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Palaeonisciformes Temporal range: Late Silurian–Late Cretaceous PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Platysomus gibbosus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
Infraphylum:	Gnathostomata
Superclass:	Osteichthyes
Class:	Actinopterygii
Subclass:	Chondrostei
Order:	Palaeonisciformes Hay 1902
Families
Palaeoniscidae Vogt 1852

The Palaeonisciformes are an extinct order of early ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) which began in the Late Silurian and ended in the Late Cretaceous. The name of the order is derived from the Greek words paleo (ancient) and ὀνίσκος (oniskos or woodlouse), probably pertaining to the organization of the fishes' scales, similar to the exoskeletal plating of woodlice.

Classification

It is not a natural group, but is instead a paraphyletic assemblage of the early members of several ray-finned fish lineages. It has traditionally encompassed most Paleozoic actinopterygians, except those that exhibit strange body forms (such as the deep-bodied Platysomoidea, or those assigned definitively to any of the living groups of ray-finned fishes.

Andreolepis hedei has proven so far to be the earliest-known actinopterygiian, living around 420 million years ago (Late Silurian in Russia, Sweden, Estonia, and Latvia. Actinopterygians underwent an extensive diversification during the Carboniferous, after the end-Devonian Hangenberg extinction.

Taxonomy

• Order †Palaeonisciformes Hay, 1902 sensu stricto
  • Family †Palaeoniscidae Vogt, 1852
    • Genus ?†Agecephalichthys Wade, 1935
      • Species †Agecephalichthys granulatus Wade, 1935
    • Genus ?†Cryphaeiolepis Traquair, 1881
      • Species †Cryphaeiolepis scutata Traquair, 1881
    • Genus ?†Cteniolepidotrichia Poplin & Su, 1992
      • Species †Cteniolepidotrichia turfanensis Poplin & Su, 1992
    • Genus ?†Duwaichthys Liu et al., 1990
      • Species †Duwaichthys mirabilis Liu et al., 1990
    • Genus ?†Ferganiscus Sytchevskaya & Yakolev, 1999
      • Species †Ferganiscus osteolepis Sytchevskaya & Yakolev, 1999
    • Genus ?†Shuniscus Su, 1983
      • Species †Shuniscus longianalis Su, 1983
    • Genus ?†Suchonichthys Minich, 2001
      • Species †Suchonichthys molini Minich, 2001
    • Genus ?†Trachelacanthus Fischer De Waldheim, 1850
      • Species †Trachelacanthus stschurovskii Fischer De Waldheim, 1850
    • Genus ?†Triassodus Su, 1984
      • Species †Triassodus yanchangensis Su, 1984
    • Genus ?†Turfania Liu & Martínez, 1973
      • Species †T. taoshuyuanensis Liu & Martínez, 1973
      • Species †T. varta Wang, 1979
    • Genus ?†Turgoniscus Jakovlev, 1968
      • Species †Turgoniscus reissi Jakovlev, 1968
    • Genus ?†Xingshikous Liu, 1988
      • Species †Xingshikous xishanensis Liu, 1988
    • Genus ?†Yaomoshania Poplin et al., 1991
      • Species †Yaomoshania minutosquama Poplin et al., 1991
    • Genus †Gyrolepis Agassiz, 1833 non Kade, 1858
      • Species †G. albertii Agassiz, 1833
      • Species †G. gigantea Agassiz, 1833
      • Species †G. maxima Agassiz, 1833
      • Species †G. quenstedti Dames, 1888
      • Species †G. tenuistriata Agassiz, 1833
    • Genus †Gyrolepidoides Cabrera, 1944
      • Species †G. creyanus Schaeffer, 1955
      • Species †G. cuyanus Cabrera, 1944
      • Species †G. multistriatus Rusconi, 1948
    • Genus †Palaeothrissum de Blainville, 1818
      • Species †P. elegans Sedgwick, 1829
      • Species †P. macrocephalum de Blainville, 1818
      • Species †P. magnum de Blainville, 1818
    • Genus †Westollia White & MoyThomas, 1940
    • Genus †Palaeoniscum de Blainville, 1818
      • Species †P. angustum (Rzehak, 1881)
      • Species †P. antipodeum (Egerton, 1864)
      • Species †P. antiquum Williams, 1886
      • Species †P. arenaceum Berger, 1832
      • Species †P. capense (Bloom, 1913)
      • Species †P. comtum (Agassiz, 1833)
      • Species †P. daedalium Yankevich & Minich, 1998
      • Species †P. devonicum Clarke, 1885
      • Species †P. elegans (Sedgwick, 1829)
      • Species †P. freieslebeni de Blainville, 1818
      • Species †P. hassiae (Jaekel, 1898)
      • Species †P. kasanense Geinitz & Vetter, 1880
      • Species †P. katholitzkianum (Rzehak, 1881)
      • Species †P. landrioti (le Sauvage, 1890)
      • Species †P. longissimum (Agassiz, 1833)
      • Species †P. macrophthalmum (McCoy, 1855)
      • Species †P. magnum (Woodward, 1937)
      • Species †P. moravicum (Rzehak, 1881)
      • Species †P. promtu (Rzehak, 1881)
      • Species †P. reticulatum Williams, 1886
      • Species †P. scutigerum Newberry, 1868
      • Species †P. vratislavensis (Agassiz, 1833)

Incertae sedis

Families that at one time or another were placed in Palaeonisciformes:

• †Acropholidae Kazantseva-Selezneva, 1977
• †Atherstoniidae Gardiner, 1969
• †Brazilichthyidae Cox & Hutchinson, 1991
• †Centrolepididae Gardier, 1960
• †Coccolepididae Berg, 1940 corrig.
• †Commentryidae Gardiner, 1963
• †Cryphiolepididae MoyThomas, 1939 corrig.
• †Dwykiidae Gardiner, 1969
• †Holuridae Moy-Thomas, 1939
• †Igornichthyidae Heyler, 1977
• †Irajapintoseidae Beltan, 1978
• †Monesedeiphidae Beltan, 1989
• †Rhabdolepididae Gardiner, 1963
• †Stegotrachelidae Gardiner, 1963
• †Thrissonotidae Berg, 1955
• †Tienshaniscidae Lu & Chen, 2010
• †Turseodontidae Bock, 1959 corrig.
• †Uighuroniscidae Jin, 1996
• †Urosthenidae Woodward, 1931

Timeline of genera

References

1. "Palaeonisciformes". Paleobiology Database. Retrieved November 17, 2012.
2. Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Actinopterygii - Ray-finned Fishes". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
3. Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118342336.
4. van der Laan, Richard (2016). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

External links

• Märss, Tiiu (2001). "Andreolepis (Actinopterygii) in the Upper Silurian of northern Eurasia" (PDF, 1.4 MB). Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology. 50 (3): 174–189. ISSN 1736-6046.
• Gardiner, Brian; Schaeffer, Bobb; Masserie, Judy A. (August 2005). "A review of lower actinopterygian phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 144 (4): 511–525. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00181.x.
• Sallan, Lauren Cole; Coates, Michael I. (1 June 2010). "End-Devonian extinction and a bottleneck in the early evolution of modern jawed vertebrates". PNAS. 107 (22): 10131–10135. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10710131S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914000107. PMC 2890420. PMID 20479258.
• Palaeonisciformes at University of Bristol
• Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. ISBN 978-0-87710-450-6. ISSN 0007-5779. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2012-03-06.

• Palaeonisciformes
• Prehistoric ray-finned fish orders