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The Kosovo war was a war between Serbian military (officially Yugoslavia, but Montenegro did not participate) on one side and NATO and the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) on the other. NATO bombed Serbia from March 24 to June 10 of 1999, and this is generally concidered the timespan of the war, although civil war between KLA and Serb security forces occured both before and after this time.

Trouble had been brewing in Kosovo for years. Since 1981, the Albanian majority of the people there had demanded independence from Yugoslavia. The situation worsened in 1989, when Kosovo's autonomous status was rewoked by Slobodan Milosevic, prime minister of Serbia at that time. In the mid-90s, armed uprising in Kosovo began, led by the KLA. By summer 1998, the violence had escalated to full civil war in Kosovo, with hundreds dead and as much as 300.000 internal refugees. The international community, spear-headed by NATO and OSCE, realized that something had to be done. A NATO-brokered cease-fire of October 25, 1998 saw a large contigent of OSCE peace monitors to Kosovo.

In December of 1998 the cease-fire between the Kosovo Liberation Army and Yugoslavia broke down. The following months were marked by military and civilian killings by both sides. On January 15 the Serbian military killed 45 Albanians in Racak.

Peace talks between Yugoslavia and Albanians in Rambouillet outside Paris broke down on March 19. The proposed Rambouillet Agreement called for unrestricted access by NATO troops not only throughout Kosovo (of which it would have control over), but the rest of Yugoslavia as well. NATO would also be immune to the laws of Yugoslavia. These terms were obviously not acceptable to the Yugoslavs, so the Albanian delegation could sign the agreement, knowing that it would not be put into effect.

The international monitors from OSCE withdrew on March 22, for fear of the monitors' safety. NATO started its bombing campaign on March 24. Shortly after that, refugees started streaming out of Kosovo, having been forced out of their homes. This was a clever ploy by Milosevic, as he could claim that most casualties occured after the bombing began. NATO knew this, but after failing to develop a political solution, they had the choice between waiting for the ethnic cleansing or accelerate it by starting the bombing campaign. U.S. General Wesley Clark called this outcome "entirely predictable." At least eight hundred thousand Kosovars fled the province, including 100,000 who left before the war began. Most of these were ethnic Albanians fled into impoverished Albania.

The bombings themselves also exacted a humanitarian toll: bridges were bombed during rush hour, cities known for their opposition to Milosevec were not spared. The bombings have drawn critizism by many experts on international law since international conventions ageed to by NATO countires among others prohibit destroying structures vitally important for human survival, prohibit destroying media organizations, TV and radio towers, journalist studios among other structures. The bombings however violated these agreements by targeting many of these structures including water treatment plants, TV stations and other vitally important sites. Critizism was also drawn by the fact that NATO charter specifies that NATO is an organization created for defence of it's members but in this case it was used to attack a country without any visible threat to any NATO members.

During the early phase of the war, NATO air power had difficulty attacking Serbian ground forces which were well hidden and dug in. Faced with the unpalitible prospect of introducing NATO ground forces, NATO developed a new strategy. The Kosovo Liberation Army would attach Serbian ground forces making it impossible for those forces to stay under cover. Once the ground forces began to move, they were easy targets for NATO air strikes. Most Serbian losses occurred in the last week of the war, and these were sufficient to cause Slobodan Milosevic to decide to seek terms of peace.

The final proposal that ended the bombing rejected the heavy NATO presence throughout Yugoslavia, but Serbia agreed to have a military presence within Kosovo headed by the UN. In practice NATO had more troops on the ground in its KFOR force than the UN did in its UNMIK force.

The Kosovo War was significant from a military standpoint in that it marked the first effective use of low technology local ground forces in combination with high technology air power provided by the United States. This combination would also prove effective in the United States campaign against the Taliban in Afghanistan in 2001.

NATO flew 38,000 combat mission over Kosovo. Yugoslavia claimed these attacks caused between 1200 and 5000 civilian casualties. Human Rights Watch claims a total of only 500 civilian deaths occured in 90 separate incidents. NATO acknowedged killing at least 150 civilians. NATO lost 5 aircraft, all American including the first stealth plane shot down by enemy fire, but suffered no combat casualties. Yugoslavian casualties may have reached 5000 soldiers killed. Yugoslavia also lost around 50 aircraft and 100 tanks along with artillery and air defense losses. At least 3000 bodies were dug up from mass graves and the International Red Cross compliled a list of over 3000 missing. Because many of the exhumed bodies could not be identified there is probably a great overlap in the Red Cross list and the number of exhumed.