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Revision as of 14:23, 30 August 2019 by 83.149.240.100 (talk)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within Jewish diaspora communities through contact with surrounding languages.
Afro-Asiatic languages
Cushitic languages
Semitic languages
Arabic languages
- Karaite Egyptian Arabic, based on old Egyptian Arabic
Aramaic languages
-
- Galilean dialect (extinct)
- Kareo-Aramaic (a Karaite variety of Aramaic) (extinct)
Canaanite languages
- Judeo-Phoenician (extinct)
- Judeo-Punic (extinct)
- Judeo-Ugaritic (extinct)
Other Afro-Asiatic languages
- Judeo-Berber (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)
- Judeo-Coptic (extinct)
Dravidian languages
- Judeo-Malayalam (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Telugu, a variety of Telugu
(both written in local alphabets)
Indo-European languages
Iranian languages
- Judeo-Bukharic (Bukhari, Bukhori, Judeo-Tajik) (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné of Samarkand)
- Judeo-Golpaygani (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Hamedani
- Judeo-Kurmanji (mostly as a second language in addition to Judeo-Aramaic)
- Judeo-Pahlavi (extinct)
- Judeo-Persian (Dzhidi, Jidi)
- Judeo-Shirazi
- Judeo-Tat (Juhuri)
Romance languages
- Judeo-Latin (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)
- Judeo-Andalusian (extinct)
- Judeo-Aragonese (extinct)
- Judeo-Navarro-Aragonese with a significant Jewish koiné of Tudela (extinct)
- Judeo-Asturleonese (extinct)
- Judeo-Catalan and Judeo-Valencian (extinct)
- Judeo-Emilian-Romagnol (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Franco-Provençal (including the Savoyard dialect) (extinct)
- Judeo-French (Zarphatic): a group of Jewish northern oïl languages and their dialects (extinct)
- Judeo-Gascon (also was used by latest Sephardic migrants) (extinct)
- Judeo-Italian with a wide range of dialects and city koinés (including zones of so-called Toscani (Tuscan) and Mediani (Middle Italian) dialects)
- Judeo-Ligurian (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Lombard (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Neapolitan (including the zone of so-called Meridionali (Intermediate Southern Italian) dialects) (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Piedmontese (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Portuguese (almost extinct) and Judeo-Galician (extinct)
- Judeo-Provençal (extinct)
- Judeo-Sicilian (including the zone of so-called Meridionali Estremi (Far Southern) dialects of Sicily, Calabria and Apulia) (extinct)
- Judeo-Spanish (Judezmo, Ladino)
- Judeo-Venetian (almost extinct)
Other Indo-European languages
- Judeo-Czech (Knaanic) (extinct)
- Judeo-Greek (Romaniyot, Yevanic)
- Judeo-Koiné Greek, based on Koine Greek
- Karaite Greek, a Karaite variety of Greek
- Judeo-Marathi
- Yiddish
Kartvelian languages
- Judeo-Georgian
- Judeo-Mingrelian (e.g. Bandza and Senaki Jews in Western Georgia, but the tendence is to switch to Judeo-Georgian or to standard Georgian) (almost extinct)
Turkic languages
- Judeo-Azerbaijani (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of Miyandoab)
- Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Krymchak) (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Turkish
- Karaim (almost extinct)
- Kareo-Turkish (a Karaite variety of Ottoman Turkish)
Uralic languages
- Judeo-Hungarian (Magyaric/Magyarit).
Doubted languages
Austronesian languages
Malayo-Polynesian languages
- Judeo-Malay (could be used in old-settled Jewish community, approximately till the 18th century)
Indo-European languages
Armenian languages
- Judeo-Armenian (although it was common to use Aramaic or Persian varieties among this Jewish community)
Baltic languages
- Judeo-Samogitian
Celtic languages
- Judeo-Breton (extinct)
Germanic languages
- Judeo-Danish
- Judeo-Dutch
- Judeo-Frisian
- Judeo-Low German (different varieties of Low German, adopted as spoken language also by some Sephardic groups; could be also used in Estland and Livonia).
Indo-Arian languages
- Judeo-Gujarati
- Judeo-Hindustani
Iranian languages
- Judeo-Alan (could be used by Jews of Khazar Khaganate in areas influenced by the Alans) (extinct)
- Judeo-Ossetic (extinct)
- Judeo-Pashto (mostly as the second language in addition to Judeo-Tajik) (almost extinct)
Romance languages
- Judeo-Rhaeto-Romance
- Judeo-Friulian
Slavic languages
- Judeo-Old Polish
- Judeo-Old Russian
- Judeo-Sorbian
Kartvelian languages
- Judeo-Laz
- Judeo-Svan
North Caucasian languages
Abkhazo-Adyghean languages
- Judeo-Abkhazian
- Judeo-Circassian
Turkic languages
Karluk languages
- Judeo-Uzbek (mostly as a second language in addition to Judeo-Bukharic)
Kipchak languages
- Judeo-Cuman (extinct)
- Judeo-Karachay-Balkar
- Judeo-Kumyk
Oghur languages
- Khazar language (extinct)
Vasconic languages
- Judeo-Basque
See also
References
- ^ Rubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (2015-10-30). Handbook of Jewish Languages. BRILL. ISBN 9789004297357.
- Hudson, Grover (2013). "A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)" (PDF). Northeast African Studies. New series. 13 (2). Retrieved 2015-10-09.
- ^ Weninger, Stefan (2011-12-23). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 709. ISBN 9783110251586.
- https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ugaritic
- ^ Spolsky, Bernard (2014-03-27). The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. ISBN 9781139917148.
- Habib Borjian, “Judeo-Iranian Languages,” in Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin, eds., A Handbook of Jewish Languages, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 234-295. .
- Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51-74. .
- Nahon, Peter, 2018. Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine. Paris:Classiques Garnier.
- Hary, Benjamin; Benor, Sarah Bunin (5 November 2018). "Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present". Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG – via Google Books.
- Weiss, Hillel; Katsman, Roman; Kotlerman, Ber (17 March 2014). "Around the Point: Studies in Jewish Literature and Culture in Multiple Languages". Cambridge Scholars Publishing – via Google Books.
- International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 2003-01-01. p. 83. ISBN 9780195139778.
- Katz, Dovid (October 2012). Bláha, Ondřej; Dittman, Robert; Uličná, Lenka (eds.). "Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination" (PDF). Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background: 164, 173. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332883632_Judeo-Georgian_Language_as_an_Identity_Marker_of_Georgian_Jews_The_Jews_Living_in_Georgia
- "YIVO | Krymchaks". www.yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
- Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition. BRILL. 2017-09-01. ISBN 9789004359543.
- Wexler, Paul (14 March 2019). "Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment". Otto Harrassowitz Verlag – via Google Books.
- "Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition". BRILL. 1 September 2017 – via Google Books.
- "Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition". BRILL. 1 September 2017 – via Google Books.
- Cohen-Mushlin, Aliza; Kravtsov, Sergey; Levin, Vladimir; Mickūnaitė, Giedrė; Šiaučiūnaitė-Verbickienė, Jurgita (14 March 2019). "Synagogues in Lithuania N-Ž: A Catalogue". VDA leidykla – via Google Books.
- https://books.google.it/books?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA899&lpg=PA899&dq=Judeo-Danish&source=bl&ots=YtyeOJM5Qu&sig=ACfU3U14z_5oMuV_nfQCZY0h8KzDgVLvYg&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih0aevi5jhAhXCwsQBHWraAH0Q6AEwBXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Danish&f=false
- https://books.google.it/books?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA899&lpg=PA899&dq=Judeo-Dutch&source=bl&ots=YtyeOJM5Qu&sig=ACfU3U14z_5oMuV_nfQCZY0h8KzDgVLvYg&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih0aevi5jhAhXCwsQBHWraAH0Q6AEwBXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Dutch&f=false
- https://books.google.it/books?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA899&lpg=PA899&dq=Judeo-Frisian&source=bl&ots=YtyeOJM5Qu&sig=ACfU3U14z_5oMuV_nfQCZY0h8KzDgVLvYg&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih0aevi5jhAhXCwsQBHWraAH0Q6AEwBXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Frisian&f=false
- "Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian". blogs.bl.uk.
- "A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India". Gorgias Press LLC.
- https://books.google.it/books?id=YJpdiPiG2g4C&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=Judeo-Sorbian&source=bl&ots=5Z9ZwwlLL1&sig=ACfU3U2iHYW4FbdGgEvT_73E-45iY9Ys8w&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQjciIjJjhAhVb6qYKHUX9DT0Q6AEwA3oECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Sorbian&f=false
- https://books.google.it/books?id=YXRsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143&dq=Circassian-speaking+Jewish+community&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOj_DxhpjhAhWCepoKHVLcBCAQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=Circassian-speaking%20Jewish%20community&f=false
- https://books.google.it/books?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA899&lpg=PA899&dq=Judeo-Basque&source=bl&ots=YtyeOJM5Qu&sig=ACfU3U14z_5oMuV_nfQCZY0h8KzDgVLvYg&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih0aevi5jhAhXCwsQBHWraAH0Q6AEwBXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Basque&f=false