seven people were killed there.

The mosque's acting imam Latef Alabi credited a worshipper named Abdul Aziz for stopping the attack before the gunman could enter the mosque; at that point, the gunman had already shot several people from outside the mosque. Aziz related the following account in an interview: he grabbed a credit card machine and ran out screaming from the mosque to confront the gunman outside. As the gunman went back to his car, Aziz threw the machine at him. The gunman later chased and fired at Aziz, who took cover among the cars and retrieved an empty shotgun the gunman had dropped. When the gunman returned to his car again, Aziz threw the shotgun and shattered the car's windshield, causing the attacker to curse and drive away, despite Aziz's efforts to chase him.

Explosive devices

Two improvised explosive devices were found attached to a vehicle and were subsequently defused by the New Zealand Defence Force.

No explosives were found on the gunman's body.

Victims

Deaths by citizenship
Citizenship Deaths
Pakistan 6
India 5
Egypt 4
Jordan 4
Somalia 4
Bangladesh 3
Afghanistan 2
Syria 2
Fiji 1
Indonesia 1
New Zealand 1
Palestine 1
Saudi Arabia 1
United Arab Emirates 1
Unknown 14
Total 50

The attack killed 50 people—42 at Al Noor Mosque, seven at the Linwood Islamic Centre and one who died in Christchurch Hospital. The age range of the victims was 2 at the youngest, with the oldest being 60. From Police Commissioner Mike Bush's update, as of 10:00 a.m. on 17 March 2019, 50 people were injured, 36 people were being treated for gunshot wounds at Christchurch Hospital, two of whom were in a serious condition, with one child at Starship Children's Hospital in Auckland.

In the wake of the attacks, dozens of people remain missing and several diplomatic offices and foreign ministries released statements concerning the number of victims from their nations. The police have requested registration of missing people or those listed as missing identifying themselves to be safe be done online. A list of missing people has been published by New Zealand Red Cross, and includes nationals of countries like Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Jordan, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia.

Suspect

Brenton Harrison Tarrant, a 28-year-old Australian, is suspected of carrying out the attack. He was arrested on Brougham Street by two "rural community" police officers 36 minutes after the first emergency call. Mobile phone footage showed his car had been rammed against the curb by police before his arrest at gunpoint. Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern stated that he had been planning to continue the attack.

He appeared in the Christchurch District Court on 16 March, where he was charged with murder and remanded in custody. During his court appearance, he smirked at the media and made an OK gesture. The case was transferred to the High Court, with his next appearance scheduled for 5 April 2019.

At the time of the attack, Tarrant was living in Andersons Bay, Dunedin. He had worked as a personal trainer in Grafton, New South Wales, from 2009 to 2011. He started visiting many countries in Asia and Europe around about 2012. Authorities in Bulgaria and Turkey are investigating his visits to their respective nations. Tarrant had become obsessed with terrorist attacks committed by radical Islamists in Europe in 2016 and 2017. He started planning a revenge attack about two years prior to the attack and chose his targets three months in advance. Security officials suspect he had come into contact with far-right organisations about two years before the shooting while visiting European nations.

Manifesto

Part of a series on
Terrorism and political violence
By ideology
Religious
Special-interest / Single-issue
Related topics
Organizational structures
  • Methods
  • Tactics
Terrorist groups
Relationship to states
State terrorism
State-sponsored terrorism
Response to terrorism
Part of a series on
Islamophobia
No mosque
Issues
Status by country
ExamplesAttacks on mosques:

Genocide:

Massacres, torture, expulsion:

Other incidents:

Media
Opposition

Tarrant recorded his beliefs in a 73-page manifesto titled "The Great Replacement", a reference to the Great Replacement and white genocide conspiracy theories. The conspiracy theory falsely claims that immigration into predominantly white countries is deliberately designed by liberal elites, especially Jews, to displace white people. This theory has previously inspired attacks such as those in Norway in 2011 and against a synagogue in Pittsburgh four months prior.

Tarrant shared links to the manifesto on the imageboard 8chan immediately before the attack. It says he began planning an attack two years earlier and chose the Christchurch location three months earlier. In the manifesto he states that he was previously a "communist", an "anarchist", and a "libertarian", but then turned to "racist" views and became an "eco-fascist" concerned with global warming. The manifesto includes references to high-profile right-wing figures and Internet memes popular on 8chan and encourages people online who agree with the shooting to spread his message and to create more memes. These elements, along with the live-streamed video—whose viewers had cheered the attack on—gave the appearance that the attack was influenced by Internet trolling. This is further supported by the perpetrator's reasoning for his choice of weapon; he believed it would violently escalate the American gun control debate and cause civil war in the United States, which he said should bring back racial segregation. Though he denies being a Nazi, he uses several neo-Nazi symbols like the Black Sun and the Odin's cross. The manifesto refers to U.S. President Donald Trump, with the author writing that he is a supporter of Trump as "a symbol of renewed white identity and common purpose" but not as a "policymaker and leader."

In the manifesto, Tarrant describes himself as an "actual fascist" akin to Sir Oswald Mosley, and calls for the killing of Sadiq Khan, Angela Merkel and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The gunman stated that he asked for a blessing from the "reborn Knights Templar" and professed himself to be a "kebab removalist", in reference to a meme regarding the ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims by the Bosnian Serb army. In the manifesto the Kosovo conflict between Albanians and Serbs is mentioned and the gunman calls for a weakened United States to prevent it from any future situation to intervene or side with Muslims against Christian Europeans trying to remove "Islamic occupiers from Europe". The gunman stated in his manifesto that he was inspired by the 2011 Norway attack done by Anders Behring Breivik, with whom he claimed to have made contact. The manifesto expressed support for Breivik, Luca Traini, Dylan Roof, Anton Lundin Pettersson, and Darren Osbourne, asserting that they took a "stand against ethnic and cultural genocide".

The manifesto expresses several anti-immigrant sentiments including hate speech against migrants, white supremacist rhetoric, and calls for non-European immigrants such as Roma, Indians, Turkish people, Semitic people and others allegedly "invading his land" to be removed. He also warned against a potential invasion from India, China, or Turkey in the future. Tarrant describes himself as an ethno-nationalist. Revenge for Europeans killed in Islamic terrorist attacks in Europe are mentioned as motivations.

In particular, the writer repeatedly mentions revenge for Ebba Åkerlund, a victim in the 2017 Stockholm truck attack. The manifesto also referred to the child abuse scandals Rotherham, Halifax, Huddersfield, Keighley and gang rape scandals such as Ashfield by mostly South Asian men in the UK and other countries like Australia.

In relation to his motivation for targeting Muslims, he wrote that his reasons were "Historical, societal and statistical... are the most despised group of invaders in the West, attacking them receives the greatest level of support. They are also one of the strongest groups, with high fertility, high in group preference and a will to conquer." The guns and magazines used were covered in white writing that named historical events, people, and motifs related to historical conflicts, wars, and battles between Muslims and non-Muslims. He adds that he is fighting for "revenge against islam for 1,300 years of war and devastation that it has brought upon the people of the West and other peoples of the world."

Others detained

On the day of the attacks, authorities stated that four suspects were arrested, one of whom was released that day. Also on that day, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern initially stated that three suspects were connected to the shooting, and the last person arrested was not connected. New Zealand intelligence officials had told the Prime Minister that there was no information indicating more suspects were involved other than those four already arrested.

On 17 March 2019, Police Commissioner Mike Bush stated that separate from the main suspect, the three other people arrested were not charged in relation to the attacks and did not appear to be involved in the attacks, although that was not the police's final conclusion. A police cordon arrested a woman and a man after finding a firearm in a vehicle in which they were travelling together with. The woman was released uncharged while the man was held in custody, charged with a firearms offence. In a case described by Bush as "tangential" to the shooting, an 18-year old man was arrested after he armed himself with the intention to "assist children in the area", he will appear in court on 18 March 2019.

Aftermath

Emergency services response

New Zealand Police responded to the incidents with armed police. Authorities advised all mosques in the country to close until further notice and sent police to secure various sites in Christchurch. All Air New Zealand Link flights departing Christchurch Airport were cancelled as a precaution, due to the absence of security screening. In Dunedin, the Armed Offenders Squad searched a house in Andersons Bay after the Christchurch mosque shooter indicated on social media that he had originally planned to target the city's Al Huda Mosque. Police cordoned off part of the surrounding street and evacuated nearby residents.

St. John Ambulance confirmed in a media statement that approximately 20 resources were sent to the incidents. Survivors of the incidents were transported to nearby hospitals. A total of 48 people with gunshot wounds, including young children, were treated at Christchurch Hospital, with more being transported to other hospitals within Christchurch and nationally. In response to the crisis, Canterbury District Health Board activated its mass casualty plan.

The Officials Committee for Domestic and External Security Co-ordination was convened to coordinate the government response. Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, who was on public engagements in New Plymouth, returned to Wellington by air to receive official advice. For the first time in New Zealand history, the terrorism threat level was raised to high. Flags are also being flown at half-mast on government buildings in Christchurch.

Others

A number of schools near to the incidents were locked down in the wake of the event. School strikers at the Global School Strike rally in Cathedral Square, near the two attacks, were advised by police to either seek refuge in public buildings or go home. The University of Otago postponed its 150th anniversary street parade, which was scheduled for 16 March, in response to security concerns.

The third Test cricket match between New Zealand and Bangladesh, scheduled to be played at the Hagley Oval in Christchurch from 16 March, was cancelled because of security concerns. The Bangladeshi team were about to attend the Al Noor Mosque and were moments from entering the building when the incident began. The players then fled on foot to Hagley Oval. Likewise the Super Rugby match between the Crusaders, based in Christchurch, and Highlanders, based in Dunedin, due to be played the next day were cancelled as "a mark of respect for the events". Two concerts scheduled to be held in Christchurch on 17 March, by singer-songwriter Bryan Adams, and thrash metal band Slayer were also cancelled.

A Givealittle online fundraiser, started to support victims and their families, has so far raised over NZ$1.3 million. Together with other fundraisers, over NZD $4 million were raised in total for the victims and their families.

Video

The live stream was re-posted on many video streaming services including LiveLeak and YouTube. Police, Muslim advocacy groups and government agencies urged anyone who finds the footage to take it down or report it. Some media organisations in Australia and tabloid newspaper websites in the United Kingdom broadcast parts of the live stream, up to the point the gunman entered the building, despite pleas from New Zealand police not to show it. As a result, New Zealand's Sky Television temporarily pulled Sky News Australia off its channel offerings and stated they were working with Sky News Australia to prevent further displays of the video. New Zealand's Internet service providers have taken steps to block access to 8chan and other hate crime-based sites related to the attack.

More globally, social sites including Facebook, YouTube, Reddit and Twitter stated they were working diligently to remove the video of the attack from their platforms and would also remove anything supporting the attacks; Reddit banned subreddits named "WatchPeopleDie" and "Gore", claiming the threads had glorified the attacks in violation of user agreements.

Reactions

File:One of New Zealand’s darkest days Jacinda Ardern condemns Christchurch mass shooting.webm
"One of New Zealand's darkest days": Prime Minister Ardern's response to the attacks (1:53)

Prime Minister Ardern called the incident an "act of extreme and unprecedented violence" and said "this is one of New Zealand's darkest days." She also described it as "a terrorist attack" and said that it appeared to have been well-planned. Christchurch mayor Lianne Dalziel stated that she never thought "anything like this" could happen in New Zealand, saying "everyone is shocked". Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand, said she was "deeply saddened" by the attack. Many other politicians and world leaders condemned the attacks, with many world leaders attributing the attack to rising Islamophobia.

In the United Kingdom, MI5 launched an enquiry into the perpetrator's links to the British far-right. UK Home Secretary, Sajid Javid, warned social media firms that they would face the "force of the law" if they did not do more and announced a forthcoming 'online harms white paper'. The policy is expected to introduce legal regulation of online publishers and social media, including new censorship rules.

Just before carrying out the attack the gunman said "remember lads, subscribe to PewDiePie", referring to Swedish YouTube personality Felix Kjellberg. Kjellberg posted on Twitter: "I feel absolutely sickened having my name uttered by this person," and gave his condolences to those affected.

More controversially, Queensland Senator Fraser Anning made a statement that shifted the blame on Muslim immigrants, likening Islam to fascism.

Gun laws

Gun laws in New Zealand came under scrutiny in the aftermath, specifically the legality of military-style semi-automatic weapons compared to Australia which banned them after the 1996 Port Arthur Massacre. As gun policy specialist Philip Alpers noted, "New Zealand is almost alone with the United States in not registering 96 percent of its firearms — and those are its most common firearms, the ones most used in crimes... If he went to New Zealand to commit these crimes, one can assume that the ease of obtaining these firearms may have been a factor in his decision to commit the crime in Christchurch."

Prime Minister Ardern announced: "Our gun laws will change, now is the time... People will be seeking change, and I am committed to that." Attorney-General David Parker was later quoted as saying that the government will ban semi-automatic guns, but later walked back on this statement, saying that the government had not yet committed to anything and that regulations around semi-automatic weapons was "one of the issues" the government would consider.

See also

Portals:

Notes

  1. Apart from the Latin alphabet, writings on the weaponry were in the Cyrillic, Armenian and Georgian alphabets. The markings included references to the 732 Battle of Tours, the 1189–1191 Siege of Acre, the 1565 Great Siege of Malta, the 1571 Battle of Lepanto, the 1683 Battle of Vienna, the 1770 Battle of Kagul, the 1805 Battle of Ivankovac, the 1877–1878 Battle of Shipka Pass, the 1913 Battle of Bulair, the 2010 Rotherham child sexual exploitation scandal, the 2018 Global Compact for Migration, Charles Martel, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, Hetman Feliks Kazimierz Potocki, Marcantonio Colonna, Sebastiano Venier, Luca Traini, Alexandre Bissonnette, Lazar Hrebeljanović, Dmitry Senyavin, Miloš Obilić, John Hunyadi, Michael Szilágyi, Șerban Cantacuzino, Marco Antonio Bragadin, Ștefan cel Mare, Skanderbeg, Bajo Pivljanin, Novak Vujošević, Edward Codrington, Marko Miljanov Popović, Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg, David Soslan, David IV of Georgia, Stefan Lazarević, Constantine II of Bulgaria, Bohemond I of Antioch, Gaston IV of Bearn, Pelayu, Iosif Gurko, the Fourteen Words and "Turkofagos" (Turk eater), a term used by Greeks during the Greek War of Independence. The anti-Muslim phrase "Remove Kebab", a slogan originating from Serbia that spread globally and is used by white supremacists, was shown on one of Tarrant's weapons. The rifle magazine had the name of Josué Estébanez, the perpetrator of the murder of Carlos Palomino On his pack was a Black Sun patch, and two dog tags: one with the white supremacist version of the Celtic cross, and one with a Viking sun wheel design.
  2. Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison expressed support for New Zealand and condemned the shootings as a "violent, extremist, right-wing terrorist attack." He confirmed that an Australian had been detained as a suspect in connection with the attack. British Prime Minister Theresa May described the incident as a "horrifying terrorist attack", and said "my thoughts are with all of those affected by this sickening act of violence". Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau expressed "deepest condolences" and stated that "Canada remembers too well the sorrow we felt when a senseless attack on the Centre culturel islamique de Québec in Ste-Foy claimed the lives of many innocent people gathered in prayer", referencing the Quebec City mosque shooting in 2017. U.S. President Donald Trump extended his "warmest sympathy and best wishes...to the people of New Zealand", and he and the FBI offered them assistance. Former US president Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton offered condolences, and security at mosques around the United States was increased. Russian President Vladimir Putin sent Prime Minister Ardern a message of condolence, saying "This attack on civilians who gathered for prayer is shocking in its violence and cynicism". The lighting of the Ostankino Tower in Moscow, the tallest free-standing structure in Europe, was off for one hour as a sign of mourning. King Salman of Saudi Arabia said: "The heinous massacre of the worshipers at mosques in New Zealand is a terrorist act." He also called on the international community to confront hate speech and terrorism. Condolences were also provided by the Azerbaijani, Bangladeshi, Bruneian, Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Kosovo, Malaysian, Pakistani, Singaporean, Taiwanese, Thai, Turkish, and Vietnamese leaders.

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External links

Terrorism in New Zealand
Notable attacks
Counter-terrorism
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