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Revolution

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It has been suggested that Revolutionary be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since September 2006.
For other uses, see Revolution (disambiguation).

A revolution is a significant change that usually occurs in a relatively short period of time. Variously defined revolutions have been happening throughout human history. They vary in terms of numbers of their participants (revolutionaries), means employed by them, duration, ideology and many other aspects. They may result in a socio-political change in the socio-political institutions, or a major change in a culture or economy.

The word revolution derives from Late Latin revolutia and means "a turn around."

George Washington was a leader in the American Revolution

Etymologies

The word derives from Late Latin revolutio- "a revolving," from Latin revolvere "turn, roll back". It entered English, from Old French révolution, in 1390, originally only applied to celestial bodies. Only circa 1450 was it being used to mean " instance of great change in affairs"; the presently dominant political meaning is first recorded 1600, again following French, and was especially applied to the expulsion of the Stuart king James II of England in 1688 and transfer of sovereignty in Britain to William III and Mary. Revolutionary as a noun is first attested 1850, from the adjective.

Study of revolutions

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Political and socioeconomic revolutions

Perhaps most often, the word 'revolution' is employed to denote a socio-political change in the socio-political institutions. Jeff Goodwin gives two definitions of a revolution. Broader, where revolution is 'any and all instances in which a state or a political regime is overthrown and therby transformed by a popular movement in an irregular, extraconstitutional and/or violent fashion'; and narrower, in which 'revolutions entail not only mass mobilization and regime change, but also more or less rapid and fundamental social, economic and/or cultural change, during or soon after the struggle for state power'. Jack Goldstone defines them as 'an effort to transform the political institutions and the justifications for political authority in society, accompanied by formal or informal mass mobilization and noninstitutionalized actions that undermine authorities.

See list of revolutions and rebellions for a list of such revolutions.

Cultural, intellectual and philosophical revolutions

Technological revolutions

These usually lead to transformations in society, culture and philosophy.

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See also

References

  1. EtymologyOnLine:revolution. Last accessed on 27 October 2006
  2. Jeff Goodwin, No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991, Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 2001, p.5
  3. Jack Goldstone, "Theories of Revolutions: The Third Generation, World Politics 32, 1980:425-53
  4. ^ Jack Goldstone, "Towards a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory", Annual Review of Political Science 4, 2001:139-87
  5. John Foran, "Theories of Revolution Revisited: Toward a Fourth Generation", Sociological Theory 11, 1993:1-20
  6. Clifton B. Kroeber, Theory and History of Revolution, Journal of World History 7.1, 1996:21-40
  7. Goodwin, op.cit., p.9

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