This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Hohum (talk | contribs) at 23:37, 23 March 2020 (→Limitations). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Revision as of 23:37, 23 March 2020 by Hohum (talk | contribs) (→Limitations)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) Hypothetical vaccine against COVID-19
.svg){kind=small}
 | It has been suggested that this article be merged with COVID-19 drug development. (Discuss) Proposed since March 2020. |
A COVID-19 vaccine is a hypothetical vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although no vaccine has completed clinical trials, there are multiple attempts in progress to develop such a vaccine. In late February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) said it did not expect a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus, to become available in less than 18 months. By early March 2020, some 30 vaccine candidates were in development.
Previous coronavirus vaccine efforts
Vaccines have been produced against several diseases caused by coronaviruses for animal use, including for infectious bronchitis virus in birds, canine coronavirus and feline coronavirus.
Previous efforts to develop vaccines for viruses in the family Coronaviridae that affect humans have been aimed at severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Vaccines against SARS and MERS have been tested in non-human animal models. As of 2020, there is no cure or protective vaccine for SARS that has been shown to be both safe and effective in humans. According to research papers published in 2005 and 2006, the identification and development of novel vaccines and medicines to treat SARS is a priority for governments and public health agencies around the world.
There is also no proven vaccine against MERS. When MERS became prevalent, it was believed that existing SARS research may provide a useful template for developing vaccines and therapeutics against a MERS-CoV infection. As of March 2020, there was one (DNA based) MERS vaccine which completed phase I clinical trials in humans, and three others in progress, all of which are viral vectored vaccines, two adenoviral-vectored (ChAdOx1-MERS, BVRS-GamVac), and one MVA-vectored (MVA-MERS-S).
2020 efforts
SARS-CoV-2 was identified on 1 December 2019 as the cause of what would later be named COVID-19. A major outbreak spread around the world in 2020, leading to considerable investment and research activity to develop a vaccine. Many organizations are using published genomes to develop possible vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. About 35 companies and academic institutions are involved, with three of them receiving support from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), including projects by the biotechnology companies Moderna, and Inovio Pharmaceuticals, and the University of Queensland. Some 300 early-stage studies are in progress worldwide, according to one report on 10 March 2020.
In early March 2020, CEPI announced a US$2 billion funding goal in a global partnership between public, private, philanthropic, and civil society organisations to accelerate development of COVID-19 vaccines, with commitments to date by the governments of Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway, and the UK.
Clinical trials in progress
The US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) collaborated with Moderna to develop an RNA vaccine matching a spike of the coronavirus surface. In February 2020, NIAID registered a Phase 1 safety clinical trial of the vaccine, called mRNA-1273, open for recruitment in Seattle, WA. On 16 March 2020, the human study began. Seattle woman Jennifer Haller volunteered to be the first person to be injected with mRNA-1273. The trial completed recruitment on 19 March 2020.
Limitations
While everyone hopes a vaccine will be found, it is possible a successful one will never be found. Moreover, the first tests of these vaccines are for safety, not for efficacy. Similarly, while not vaccines, the widely touted lopinavir-ritonavir combination was recently reported to have a negative result.
Reports of preclinical research
- In Australia, the University of Queensland announced that it is investigating the potential of a molecular clamp vaccine that would genetically modify viral proteins in order to stimulate an immune reaction.
- In Canada, the International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, received federal funding to work on a vaccine, aiming to start non-human animal testing in March 2020 and human testing in 2021.
- Efforts have been announced at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the University of Hong Kong.
- Around 29 January 2020, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, led by Hanneke Schuitemaker, announced that it had begun work on developing a vaccine. Janssen is codeveloping an oral vaccine with its biotechnology partner, Vaxart. On 18 March 2020, Emergent BioSolutions announced a manufacturing partnership with Vaxart to develop the vaccine.
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals said that it is developing a DNA-based vaccination in collaboration with a Chinese firm, announcing plans for human clinical trials in the summer of the Northern Hemisphere of 2020.
- The Jenner Institute of the University of Oxford announced that it had developed a vaccine candidate based on a chimp adenovirus vector and signed a manufacturing contract with Advent. They announced plans to start animal studies in March 2020, and human safety trials the following month.
- Washington University in St. Louis announced its efforts to develop a vaccine on 5 March 2020.
- On 5 March 2020, the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command at Fort Detrick and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring, both in western Maryland, announced they were working on a vaccine.
- Emergent Biosolutions announced that it had teamed with Novavax Inc. in the development and manufacture of a vaccine. The partners further announced plans for preclinical testing and a Phase I clinical trial by July 2020.
- On 12 March 2020, India's Health Ministry announced they are working with 11 isolates and that even on a fast track it would take at least around one-and-a-half to two years to develop a vaccine.
- On 16 March 2020, the European Commission offered an €80 million investment in CureVac, a German biotechnology company, to develop a mRNA vaccine. Earlier that week, The Guardian had reported the US President Donald Trump offered CureVac "'large sums of money' for exclusive access to a Covid-19 vaccine", with the German government contesting this effort.
- On 17 March 2020, American pharmaceutical company Pfizer announced a partnership with German company BioNTech to jointly develop a mRNA-based vaccine. mRNA-based vaccine candidate BNT162, currently in pre-clinical testing with clinical trials expected to begin in April 2020.
- In France on 19 March 2020, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) announced a US$4.9 million investment in a COVID-19 vaccine research consortium involving the Institut Pasteur, Themis Bioscience (Vienna, Austria), and the University of Pittsburgh, bringing CEPI's total investment in COVID-19 vaccine development to US$29 million. CEPI's other investment partners for COVID-19 vaccine development are Moderna, Curevac, Inovio, Novavax, the University of Hong Kong, the University of Oxford, and the University of Queensland.
- On 20 March 2020, Russian health officials said that scientists began tests with six different vaccine candidates in laboratory animal experiments.
Technology Scale-Up
US government offered researchers access to world's most powerful supercomputers from IBM, along with cloud-computing resources from Amazon, Microsoft and Google. The COVID-19 High Performance Computing Consortium can be used for work like projecting the disease's spread and modeling possible medicines. Supercomputers use for screen 8,000 chemical compounds on a search for COVID-19 medicine that could prevent its infectious power.
Rumors and misinformation
Main article: Misinformation related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemicSocial media posts have promoted a conspiracy theory claiming the virus behind COVID-19 was known and that a vaccine was already available. The patents cited by various social media posts reference existing patents for genetic sequences and vaccines for other strains of coronavirus such as the SARS coronavirus.
See also
- 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
- Coronavirus disease 2019
- 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
- 2009 flu pandemic vaccine
- Respiratory disease
- COVID-19 drug development
- Phases of clinical research
References
- Grenfell, Rob; Drew, Trevor (17 February 2020). "Here's Why It's Taking So Long to Develop a Vaccine for the New Coronavirus". ScienceAlert. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- Cavanagh, Dave (2003). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: Experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus". Avian Pathology. 32 (6): 567–582. doi:10.1080/03079450310001621198. PMID 14676007.
- Gao, Wentao; Tamin, Azaibi; Soloff, Adam; d'Aiuto, Leonardo; Nwanegbo, Edward; Robbins, Paul D.; Bellini, William J.; Barratt-Boyes, Simon; Gambotto, Andrea (2003). "Effects of a SARS-associated coronavirus vaccine in monkeys". The Lancet. 362 (9399): 1895–1896. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14962-8. PMID 14667748.
- Kim, Eun; Okada, Kaori; Kenniston, Tom; Raj, V. Stalin; Alhajri, Mohd M.; Farag, Elmoubasher A.B.A.; Alhajri, Farhoud; Osterhaus, Albert D.M.E.; Haagmans, Bart L.; Gambotto, Andrea (2014). "Immunogenicity of an adenoviral-based Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine in BALB/C mice". Vaccine. 32 (45): 5975–5982. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.058. PMID 25192975.
- ^ Jiang, Shibo; Lu, Lu; Du, Lanying (2013). "Development of SARS vaccines and therapeutics is still needed". Future Virology. 8 (1): 1–2. doi:10.2217/fvl.12.126.
- "SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)". National Health Service. 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- Greenough, Thomas C.; Babcock, Gregory J.; Roberts, Anjeanette; Hernandez, Hector J.; Thomas, Jr., William D.; Coccia, Jennifer A.; Graziano, Robert F.; Srinivasan, Mohan; Lowy, Israel; Finberg, Robert W.; Subbarao, Kanta; Vogel, Leatrice; Somasundaran, Mohan; Luzuriaga, Katherine; Sullivan, John L.; Ambrosino, Donna M. (15 February 2005). "Development and Characterization of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Associated Coronavirus–Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody That Provides Effective Immunoprophylaxis in Mice". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 191 (4): 507–14. doi:10.1086/427242. PMID 15655773.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - Tripp, Ralph A.; Haynes, Lia M.; Moore, Deborah; Anderson, Barbara; Tamin, Azaibi; Harcourt, Brian H.; Jones, Les P.; Yilla, Mamadi; Babcock, Gregory J.; Greenough, Thomas; Ambrosino, Donna M.; Alvarez, Rene; Callaway, Justin; Cavitt, Sheana; Kamrud, Kurt; Alterson, Harold; Smith, Jonathan; Harcourt, Jennifer L.; Miao, Congrong; Razdan, Raj; Comer, James A.; Rollin, Pierre E.; Ksiazek, Thomas G.; Sanchez, Anthony; Rota, Paul A.; Bellini, William J.; Anderson, Larry J. (September 2005). "Monoclonal antibodies to SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV): Identification of neutralizing and antibodies reactive to S, N, M and E viral proteins". Journal of Virological Methods. 128 (1–2): 21–8. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.03.021. PMID 15885812.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - Roberts, Anjeanette; Thomas, William D.; Guarner, Jeannette; Lamirande, Elaine W.; Babcock, Gregory J.; Greenough, Thomas C.; Vogel, Leatrice; Hayes, Norman; Sullivan, John L.; Zaki, Sherif; Subbarao, Kanta; Ambrosino, Donna M. (March 2006). "Therapy with a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Associated Coronavirus–Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Reduces Disease Severity and Viral Burden in Golden Syrian Hamsters". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 193 (5): 685–92. doi:10.1086/500143. PMID 16453264.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - Shehata, M.M., Gomaa, M.R., Ali, M.A. et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a comprehensive review. Front. Med. 10, 120–136 (2016). doi:10.1007/s11684-016-0430-6
- Butler, Declan (October 2012). "SARS veterans tackle coronavirus". Nature. 490 (7418): 20. Bibcode:2012Natur.490...20B. doi:10.1038/490020a. PMID 23038444.
- Modjarrad, Kayvon; Roberts, Christine C.; Mills, Kristin T.; Castellano, Amy R.; Paolino, Kristopher; Muthumani, Kar; Reuschel, Emma L.; Robb, Merlin L.; Racine, Trina; Oh, Myoung-don; Lamarre, Claude; Zaidi, Faraz I.; Boyer, Jean; Kudchodkar, Sagar B.; Jeong, Moonsup; Darden, Janice M.; Park, Young K.; Scott, Paul T.; Remigio, Celine; Parikh, Ajay P.; Wise, Megan C.; Patel, Ami; Duperret, Elizabeth K.; Kim, Kevin Y.; Choi, Hyeree; White, Scott; Bagarazzi, Mark; May, Jeanine M.; Kane, Deborah; Lee, Hyojin (2019). "Safety and immunogenicity of an anti-Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus DNA vaccine: a phase 1, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation trial". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 19 (9): 1013–1022. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30266-X. PMID 31351922.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - Yong, Chean Yeah; Ong, Hui Kian; Yeap, Swee Keong; Ho, Kok Lian; Tan, Wen Siang (2019). "Recent Advances in the Vaccine Development Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 1781. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01781. PMC 6688523. PMID 31428074.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Fauci, Anthony S.; Lane, H. Clifford; Redfield, Robert R. (28 February 2020). "Covid-19 — Navigating the Uncharted". New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/nejme2002387. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 32109011.
- Gates, Bill (28 February 2020). "Responding to Covid-19 — A Once-in-a-Century Pandemic?". New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/nejmp2003762. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 32109012.
- ^ Steenhuysen, Julie; Kelland, Kate (24 January 2020). "With Wuhan virus genetic code in hand, scientists begin work on a vaccine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - Praveen Duddu. Coronavirus outbreak: Vaccines/drugs in the pipeline for Covid-19 Archived 19 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine. clinicaltrialsarena.com 19 February 2020.
- Lee, Jaimy (7 March 2020). "These nine companies are working on coronavirus treatments or vaccines — here's where things stand". MarketWatch. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Spinney, Laura (18 March 2020). "When will a coronavirus vaccine be ready?". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ Ziady, Hanna (26 February 2020). "Biotech company Moderna says its coronavirus vaccine is ready for first tests". CNN. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ Devlin, Hannah (24 January 2020). "Lessons from SARS outbreak help in race for coronavirus vaccine". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- Devlin, Hannah; Sample, Ian (10 March 2020). "Hopes rise over experimental drug's effectiveness against coronavirus". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- "CEPI welcomes UK Government's funding and highlights need for $2 billion to develop a vaccine against COVID-19". Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway. 6 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ "NIH clinical trial of investigational vaccine for COVID-19 begins". US National Institutes of Health. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- Overland, Martha Ann (21 March 2020). "'I Wanted To Do Something,' Says Mother Of 2 Who Is First To Test Coronavirus Vaccine". NPR. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- "Kaiser Permanente launches first coronavirus vaccine trial | KPWHRI". www.kpwashingtonresearch.org. Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- Thorp, H. Holden (23 March 2020). "Underpromise, overdeliver" (PDF). American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- Cao, B., et al (18 March 2020). "A Trial of Lopinavir–Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19". New England Journal of Medicine. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - "Saskatchewan lab joins global effort to develop coronavirus vaccine". CBC News. The Canadian Press. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- Vescera, Zak (6 March 2020). "U of S team gets federal dollars to develop COVID-19 vaccine". Saskatoon StarPhoenix. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- Jeong-ho, Lee; Zheng, William; Zhou, Laura (26 January 2020). "Chinese scientists race to develop vaccine as coronavirus death toll jumps". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- Cheung, Elizabeth (28 January 2020). "Hong Kong researchers have developed coronavirus vaccine, expert reveals". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- Mishra, Manas (29 January 2020). Orr, Bernard; Kuber, Shailesh (eds.). "Johnson & Johnson working on vaccine for deadly coronavirus". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
- "Vaxart (VXRT) - A long shot or perfect shot?". NASDAQ, RTTNews.com. 25 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
- Gilgore, Sara (18 March 2020). "Emergent BioSolutions dives into another coronavirus vaccine effort". Washington Business Journal. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- Mazumdar, Tulip (30 January 2020). "Coronavirus: Scientists race to develop a vaccine". BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- "Novel Coronavirus vaccine manufacturing contract signed". The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, England. 7 February 2020.
- Shute, Joe (14 March 2020). "The vaccine hunters racing to save the world from the coronavirus pandemic". The Telegraph. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- Ian Sample (19 March 2020). "Trials to begin on Covid-19 vaccine in UK next month". The Guardian.
- Chen, Eli (5 March 2020). "Wash U Scientists Are Developing A Coronavirus Vaccine". news.stlpublicradio.org. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- "Defense Department Press Briefing Investigating and Developing Vaccine Candidates Against COVID-19 (Transcript)". Arlington, VA: United States Department of Defense. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- Gilgore, Sara (10 March 2020). "Novavax's coronavirus vaccine program is getting some help from Emergent BioSolutions". Washington Business Journal. Charlotte, NC: American City Business Journals.
- "Will take one-and-a-half to two years for India to develop vaccine for COVID-19: Health Ministry". Economic Times. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- "Coronavirus: Commission offers financing to innovative vaccines company CureVac". European Commission. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- Oltermann, Philip (15 March 2020). "Trump 'offers large sums' for exclusive access to coronavirus vaccine". The Guardian.
- "Pfizer and BioNTech announce joint development of a potential COVID-19 vaccine". TechCrunch. 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- "COVID-19: mRNA vaccines – a promising approach to vaccine development". Shelston IP Australia – Intellectual Property & Patent Services | IP Attorneys & IP Lawyers. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ "CEPI collaborates with the Institut Pasteur in a consortium to develop COVID-19 vaccine". Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- Andrew Osborn (20 March 2020). "Russia starts testing coronavirus vaccine prototypes on animals". U.S. News & World Report. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- Shankland, Stephen. "Sixteen supercomputers tackle coronavirus cures in US". CNET. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- Kertscher, Tom (23 January 2020). "No, there is no vaccine for the Wuhan coronavirus". PolitiFact. Poynter Institute. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- McDonald, Jessica (24 January 2020). "Social Media Posts Spread Bogus Coronavirus Conspiracy Theory". FactCheck.org. Annenberg Public Policy Center. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
External links
- DRAFT landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines – 4 March 2020
| Artificial induction of immunity / Immunization: Vaccines, Vaccination, Infection, Inoculation (J07) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Development | |||||||||||
| Classes | |||||||||||
| Administration | |||||||||||
| Vaccines |
| ||||||||||
| Inventors/ researchers | |||||||||||
| Controversy | |||||||||||
| Related | |||||||||||
| |||||||||||