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A COVID-19 vaccine is a hypothetical vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although no vaccine has completed clinical trials, there are multiple attempts in progress to develop such a vaccine. In late February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) said it did not expect a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus, to become available in less than 18 months. By early March 2020, some 30 vaccine candidates were in development.
Previous coronavirus vaccine efforts
Vaccines have been produced against several diseases caused by coronaviruses for animal use, including for infectious bronchitis virus in birds, canine coronavirus and feline coronavirus.
Previous efforts to develop vaccines for viruses in the family Coronaviridae that affect humans have been aimed at severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Vaccines against SARS and MERS have been tested in non-human animal models. As of 2020, there is no cure or protective vaccine for SARS that has been shown to be both safe and effective in humans. According to research papers published in 2005 and 2006, the identification and development of novel vaccines and medicines to treat SARS was a priority for governments and public health agencies around the world.
There is also no proven vaccine against MERS. When MERS became prevalent, it was believed that existing SARS research may provide a useful template for developing vaccines and therapeutics against a MERS-CoV infection. As of March 2020, there was one (DNA based) MERS vaccine which completed phase I clinical trials in humans, and three others in progress, all of which are viral vectored vaccines, two adenoviral-vectored (ChAdOx1-MERS, BVRS-GamVac), and one MVA-vectored (MVA-MERS-S).
2020 efforts
SARS-CoV-2 was identified on 1 December 2019 as the cause of what would later be named COVID-19. A major outbreak spread around the world in 2020, leading to considerable investment and research activity to develop a vaccine. Many organizations are using published genomes to develop possible vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. About 35 companies and academic institutions are involved, with three of them receiving support from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), including projects by the biotechnology companies Moderna, and Inovio Pharmaceuticals, and the University of Queensland. Some 300 early-stage studies are in progress worldwide, according to one report on 10 March 2020.
In early March 2020, CEPI announced a US$2 billion funding goal in a global partnership between public, private, philanthropic, and civil society organisations to accelerate development of COVID-19 vaccines, with commitments to date by the governments of Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway, and the UK.
Clinical trials in progress
- The US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) collaborated with Moderna to develop an RNA vaccine matching a spike of the coronavirus surface. NIAID registered a Phase I safety clinical trial of the vaccine candidate, called mRNA-1273, to study 45 healthy adults in Seattle, with recruitment completed on 19 March 2020. An additional site at Emory University (Atlanta, Georgia) will start in April.
- A Phase I safety trial of a recombinant adenovirus vaccine candidate manufactured by CanSino Biologics Inc. (Tianjin, China), called Ad5-nCoV, began recruiting 108 healthy adults in Wuhan, China in March, with the study to last through the end of 2020.
Limitations
It is possible vaccines in development will not be safe or effective. One study found that between 2006 to 2015, the success rate of obtaining approval from Phase I to successful Phase III trials was 11.5% for vaccines ("biologics").
Reports of preclinical research
- In Australia, the University of Queensland announced that it is investigating the potential of a molecular clamp vaccine that would genetically modify viral proteins in order to stimulate an immune reaction.
- Vaccine development efforts were announced at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the University of Hong Kong.
- Around 29 January 2020, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, led by Hanneke Schuitemaker, announced that it had begun work on developing a vaccine. Janssen is codeveloping an oral vaccine with its biotechnology partner, Vaxart. On 18 March 2020, Emergent BioSolutions announced a manufacturing partnership with Vaxart to develop the vaccine.
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals said that it is developing a DNA-based vaccination in collaboration with a Chinese firm, announcing plans for human clinical trials in the summer of the Northern Hemisphere of 2020.
- In early March, the Canadian government announced Can$275 million in funding for 96 research projects on medical countermeasures against COVID-19, including numerous vaccine candidates at Canadian universities, such as the International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, aiming to start human testing in 2021. In March, the Canadian government announced Can$192 million specifically for developing a COVID-19 vaccine, with plans to establish a national "vaccine bank" of several new vaccines that could be used if another coronavirus outbreak occurs.
- The Jenner Institute of the University of Oxford announced that it had developed a vaccine candidate based on an adenovirus vector, and signed a manufacturing contract with Advent. They announced plans to start animal studies in March 2020, and human safety trials the following month.
- Washington University in St. Louis announced its efforts to develop a vaccine on 5 March 2020.
- On 5 March 2020, the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command at Fort Detrick and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring, both in western Maryland, announced they were working on a vaccine.
- Emergent Biosolutions announced that it had teamed with Novavax Inc. in the development and manufacture of a vaccine. The partners further announced plans for preclinical testing and a Phase I clinical trial by July 2020.
- On 12 March 2020, India's Health Ministry announced they are working with 11 isolates and that even on a fast track it would take at least around one-and-a-half to two years to develop a vaccine.
- On 12 March 2020, Medicago, a biotechnology company in Quebec City, Quebec, reported development of a coronavirus virus-like particle under partial funding from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research. The vaccine candidate is in laboratory research, with human testing planned for July or August 2020.
- On 16 March 2020, the European Commission offered an €80 million investment in CureVac, a German biotechnology company, to develop a mRNA vaccine. Earlier that week, The Guardian had reported the US President Donald Trump offered CureVac "'large sums of money' for exclusive access to a Covid-19 vaccine", with the German government contesting this effort.
- On 17 March 2020, American pharmaceutical company Pfizer announced a partnership with German company BioNTech to jointly develop a mRNA-based vaccine. mRNA-based vaccine candidate BNT162, currently in pre-clinical testing with clinical trials expected to begin in April 2020.
- In Italy on 17 March 2020, Takis Biotech, an Italian biotech company announced they will have pre-clinical testing results in April 2020 and their final vaccine candidate could begin human testing by fall.
- In France on 19 March 2020, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) announced a US$4.9 million investment in a COVID-19 vaccine research consortium involving the Institut Pasteur, Themis Bioscience (Vienna, Austria), and the University of Pittsburgh, bringing CEPI's total investment in COVID-19 vaccine development to US$29 million. CEPI's other investment partners for COVID-19 vaccine development are Moderna, Curevac, Inovio, Novavax, the University of Hong Kong, the University of Oxford, and the University of Queensland.
- On 20 March 2020, Russian health officials said that scientists began tests with six different vaccine candidates in laboratory animal experiments.
- Imperial College London researchers announced on 20 March 2020 that they are developing a self-amplifying RNA vaccine for COVID-19. The vaccine candidate was developed within 14 days of receiving the sequence from China.
Technology scale-up
In March 2020, the US government, industry, and universities pooled resources to access supercomputers from IBM, combined with cloud computing resources from Amazon, Microsoft, and Google. The COVID-19 High Performance Computing Consortium is being used to forecast disease spread, model possible vaccines, and screen thousands of chemical compounds to design a COVID-19 vaccine or therapy.
Rumors and misinformation
Main article: Misinformation related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemicSocial media posts have promoted a conspiracy theory claiming the virus behind COVID-19 was known and that a vaccine was already available. The patents cited by various social media posts reference existing patents for genetic sequences and vaccines for other strains of coronavirus such as the SARS coronavirus.
See also
- 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
- Coronavirus disease 2019
- 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
- 2009 flu pandemic vaccine
- Respiratory disease
- COVID-19 drug development
- Phases of clinical research
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External links
- DRAFT landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines – 4 March 2020
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