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Mountain dogs are a generic form of dog, a group of similar or related dog breeds or landraces typically from the mountain environs of central Eurasia. “Trainability and boldness traits differ between dog breed clusters based on conventional breed categories and genetic relatedness.”</ref> Behaviour traits (boldness and trainability) differ to a significant degree twixt conventional and the genetic breed groups. Based on conventional classifications, rankings of trainability (in order from most trainable to least) are Herding dogs, Hounds, Working dogs, Toy dogs and Non-sporting dogs; Sporting dogs were trainable better than Non-sporting dogs. Many of these breeds either have the word “mountain” or a particular set of moutains in their name.
Mountain dogs have been subjected a varied selection “pressures during domestication that has resulted in a considerable diversity in morphology and behaviour. This, together with the many uses the dog is put to in our society, makes the dog an interesting model for studies of animal personality.” Genetic factors and relationships are demonstrable and consequential. Indeed, gene mapping of various breeds , comparing for example canids of Akita, Bernese Mountain Dog, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, and Pekingese, showed much more “linkage disequilibrium” genetic diversity than in humans.
To be sure, while some of the Swiss breeds are traced to Roman dogs, “The origin of domestic dog and phylogenetics of dog breeds is very intriguing and complicated problem. Late years it was shown that dog has an origin from several wolf lines, most of all were distributed in East Asia (Savolainen et al., 2002). Thus, the mountain dogs including a) Turkish dogs (Akbash and Kangal), b) Central Asian Sheepdog (CAS), c) Northern Caucasian Volkodav (NCV), d) Caucasian Ovtcharka (CO), Portuguese breeds Portuguese Sheepdog (PS), Serra da Estrella Mountain Dog (SEMD), Azores Cattle Dog (ACD) and Dutch breed German Shepherd Dog (GSD) all show “high involvement “Asian” guardian dog lines in genesis.” Most have a double coat.
Groupings
- FCI Pinscher and Schnauzer, Molossoid and Swiss Mountain Dog Group is a designation used only by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale.
- Sennenhunds — also called Swiss mountain dogs or Swiss cattle dogs — are farm dogs and cart dogs.
Specific breeds or landraces
- Akbash
- Akita
- Alaskan Malamute
- Alpine Mastiff, an extinct breed and progenitor of the St. Bernard, among other mountain dog breeds. Also known as the Barry Dog and the Saint Dog.
- Anatolian Shepherd Dog, Turkey
- Alentejo Mastiff
- Alpine Mastiff, an extinct breed and progenitor of the St. Bernard, among other mountain dog breeds. Also known as the Barry Dog and the Saint Dog.
- Alpine Mountain Schnauzer
- Anatolian Shepherd Dog, Turkey
- Appenzeller Mountain Dog or Appenzeller Sennenhund, a medium-sized breed of dog, one of the four breeds of Sennenhund
- Armenian Gampr dog, a.k.a. Armenian mountain dog and Armenian wolfhound. An alleged prototypical source of dog genetics and a landrace, not a breed.
- Australian Shepherd
- Azores Cattle Dog
- Bernese Mountain Dog or Berner Sennenhund, a large breed of dog, one of the four breeds of Sennenhund. Circa 1879 this breed almost went extinct, with only 10 left in the world. Luckily, a Swiss farmer cared for them and now they are no longer endangered.
- Bergamasco Shepherd
- Bucovina Shepherd Dog
- Bully Kutta a.k.a Indian Mastiff, a large breed of dog originating in India
- Cão de Castro Laboreiro has a "preferred mountain colour."
- Cão de Gado Transmontano, a.k.a. Transmontano Mastiff, a large molosser working dog breed, originating in Portugal
- Carpathian Shepherd Dog
- Caucasian Ovtcharka
- Caucasian Shepherd Dog a/k/a Northern Caucasian Volkodav (NCV) They are often a working dog, particularly a livestock or flock guardian or a farm dog. By and large, these dogs tend to have claimed Molosser dogs in their genetic heritage.
- Central Asian Shepherd Dog
- Entlebucher Mountain Dog or Entlebucher Sennenhund, the smallest of the four breeds of Sennenhund, recognized by the American Kennel Club on January 26, 2011
- Estrela Mountain Dog, a breed of dog that has been used to guard herds and homesteads in the Estrela Mountains of Portugal
- Formosan Mountain Dog
- Gaddi Kutta, a Mastiff-type dog found in northern India, particularly the western Himalayan region and in Himachal Pradesh. It is also called the Indian Leopard Hound, the Indian Panther Hound and the Mahidant Mastiff. It is a multi-purpose hunting dog, flock guardian and herding dog that is reputed to be strong enough to repulse attacks by snow leopards.
- Great Cambrian Shepherd Dog (Bugailgi Mawr Cymreig), a designer dog — combined livestock guardian/herding breed developed in Cymru/Wales, ancestry; Great Pyrenees and Welsh Sheepdog (Ci Defaid Cymreig)
- Georgian Shepherd, a large and powerful guard dog and ancient working dog
- Great Pyrenees or Pyrenean Mountain Dog, a large breed of dog used as a livestock guardian
- Greater Swiss Mountain Dog, Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund or Grand Bouvier Suisse, the largest of the four breeds of Sennenhund name=":1"/>
- Greek Shepherd a.k.a. Hellenikos Poimenikos or Greek Sheepdog
- Himalayan Sheepdog or Bhote kukur, a rare breed from Nepal
- Hovawart, included per FCI
- Icelandic Sheepdog
- Kangal
- Karakachan Bear Dog
- Karst Shepherd
- Kuchi, originating in Afghanistan, some of which are said to be in a "mountain" form
- Kumaon Mastiff, an endangered dog breed from India
- Kuvasz
- Leonberger, a three-way cross between an Alpine Mastiff, a Landseer and a Great Pyrenees. Flock guardian, carting and water rescue dogs that generally do not drool, despite their large size.
- Maremma Sheepdog or Maremo Sheepdog, an Italian flock guardian dog
- Moscow Watchdog
- Moscow Water Dog, an extinct lifesaving dog, which was a biter due to its genetic heritage
- Newfoundland and Landseer (treated separately by the FCI)
- Polish Tatra Sheepdog
- Portuguese Cattle Dog
- Pyrenean Mastiff
- Rafeiro do Alentejo
- Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog, a large breed of livestock guardian dog that originated in the Carpathian Mountains of Romania
- Russian Tracker, extinct dog breed of the Caucasus, precursor to the Golden Retriever
- Šarplaninac (redirect from Sharr Mountain Dog) Yugoslav Shepherd or Illyrian Shepherd Dog, an ancient livestock guarding dog breed from the Šar Mountains region in the Balkans
- Siberian Husky
- Slovensky Cuvac
- South Russian Ovcharka, a large, long-haired white sheepdog
- Spanish Mastiff
- St. Bernard, a very large breed of working dog from the Italian and Swiss Alps, originally bred as a search and rescue dog
- St. John's water dog a.k.a. lesser Newfoundland, an extinct precursor of the Newfoundland; ancestor of the modern retrievers, including the Flat-Coated, Chesapeake Bay, Golden and Labrador Retrievers
- Tatra Mountain Sheepdog
- Tibetan Mastiff — arguably the progenitor of many of the Mountain Dogs.
- Torkuz
- Tornjak, mountain sheepdog native to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia
See also
- Aidi or Atlas Mountain Dog, a flock guardian dog from Morocco
- Livestock guardian dog
- Molosser
- Montenegrin Mountain Hound or Yugoslavian Mountain Hound
References
Notes
- In a study of 98 breed profiles (based on among conventional breed groups based on historical utility and among genetic breed clusters), behavioural comparisons at the breed-group level produced ambiguous results as to the influential continuity of historical function with breed-typical behaviour. Genetic relatedness between dog breeds is something that may be adventitious and free from their historical function. It may offer a subsidiary explanation of behavioural diversities among breeds.
- “Breeds in the Mastiff/terrier cluster were bolder than the Ancient breeds, the breeds in the Herding/sighthound cluster and the Hunting breeds. Six breed clusters were created on the basis of behavioural similarity.”
- Indeed, dog groupings and various behaviors vary within breed groups.
- Most breeders prefer what is considered the most authentic, called mountain colour (cor do monte), also described as similar to the coat of a wolf. The mountain colour is a mixed light and dark grey interspersed with individual hairs (not spots) that are brown (called pine-seed) or dark red (called mahogany), in a brindle.
Citations
- ^ Kubyn & Grether 2012.
- Irion, D. N.; Schaffer, A. L.; Famula, T. R.; Eggleston, M. L.; Hughes, S. S.; Pedersen, N. C. (1 January 2003). "Analysis of Genetic Variation in 28 Dog Breed Populations With 100 Microsatellite Markers". Journal of Heredity. 4 (1. January 2003): 81–87. doi:10.1093/jhered/esg004.
Breeds are defined as intraspecies groups that have relatively uniform physical characteristics developed under controlled conditions by man. Dog breeds were originally developed from canids indigenous to a country or geographic region, and breeding animals were selected for phenotypic traits such as size, coat color, structure, and behavior. Later breeds were in turn developed from existing breeds, each foundation breed providing a phenotypic trait that bred true. Based on available breed histories, the majority of extant dog breeds were developed in the 19th century. ... no other species of animal displays the range of phenotypic diversity seen in purebred dogs. The strong and focused selection pressure inherent in the development of domestic breeds leads to loss of genetic variation, with some breeds potentially losing more than others owing to variation in breed histories and breeding practices.
(subscription required) - ^ Turcsán, Borbála; Kubinyi, Enikő; Miklósi, Ádám (June 2011). "Trainability and boldness traits differ between dog breed clusters based on conventional breed categories and genetic relatedness". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 132 (1–2): 61–70. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2011.03.006 – via Elsevier.
Modern dog breeding has given rise to more than 400 breeds differing both in morphology and behaviour. Traditionally, kennel clubs have utilized an artificial category system based on the morphological similarity and historical function of each dog breed, which is reflected in their genetics and their behaviors.
(subscription required) - ^ Xu, Elizabeth. "8 Mountain Dog Breeds". Pawculture. Retrieved December 22, 2019.
These canines are majestic and larger than life.
- ^ Cutts, Shannon (April 23, 2018). "Mountain Dog Breeds – The Massive Pup That Could Be Your New Pet". Retrieved December 22, 2019.
- ^ "Mountain Dog Breeds". DogAppy. Retrieved December 22, 2019.
- ^ "The Most Popular Mountain Dog Breeds". Retrieved December 22, 2019.
- ^ Guthrie, Madison (June 12, 2018). "Mountain Dog Breeds – 10 Amazing Breeds Who Live On Top Of The World". Happy Puppy Site. Retrieved December 22, 2019.
- Svartberg, Kenth; Forkman, Björn (20 October 2002). "Personality traits in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris)". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 79 (2): 133–155. doi:10.1016/S0168=1591(02)99121-1 – via Elsevier.(subscription required)
- Leroy, G.; Verrier, E.; Meriaux, J. C.; Rognon, X. (12 May 2009). "Genetic diversity of dog breeds: between breed diversity, breed assignation and conservation approaches". Animal Genetics Génétique et Diversité Animales. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01843.x. – via Wiley (subscription required)
- Sutter, Nathan B.; Eberle1, Michael A.; Parker, Heidi G.; Pullar, Barbara J.; Kirkness, Ewen F.; Kruglyak, Leonid; Ostrander, Elaine A. (November 15, 2004). "Extensive and breed-specific linkage disequilibrium in Canis familiaris". Genome Research. 14. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: 2388–2396. doi:10.1101/gr.3147604.
The 156 breeds of registered dogs in the United States offer a unique opportunity to map genes important in disease susceptibility, morphology, and behavior.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)(subscription required) - ^ Ryabinina, O.M. "Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships in Groups of Asian Guardian, Siberian Hunting and European Shepherd Dog Breeds" (PDF). Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics and Proteomics: 225–228.
- Savolainen, Peter; Zhang2, Ya-ping; Luo2, Jing; Lundeberg, Joakim; Leitner, Thomas (22 November 2002). "REPORT: Genetic Evidence for an East Asian Origin of Domestic Dogs". Science. 298 (5598): 1610–1613. doi:10.1126/science.1073906.
Although our data indicate several maternal origins from wolf, ... suggesting a common origin from a single gene pool for all dog populations. A larger genetic variation in East Asia than in other regions and the pattern of phylogeographic variation suggest an East Asian origin for the domestic dog, ∼15,000 years ago.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)(subscription required) - Marien-De Luca, Catherine. "Molosser dog history". Dog Breeds of the World. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
- ^ "FCI Breeds Nomenclature". Federation Cynologique Internationale. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
- ^ Dennler, Matthias; Lange, Eva Maria; Schmied, Oliver; Kaser Hotz, Barbara (28 February 2007). "Imaging Diagnosis — Metastatic Hemangiosarcoma Causing Cerebral Hemorrhage in a Dog". Veterinarian Library & Ultrasound. 48 (2 March–April 2007): 138–140. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.2007.00220.x – via Wiley.(subscription required)
- "Characterisitics". Armenian Gampr Club of America. Archived from the original on May 9, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
- Kathmann, I.; Jaggy, A.; Busato, A.; Bärtschi, M.; Gaillard, C. (28 June 2008). "Clinical and genetic investigations of idiopathic epilepsy in the Bernese mountain dog". doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03089.x.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)(subscription required) - Kirberger, R.M.; Fourie, S.L (June 1998). "Elbow dysplasia in the dog : pathophysiology, diagnosis and control". Journal of the South African Veterinary Association. 69 (2). AOSIS: 43–54.(subscription required)
- ""cor do monte", que é considerada uma característica étnica". Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2018-07-29.
- "Breed Standard". Archived from the original on 2007-02-07. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
- Savolainen, Peter; Zhang2, Ya-ping; Luo2, Jing; Lundeberg, Joakim; Leitner, Thomas (22 November 2002). "REPORT:Genetic Evidence for an East Asian Origin of Domestic Dogs". Science. 298 (5598): 1610–1613. doi:10.1126/science.1073906.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) (subscription required) - Marien-De Luca, Catherine. "Molosser dog definition". Dog Breeds of the World. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
- "Three New Breed Recognized by AKC". The Globe and Mail. January 26, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- Spiess, B.M. A (31 December 1993). "Inherited eye diseases in the Entlebucher mountain dog". Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde (in German). 136 (3): 105–110. PMID: 8171308 Europe PMC.(subscription required)
- Silvestre, A. M.; Ginja, M. M. D.; Ferreira, A. J. A.; Colac, J. (1 August 2007). "Comparison of estimates of hip dysplasia genetic parameters in Estrela Mountain Dog using linear and threshold models". Journal of Animal Science. 85 (8): 1880–1884. doi:10.2527/jas.2007-0166.(subscription required)
- Hamilton 2016.
- Mittten, R.W.; Edwards, G.A.; Rishniw, M. (28 June 2008). "Diagnosis and management of cortriatriatum dexter in a Pyrenean Mountain Dog and an Akita Inu". Australian Veterinary Journal. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb14572.x – via Wiley on line.(subscription required)
- Lewis, D. G. (December 1989). "Cervical spondylomyelopathy ('wobbler' syndrome) in the dog: A study based on 224 cases". Journal of Small Animal Practice. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1989.tb01909.x.(subscription required)
- Moustaki 2012, p. 155.
- Boudreaux, Mary K.; Martin, Monica (9 May 2011). "P2Y12 receptor gene mutation associated with postoperative hemorrhage in a Greater Swiss Mountain dog". Veterinary Clinical Pathology. doi:10.1111/j.1939-165X.2011.00318.x.(subscription required)
Bibliography
- Hamilton, Jack (2016). Formosan Mountain Dog (Taiwan Dog) Training Guide Formosan Mountain Dog Training Book Features: Formosan Mountain Dog House training, Obedience Training, Agility Training, Behavioral Training, Tricks and More. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 1535160136. ISBN 9781535160131.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Kubyn, Stacey; Grether, Layne (October 23, 2012). Caucasian Mountain Dog. i5 Publishing.
From the remote mountainous regions of the Caucasus in southeastern Europe comes the Caucasian Mountain Dog, an ovcharka breed whose origins trace back two millennia. Employed by Russian shepherds to protect the flocks from predators, the Caucasian Mountain Dog is a discerning guardian, wary of strangers, that is at once fearless and impressive. ... Heavy and robust... typifying mountain flock guard dogs.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Moustaki, Nikki (June 5, 2012). Greater Swiss Mountain Dog: A Comprehensive Owner Guide. I5 Publishing. p. 155. ISBN 9781593787226.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
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