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Fatal dog attacks in the United States

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At least 4.5–4.6 million Americans are bitten by dogs every year resulting in the hospitalization of 6,000 to 13,000 people each year in the United States (2005). Dog bites can cause pain, injury, infection, and even death. About 1 in 5 dog bites require medical attention. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 20 to 30 of these result in death, but the number of deaths from dog attacks appear to be increasing.

Published Studies

Scientists, scholars, medical personnel, veterinarians, and lawmakers have been documenting the societal problem of fatal (and non-fatal) dog attacks for several decades in an effort to identify causes and come up with solutions. Below are the results of some of their efforts to identify sources of the problem and offer solutions. Both fatal and non-fatal (injury) studies are important because "although the fatality data are concerning, one must broaden the context to consider both fatal and nonfatal bites when deciding on a course of action. Nonfatal dog bites continue to be a public health problem in the United States."

Studies on Dog Bite Related Fatalities

  • Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998 (2000)
    • Purpose: To summarize breeds associated with dog bite related fatalities during a 20-year period and assess policy implications.
    • Recommendations:
      • Regulate individual dogs and owners on the basis of their behavior
      • Enact stringent animal control laws and increase enforcement
      • Enact dangerous dog laws that place primary responsibility for a dog’s behavior on the owner
      • Target chronically irresponsible dog owners
      • Encourage offenders to seek professional help in training and socializing their pets
      • Enforce leash laws
      • Enforce laws against dog fighting
      • Evaluate the effects of regulations that limit fences to heights insufficient for controlling large dogs
      • Educate owners with respect to selection of breed, decisions to neuter/spay their dogs, and importance of socializing dogs
      • Add education in schools and adult-education programs about bite prevention and canine care
      • Improve surveillance and reporting for fatal and nonfatal dog bites
      • Collect data on the entire dog population for comparison/percentage purposes
      • Maintain adequate funding for animal control agencies, enforcement of existing animal control laws, and educational and policy
      • strategies to reduce inappropriate dog and owner behaviors
  • Co-occurrence of potentially preventable factors in 256 dog bite-related fatalities in the United States (2000-2009) (2013)
    • Purpose: Examine factors in human dog bite related fatalities
    • Recommendations:
      • Use a multifactorial approach instead of single-factor solutions such as breed specific legislation, for dog bite prevention
      • Adequately fund and promote animal services programs that insist on responsible ownership
      • Disseminate information about dog behavior and bite prevention to audiences beyond animal care professionals
      • Maintain dogs in ways where humans regularly interact with them
      • Children under 6 years of age should not be left unattended with a dog
  • Dog-Bite-Related Fatalities -- United States, 1995-1996 (1997)
    • Recommendations:
      • Encourage dog owners to properly select, socialize, train, care, and treat their dogs
      • Encourage neuter/spay
      • Supervise children around dogs
      • Support animal control
      • Establish and enforce of laws regulating dangerous and vicious dogs
      • Target chronically irresponsible dog owners
      • Require (by law) reporting for dog bites
  • Dog Bite-Related Fatalities From 1979 Through 1988 (1989)
    • Purpose: Estimate mortality from dog bites over 10-year period and identify breeds of dogs responsible.
    • Recommendations:
      • Owners should effectively restrain their dogs from straying
      • Infants shouldn't be left alone with a dog
      • Have strong animal control laws
      • Public education regarding dog bites
      • Encourage more responsible dog ownership
  • Fatal dog attacks, 1989-1994 (1996)
    • Purpose: To update data on fatal dog bites and see if past trends have continued.
    • Recommendations:
      • Patient education by health care professionals
      • Educational efforts directed towards high-risk groups, particularly children
      • School-based education programs on bite prevention, canine behavior, and educational programs regarding responsible dog ownership and training
      • Support animal control
      • Laws for regulating dangerous or vicious dogs
      • More stringent animal control laws and enforcement
      • Address chronically irresponsible dog owners
      • Improved bite reporting, including details
  • Human Deaths Induced by Dog Bites, United States, 1974-75 (1977)
    • Conclusion: The problem of fatalities by dog is of greater magnitude than has generally been recognized.
    • Recommendations:
      • Maintain surveillance of fatal attacks
      • Conduct more detailed investigations at each case
      • Behavioral scientists should get interested in this subject
      • Small children and physically incapacitated persons are at risk if left alone with dogs, especially larger ones
      • Avoid dogs with threatening behavior
  • Human Fatalities Resulting From Dog Attacks in the United States 1979-2005 (2009)
    • Conclusion: The rate of deaths from dog attacks appears to be increasing.
    • Recommendations:
      • Establishment of a national mandatory reporting system on animal attacks
      • Such reporting system for dog bites should capture circumstances and factors surrounding each attack
      • Effective prevention practices is dependent on examination of these factors
  • Mortality, Mauling, and Maiming by Vicious Dogs (2011)
    • This Texas study covered 15 years (1994–2009) from a trauma and emergency surgery center.
    • Conclusions:
      • Dog bites are the second most costly public health problem in the United States.
      • Dog bites are a serious public health concern in the United States and across the world, causing substantial emotional and physical trauma and substantial economic cost to the victims and society.
      • There is a distinct relationship between the severity and lethality of an attack and the breed of dog responsible (specifically pit bulls) which must be addressed.
      • "Attacks by pit bulls are associated with higher morbidity rates, higher hospital charges, and a higher risk of death than are attacks by other breeds of dogs. Strict regulation of pit bulls may substantially reduce the US mortality rates related to dog bites."
    • Recommendations:
      • Pit bull breeds should be regulated in the same way in which other dangerous species, such as leopards, are regulated.
      • Individual municipalities need the power to enact ordinances that can protect their citizens from this risk.
  • Traumatic Deaths from Dog Attacks in the United States (1982)
    • Findings:
      • Most attacks were by single pet dogs without a preceding history of viciousness and without known provocation by the victim.
      • The high incidence of infant fatalities (1/3rd) was unexpected because such victims are too immature to threaten or provoke a dog to attack.
    • Recommendations:
      • Adults shouldn't leave infants unattended with dogs.
      • More detailed studies by epidemiologists and dog behaviorists are needed to properly define the problem and its possible solutions.
  • U.S. Dog Bite Fatalities Breeds of Dogs Involved, Age Groups and Other Factors Over a 13-Year Period (2005 to 2017) (2018)
    • Purpose: Publishing of statistics and analysis of dog bite related fatalities in 13 year period by breed, victim age and gender, and other factors.

Studies on Dog Bite Injuries

Evaluating information from studies of non-fatal injuries caused by dogs can lead to an understanding of how to handle the problems resulting in dog bite related fatalities.

  • Abstract: A Review of Dog Bites in the United States from 1958 to 2016: Systematic Review of the Peer-Reviewed Literature (2017)
    • "To our knowledge, this is ... the first report evaluating breed specific legislation in the United States. Our data suggest that breed specific legislation may be effective in reducing the incidence of dog bites attributed to breeds that are regulated. Significant effort has been devoted to determining how best to minimize dog bites severe enough to require medical attention."
  • An Algorithmic Approach to Operative Management of Complex Pediatric Dog Bites: 3-Year Review of a Level I Regional Referral Pediatric Trauma Hospital (2017)
    • "We evaluated the effectiveness of breed specific legislation in Denver, CO, the largest jurisdiction in the United States with a pit bull ban in place. Since 2001, 5.7% of bites in Denver, CO were attributed to Pit Bull type breeds compared to 54.4% in the remainder of the United States. Our data suggest that breed specific legislation may be effective in reducing the incidence of dog bites attributed to breeds that are regulated."
  • Analysis of Pediatric Facial Dog Bites (2013)
    • This study was conducted in Denver, Colorado, a jurisdiction where pit bulls have been banned since 1989 (except briefly in 2004).
    • "No pit bull terriers were identified as a biting dog in this study, consistent with a ban of pit bulls in Denver County that was passed in 1989."
    • "Our study found 11 victims of pit bull bites from 2003 to 2008, including the patient who suffered the most extensive injuries and the longest hospitalization of our entire population, indicating that despite legislation, pit bull bites continue to be a public health concern."
    • "There is a tremendous financial and psychosocial burden associated with dog bites, and prevention strategies should focus on education with the aid of public policies and better documentation and reporting systems."
  • Characteristics of 1616 Consecutive Dog Bite Injuries at a Single Institution (2016)
    • "This is the first detailed study of dog bite injuries in Georgia and one of the largest studies conducted at a pediatric trauma center. Our study revealed that whereas more than half of all injuries necessitate repair, only approximately 5% require operative intervention. The data also suggest that younger children (<5 years old) than previously reported, and particularly infants, are at high risk for the most severe injuries. The study corroborates the largely negative interactions between pit bulls and children of any age. Parental education and supervision may be the most important measure to prevent severe dog bite injuries."
    • "Infants were more than 4 times as likely to be bitten by the family dog and more than 6 times as likely to be bitten in the head/neck region. Children <=5 years old were 62% more likely to require repair; and 5.5% of all patients required an operation. Pit bull bites were implicated in half of all surgeries performed and over 2.5 times as likely to bite in multiple anatomic locations as compared to other breeds."
  • Characteristics of Dog Bites in Arkansas (2018)
    • "Our study represents the first detailed study of dog bites conducted within Arkansas. Approximately 5 years of data were collected from our state’s only Level I trauma centers: ACH and UAMS. Across both institutions, our study revealed that 36% of cases needed repair, yet only 6.7% required operative intervention. Lacking some concordance with much of the previous literature, our study supports the notion that younger children (younger than 5 years) are at greater risk for more severe injuries. Moreover, those younger than 5 years were >8 times as likely to require operative repair, >4 times as likely to be bitten on the head and neck, and >3 times as likely to be bitten by a family dog. In addition, our study revealed that male children are more likely to be bitten, which is consistent with the literature. Uniquely, however, our data suggested that adult females were more often seen for dog bites. Our study corroborates much of the previous literature, supporting the notion that pit bull bites are severe enough to require operative intervention more frequently than the bites of other dog breeds."
  • Contemporary Update on the Treatment of Dog Bite: Injuries to the Oral and Maxillofacial Region (2015)
    • "Breed-specific mauling has been difficult to establish and a continued point of controversy owing to the lack of a mandatory official registry database."
    • "Dog bites to the face are significant disfiguring and debilitating injuries frequently encountered by OMSs. The financial cost to the patient and society account for millions of dollars paid annually in insurance claims. The physical and emotional trauma can result in long-term therapy for many of the victims, especially children, consisting of multiple surgical revisions and psychological counseling."
    • "Restrictions should be considered for those breeds of dogs commonly associated with dog bite attacks. The pit bull was the most frequently noted breed in our retrospective study, consistent with the current published data."
  • Dog bite injuries to the face: Is there risk with breed ownership? A systematic review with meta-analysis (2019)
    • This study has several charts showing bite risk and bite severity by breed, created to provide a "risk to own" graphic for potential dog owners.
    • "Dog bite injuries to the head and neck remain a significant public health problem. While there is a significant range in severity from superficial and unreported wounds to fatal injuries, we have analyzed bites from patients requiring consultation by a facial trauma and reconstructive surgery service. We conclude that bite frequency and severity can be attributed to certain breeds."
  • Dog Bites in the United States from 1971 to 2018: A Systematic Review of the Peer-Reviewed Literature (2019)
    • This study covers almost 50 years.
    • "We remain in the infancy of understanding how dogs, especially those bred to fight, adapt to domestic situations. As a result of this review, it remains imperative to report as accurately as possible the experience of the patients we are treating with these injuries in an effort to continue to better characterize who is at risk and from what animals."
    • Recommendations: Encourage victims and families to report dog bite incidents; Practitioners should document as much information as possible; Provide victims and families with educational resources; Establish a national database or registry for citizenry to report dog bite incidents (even anonymously); Transparency amongst advocates in their literature; Evaluate scientifically the decades-long bans of Denver and Miami to better understand their effects
  • Dog bites of the head and neck: an evaluation of a common pediatric trauma and associated treatment (2015)
    • "Dog bites are a significant public health concern, and may account for 40% of all pediatric traumas."
    • "The patients most likely to suffer dog bite injuries of the head and neck are children."
    • "Among the dog breeds responsible for these head and neck injuries, one third involved pit bull terriers, whose resulting injuries were more severe, had nearly twice the requirement for specialty consultation, and had higher rate of surgical exploration and repair."
  • Dogs and Orthopaedic Injuries: Is There a Correlation With Breed? (2018)
    • This Fresno, California study compared injuries caused by bites from pit bulls, from non-pit bulls, and from law enforcement K-9s. The study details differences between pit bull and K-9 injuries such as amputations, bony injuries, significant injuries, soft tissue injuries, number of surgical procedures required. In each category, the pit bull group caused more injuries. "Pit bull terrier bites accounted for a significantly higher number of orthopaedic injuries and represented more severe bites (fractures and amputation) than other breeds."
  • Emergency Department Visits and Inpatient Stays Involving Dog Bites, 2008 (2010)
    • This study of data from 1993-2008 tabulates from all angles (age of patient, region, cost of hospital stay, diagnoses and procedures, etc.). "The overall trend through this 16-year time period shows an 86.3 percent increase in dog bite-related hospital stays."
    • "In 2008, there were 316,200 ED (Emergency Department) visits and 9,500 hospital stays related to dog bites. This represents a rate of 103.9 ED visits and 3.1 hospital stays per 100,000 population. On average, every day there were 866 ED visits and 26 hospitalizations related to dog bites."
    • "More than half (57.9 percent) of dog bite-related hospitalizations involved a surgical procedure. The most frequent procedure was debridement of wound. Other procedures included suture of skin and subcutaneous tissue, incision and drainage of skin and subcutaneous tissue, and skin grafts."
  • Epidemiology of Animal Bites in the Greater Dallas/Fort Worth Area, 1994-1998 (1999)
    • This Dallas/Fort Worth area study was a graduate thesis based off answered questionnaires by ten area animal control facilities, querying about bites during a four year period of 1994-1998. It didn't provide much in the way of recommendations beyond the need for continued documentation of bites.
  • Incidence of Dog Bite Injuries Treated in Emergency Departments (1998)
    • "Dog bite injuries are an important source of injury in the US population, especially among children. Improved surveillance and prevention of dog bite-related injuries, particularly among children, are needed." "Incidence rates were significantly higher among children aged 0 to 9 years." "Over half the dog bite injuries (58.0%) were reported to have occurred at a home."
  • Pediatric Dog Bite Injuries in Central Texas, Journal of Pediatric Surgery (2018)
    • "Dog bite injuries result in notable morbidity to the pediatric population and are a public health concern. Children are more likely to sustain injury to the head and neck region owing to their stature. Pet familiarity should not be considered a fail-safe against dog bite injuries. Medium to large-sized dog breeds, particularly pit bulls, can cause significant injury to the head and neck region, necessitating medical care at a specialized center, and should not be under the responsibility of amateur or irresponsible owners."
    • "Prevention efforts should focus on dog training, public education (children and adults), vigilant adult supervision, and a zero-tolerance policy."
  • Pit Bull attack causing limb threatening vascular trauma — A case series (2017)
    • This is a case study of two severe injuries from pit bull attacks to the upper arm, affecting the main arteries and veins. "Attacks by Pit Bull Terriers are more likely to cause severe morbidity than other breeds of dogs. Immediate surgical exploration is required to prevent catastrophic outcomes." "The upper limb is one of the commonest anatomical areas of injury and patients who present with injury to the axillary-brachial artery and vein risk limb threat or death from exsanguination as well." Recommendations include regulation of pit bulls and similar dogs, stronger animal control laws, public education, and responsible dog ownership.

Study: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2013: 2000–2009

The most recent study of the epidemiology of fatal dog bites in the United States was published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) in 2013. While earlier studies were based on television and newspaper reports, this was the first study to be based on law-enforcement reports, animal control reports, and investigator statements. It identified preventable factors in the fatal incidents. They found that the most common contributing factors were: absence of an able-bodied person to intervene, no familiar relationship of victims with dogs, owner failure to neuter dogs, compromised ability of victims to interact appropriately with dogs (e.g. mental disabilities), dogs kept isolated from regular positive human interactions versus family dogs (e.g. dogs kept chained in backyards), owners' prior mismanagement of dogs, and owners' history of abuse or neglect of dogs. Furthermore, they found that in 80% of the incidents, 4 or more of the above factors co-occurred.

The authors found that in a significant number of DBRFs there was either a conflict between different media sources reporting breed and/or a conflict between media and animal control reports relative to the reporting of breed. For 401 dogs described in various media accounts of DBRFs, media sources reported conflicting breed attributions for 124 of the dogs (30.9%); and where there were media reports and an animal control report (346 dogs), there were conflicting breed attributions for 139 dogs (40.2%)

According to this study, reliable verification of the breed of dog was only possible in 18% of incidents.

Study: Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2009: 1979–2005

This 27-year study collected data from the CDC Wide-Ranging OnLine Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) program. It looked at cases in which the cause of death according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes was dog bites. It did not include fatalities secondary to an infection from a bite. During those 27 years, 504 deaths due to dog bites were reported (an average of 18.67 per year). Six states (Texas, California, Florida, Illinois, Georgia and North Carolina) accounted for 37% of the reported cases (but they also compose 36% of the US population). The number of deaths per capita were highest in Alaska (11.83 deaths per 10 million inhabitants); the rest of the states ranged from 0 to 2.56 deaths per 10 million population. Most fatal dog bites occur in young children and the elderly. Elderly victims have a higher in-hospital fatality rate after the trauma compared to younger victims.

This study found that deaths from dog attacks appear to be increasing as the population of both humans and dogs have increased during this period. Children have the greatest risk of death: the majority of victims (55.6%) were less than 10 years old. The highest number of death occurred in children between 1 and 4 years old. Most victims were male (58.1%) - which is consistent with other studies that concluded that dog-related injuries and deaths occur more often in boys. The theory that the scientists propose is that this may be due to the fact that boys have a higher injury rate than girls in many activities.

Regarding the race of the victim, 81.3% were white (M: 46.8%, F: 34,5%), 14.3% were black (M: 8.5%, F: 5.7%) and 4.4% were listed as "other". It should be noted that 14.3% of victims are black while only 3% of all dog owners are black. The present study did not have an explanation for this. It was not known if the victim was the owner of the dog(s) that attacked, nor did they specify the breeds of dogs that attacked. They did note that an earlier study indicated that living in a low-income neighbourhood was a risk factor for dog bites.

The most important conclusion of this study was that the incidence of dog-related injuries and deaths appear to have increased along with the increase of the dog and human population in the United States. They advise a mandatory national registration system on all animal attacks with detailed information about the attack (whether the dog was provoked, the breed of the dog, whether the dog was neutered or not, etc). That would give insight in the factors that lead to these dog attacks.

Study: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000: 1979–1998

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published a study in 2000 on dog bite-related fatalities (DBRF) that covered the years 1979–1998. The report concluded that relying on media coverage of dog-bite-related fatalities presents a biased view of the dogs involved. They stated that media reports are likely to only cover about 74% of the actual incidents and that dog attacks involving certain breeds may be more likely to receive media coverage. They also reported that since breed identification is difficult and subjective, attacks may be more likely to be "ascribed to breeds with a reputation for aggression".

The study found reports of 327 people killed by dogs over the 20-year period. Some breed information was available for 238 (73%) of the fatalities. Of 227 incidents with relevant data, 133 (58%) were unrestrained dogs and on the owners' property; 55 (24%) were loose off the owners' property; 38 (17%) were restrained dogs on their owners' property; and only one (less than 1%) was restrained off the owners' property.

The study defined dog attacks as "a human death caused by trauma from a dog bite". Excluded from the study were deaths by disease caused by dog bites, strangulation on a scarf or leash pulled by a dog, heart attacks or traffic accident, and falling injury or fire ant bites from being pushed down by a dog. The study also excluded four deaths by trauma from dog bites by police dogs or guard dogs employed by the government.

Working dogs, such as German Shepherds and Doberman Pinschers, Australian shepherds and Collies, and one identified only as a "sheepdog".

Spitz and Primitive dogs comprised a substantial minority, including multiple Chow Chows; native Japanese dogs (mostly Akita Inus); and sled dogs types: Huskies, Malamutes and others. One incident involved a Basenji.

Wolfdogs killed 14 people during the study period, and dogs identified only as "mixed-breeds" or "unknown" killed 15. Deaths from wolfdogs, also known as wolf hybrids, plummeted after most states banned them as pets.

Fatal attacks by retriever including Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever, and a Chesapeake Bay Retriever.

There were also a comparatively small number of fatal hound attacks (including a Coonhound and two Dachshunds) and terrier attacks (including two of the smallest ratters: a West Highland White Terrier and a Yorkshire Terrier, which is among the smallest of all dogs). The study also mentioned one fatal attack by a cocker spaniel.

Study: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1997: 1979–1994

The first epidemiological study of dog-bite fatalities in the United States was conducted by an epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1977. From 1979 through 1994, attacks by dogs resulted in 279 deaths of humans in the United States.

Study: University of Texas Study 1982: 1966–1980

A study conducted at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School identified 74 fatal dog bites during the period 1966–1980 from news media and medical literature.

Most fatalities were young children, including 23 infants under 1 year old. In most cases, the dog was owned by the victim's family. In only 3 of the incidents was the dog reported to have been provoked by kicking, hitting, or having stones thrown at it. However, several incidents involved a child attempting to pet or hug the dog.

In 5 of the incidents, there was no information available about the kind of dogs involved. In 10 fatal attacks, the dogs were only described as "mixed-breed".

Many involved large and powerful molosser breeds: 8 Rottweilers, 6 Great Danes, 2 Boxers and a St. Bernards

Spitz and primitive dogs committed a significant minority of the attacks, mostly sled dog breeds (9 Husky breeds and 5 Malamutes), one Chow Chow and a Basenji.

Fatal herding and working breed attacks numbered 16: 12 Doberman Pinscher attacks, 2 collie attacks, and 2 involving a German Shepherd

There were multiple retriever attacks, including 3 Golden Retrievers and a Labrador, and 2 attacks by very small breeds: one Dachshund, and 1 Yorkshire Terrier, which is among the smallest of all dogs.

When comparing number of deaths by each particular breed to the number of registrations of that breed, the authors wrote: "In relation to its small registration the bullterrier (pit bull) was responsible for the highest number of deaths , but the popularity of this breed may be increasing and, therefore, its population might not be reflected by its registration."

Media reports of fatal dog attacks in the United States

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This is a list of fatal dog attacks in the United States reported by the news media, scholarly papers, and other sources. In the list below, the attribution of breed is assigned by the sources.

Fatalities reported before 2000

Further information: List of fatal dog attacks in the United States (before 2000)

Fatalities reported since 2000

Further information: List of fatal dog attacks in the United States (2000s)

See also

Species:

In other countries:

References

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  2. Sacks, Jeffrey J., MD, MPH; Sinclair, Lesliedock, DVM; Gilchrist, Julie, MD; Golab, Gail C., PhD, DVM; Lockwood, Randall, PhD. (September 15, 2000). "Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998" (PDF). JAVMA. 217 (6): 836–40. doi:10.2460/javma.2000.217.836. PMID 10997153. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2015. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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