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Kings of Persis
after 132 BC–224 CE
Approximate extent of the kingdom
Status	Vassal of the Parthian Empire
Capital	Istakhr
Common languages	Middle Persian
Religion	Zoroastrianism
Government	Monarchy
King
• after 132 BC – ?	Darayan I (first)
• 211/2–224	Ardakhshir V (last)
Historical era	Late antiquity
• Established	after 132 BC
• Incorporated into the Sasanian Empire	224 CE
Currency	Drachm
Preceded by Succeeded by Frataraka Sasanian Empire
Today part of	Iran

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The Kings of Persis are a series of Persian kings, who ruled the region of Persis in southwestern Iran, from the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE (c. 230 BCE – c. 210 CE). They ruled as sub-kings of the Parthian Empire, until they toppled the Parthians and established the Sassanid Empire. They effectively form some Persian dynastic continuity between the Achaemenid Empire (6th century BCE-4th century BCE) and the Sasanian Empire (3rd century CE-7th century CE).

Predecessors: "Frataraka" governors

From the end of the 3rd century to the beginning of the 2nd century BCE, Persian dynasts are known to have ruled Persis as local governor for the Seleucid Empire, with the title frataraka (Persian: "Governor"). They issued their own coinage.

They seem to have become independent a short time before the establishment of the Parthian Empire, as for a time ca. 140 BCE, the rulers named Wādfradād II and an "Unknown King I" did not use the word "Frataraka" on their coinage, neither did they use the word mlk for "King" that would become prevalent later.

Pliny relates a battle between Noumenios, a Seleucid general and satrap of the Province of Mesene (Characene), and the Persians sometime in the 3rd or the 2nd century BCE. Pliny describes the current Seleucid ruler as being "Antiochos", but it is unknown which one he is referring to. This event is often used to describe some kind of adversary relationship between the ruler of Persis and the Seleucid Empire during the 3rd or 2nd centuries BCE, and possibly a fight for independence. The rulers of Persis may have gained independence between 205 BCE, when Antiochos III visited Antiochia in Persis in peace, and 190-189 BCE, the latest possible date for the battle led by Noumenios if the Antiochos in question is indeed Antiochos III, since the latter was defeated at the Battle of Magnesia at that time.

Pliny writes:

"Noumenios, who was made governor of Mesene by king Antiochos, while fighting against the Persians, defeated them at sea, and at low water, by land, with an army of cavalry, on the same day; in memory of which event he erected a twofold trophy on the same spot, in honour of Jupiter and Neptune"

— Pliny, HN 6.152.

Sub-kings of the Parthian Empire

According to Strabo, the early kings of Persis were tributaries to the Seleucid rulers, until c.140 BC, when the Parthians conquered the region:

The Persians have kings who are subject to other kings, formerly of the kings of Macedonia, but now to the kings of the Parthians.

— Strabo XV 3.24

The Parthian Empire then took control of Persis under Arsacid king Mithridates I (ca. 171-138 BC), but visibly allowed local rulers to remain, and permitted the emission of coinage bearing the title of Mlk ("King"). From then on, the coinage of the Kings of Persis would become quite Parthian in character and style.

Under the Parthians, these dynasts were called kings and their title appeared on their coins: for example “dʾryw MLKʾ BRH wtprdt MLKʾ” (Dārāyān the King, son of Wādfradād the King). The Arsacid incluence is very clear in the coinage, and Strabo also reports (15. 3.3) that during the time of Augustus (27 BCE–14 CE), the kings of the Persians were as subservient to the Parthians as they had been earlier to the Macedonians:

"But afterwards different princes occupied different palaces; some, as was natural, less sumptuous, after the power of Persis had been reduced first by the Macedonians, and secondly still more by the Parthians. For although the Persians have still a kingly government, and a king of their own, yet their power is very much diminished, and they are subject to the king of Parthia."

— Strabo, XV.3.3

• Autophradates (Vadfradad) III. Early 1st century BCE
• Ardaxšir (Artaxerxes) II. 1st century BCE.
• Ardaxšir (Artaxerxes) III. 1st-2nd century CE.
• Ardaxšir (Artaxerxes) IV. Late 2nd – early 3rd century CE.

Coinage

The coinage of the Kings of Persis consists in individualized portraits of the rulers on the obverse, and often the rulers shown in a devotional role on the reverse. The style of the coins is often influenced by Parthian coinage, particularly in respect to the dress and the headgear of the rulers. A reverse legend in Aramaic, using the Aramaic script, gives the name of the ruler and his title (𐡌‬𐡋𐡊 mlk': King), and often his relationship to a preceding ruler. The coin legends are written from right to left, wrapping the central scene in a counterclock-wise manner:

Establishment of the Sasanian Empire

With the reign of Šābuhr, the son of Pāpag, the kingdom of Persis started the process of becoming the Sasanian Empire.

Šābuhr's brother and successor, Ardaxšir (Artaxerxes) V, defeated the last legitimate Parthian king, Artabanos V in 224 CE, and was crowned at Ctesiphon as Ardaxšir I (Ardashir I), šāhanšāh ī Ērān, becoming the first king of the new Sasanian Empire.

The Sasanid dynasty would rule down to 7th century CE until the Muslim conquest of Persia.

List of the Kings of Persis, as Sub-Kings of the Parthian Empire

The Kings of Persis were preceded by the Fratarakas. The list of the King of Persis is mainly known though the coin sequence, and only a few kings are mentioned in ancient literary sources.

Name		Date	Coinage	Family Relations	Note
1	Darayan I	2nd century BCE (end)		?	Darayan I and his successors were sub-kings of the Parthian Empire. Crescent emblem on top of stylized kyrbasia. Aramaic coin legend d’ryw mlk (𐡃‬𐡀𐡓𐡉‬‬𐡅‬ 𐡌𐡋‬𐡊‬, "King Darius").
2	Wadfradad III	1st century BCE (1st half)		?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Coin legend wtprdt mlk (𐡅‬𐡕‬𐡐‬𐡓‬𐡃‬𐡕 𐡌‬𐡋𐡊‬, "King Wadfradad") in Aramaic script.
3	Darayan II	1st century BCE		son of Wadfradad III	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Aramaic coin legend d’ryw mlk brh wtprdt mlk’ (𐡃‬𐡀𐡓𐡉‬‬𐡅‬ 𐡌𐡋‬𐡊‬ 𐡁𐡓𐡄 𐡅‬𐡕‬𐡐‬𐡓‬𐡃‬𐡕 𐡌‬𐡋𐡊, "King Darius, son of King Wadfradad").
4	Ardakhshir II	1st century BCE (2nd half)		son of Darayan II	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Killed by his brother Vahshir I
5	Wahsir	1st century BCE (2nd half)		son of Darayan II	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
6	Pakor I	1st century CE (1st half)		son of Vahshir I	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
7	Pakor II	1st century CE (1st half)		?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
8	Nambed	1st century CE (mid)		son of Ardakhshir II	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
9	Napad	1st century CE (2nd half)		son of Nambed	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
10	‘Unknown king II’	1st century CE (end)		?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
11	Wadfradad IV	2nd century CE (1st half)		?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
12	Manchihr I	2nd century CE (1st half)		?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
13	Ardakhshir III	2nd century CE (1st half)		son of Manchihr I	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
14	Manchihr II	2nd century CE (mid)		son of Ardakhshir III	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
15	Uncertain King III/ tentatively Pakor III	2nd century CE (2nd half)		?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
16	Manchihr III	2nd century CE (2nd half)		son of Manchihr II	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
17	Ardakhshir IV	2nd century CE (end)		son of Manchihr III	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
18	Vahshir II (Oxathres)	c. 206-210 CE		?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. The last of Bazarangids.
19	Shapur	3rd century CE (beg.)		Brother of the first Sasanian, Ardashir I	Independent
20	Ardashir V (Sasanian Dynasty Ardashir I)	3rd century CE (beg.)		First Sasanian ruler, under the name of Ardashir I	Independent

See also

• List of rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms

References

1. ^ Wiesehöfer 2009.
2. ^ Engels, David. Iranian Identity and Seleucid Allegiance; Vahbarz, the Frataraka and Early Arsacid Coinage, in: K. Erickson (ed.), The Seleukid Empire, 281-222 BC. War within the Family, Swansea, 2018, 173-196.
3. ^ Shayegan 2011, p. 155.
4. ^ A History of Zoroastrianism vol II & III. p. 116.
5. LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book XV Chapter 3. p. XV 3.24. {{cite book}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 41 (help)
6. Strabo, Geography, BOOK XV., CHAPTER III.
7. ^ Sellwood 1983, pp. 299–322.
8. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2010). The "Unbekannter König III" and the Coinage of Hellenistic and Arsacid Persis.

Sources

• Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2007), "The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period", in Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Sarah Stewart (ed.), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, London & New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.
• Potts, Daniel T., ed. (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–1021. ISBN 9780190668662. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011). Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–539. ISBN 9780521766418. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Sellwood, David (1983), "Minor States in Southern Iran", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 299–322 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Wiesehöfer, Josef (2000). "Frataraka". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 2. p. 195. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Wiesehöfer, Josef (2009). "Persis, Kings of". Encyclopaedia Iranica. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

• History of Fars Province
• Zoroastrian dynasties and rulers
• States and territories established in the 3rd century BC
• 222 disestablishments