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Revision as of 04:42, 17 February 2012 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,031 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 477256799 of page Abscisic_acid for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: 'ChEBI').  Latest revision as of 20:34, 10 November 2024 edit 2001:bb8:2002:40::50 (talk) →Signal cascade: Correct full name for ABI1 
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{{Short description|Plant hormone}}
{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}}
{{Chembox {{Chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed | Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 477237428
| verifiedrevid = 477313986
| ImageFile = Abscisic acid.svg | ImageFile = Abscisic acid.svg
| ImageFile_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageFile_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}}
| ImageName = Stereo, skeletal formula of abscisic acid | ImageName = Stereo, skeletal formula of abscisic acid
| ImageClass= skin-invert-image
| SystematicName = (2''Z'',4''E'')-5--3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid<ref>{{Cite web|title = Abscisic Acid - Compound Summary|url = http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=5280896&loc=ec_rcs|work = PubChem Compound|publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information|accessdate = 22 October 2011|location = USA|date = 16 September 2004|at = Identification and Related Records}}</ref>
| OtherNames = (2''Z'',4''E'')-(''S'')-5-(1-Hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-methyl-2,4-pentanedienoic acid{{Citation needed|date = October 2011}} | PIN = (2''Z'',4''E'')-5--3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid<ref>{{cite web|title = Abscisic Acid - Compound Summary|url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=5280896&loc=ec_rcs|work = PubChem Compound|publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information|access-date = 22 October 2011|location = USA|date = 16 September 2004|at = Identification and Related Records}}</ref>
| OtherNames = (2''Z'',4''E'')-(''S'')-5-(1-Hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-methyl-2,4-pentanedienoic acid; Dormic acid;{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} Dormin<ref>{{cite book| last1 = O'Neil| first1 = Maryadele J| last2 = Heckelman| first2 = PE| last3 = Koch| first3 = CB| last4 = Roman| first4 = KJ| title = The Merck Index, 14th| date = 2006}}</ref><ref>{{CAS|21293-29-8}}</ref>
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| Abbreviations = ABA
| Abbreviations = ABA
| CASNo = 21293-29-8
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo = 21293-29-8
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| PubChem = 5280896
| UNII = 72S9A8J5GW
| PubChem_Ref = {{Pubchemcite|correct|Pubchem}}
| PubChem = 5280896
| ChemSpiderID = 4444418
| ChemSpiderID = 4444418
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| EINECS = 244-319-5
| EINECS = 244-319-5
| MeSHName = Abscisic+Acid
| MeSHName = Abscisic+Acid
| ChEBI = 2365
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} | ChEBI = 2365
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 288040 | ChEMBL = 288040
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| RTECS = RZ2475100 | RTECS = RZ2475100
| Beilstein = 2698956 | Beilstein = 2698956
| 3DMet = B00898 | 3DMet = B00898
| SMILES = OC(=O)\C=C(\C)/C=C/1(O)C(C)=CC(=O)CC1(C)C | SMILES = OC(=O)\C=C(\C)/C=C/1(O)C(C)=CC(=O)CC1(C)C
| StdInChI = 1S/C15H20O4/c1-10(7-13(17)18)5-6-15(19)11(2)8-12(16)9-14(15,3)4/h5-8,19H,9H2,1-4H3,(H,17,18)/b6-5+,10-7-/t15-/m1/s1 | StdInChI = 1S/C15H20O4/c1-10(7-13(17)18)5-6-15(19)11(2)8-12(16)9-14(15,3)4/h5-8,19H,9H2,1-4H3,(H,17,18)/b6-5+,10-7-/t15-/m1/s1
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = JLIDBLDQVAYHNE-YKALOCIXSA-N | StdInChIKey = JLIDBLDQVAYHNE-YKALOCIXSA-N
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
}} }}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |Section2={{Chembox Properties
| C = 15 | C=15 | H=20 | O=4
| H = 20 | Density = 1.193 g/mL
| Appearance = Colorless crystals
| O = 4
| MeltingPtC = 163
| Appearance = Colorless crystals
| MeltingPt_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chemspider.com/4444418|title=ChemSpider database - Abscisic acid - Properties|access-date=27 December 2012}} The melting point is decided by experimental data by Tokyo Chemical Industry Ltd.</ref>
| MeltingPtCL = 186
| MeltingPtCH = 188 | BoilingPtC =
| BoilingPt_ref =
| BoilingPtC = 120
| LogP = 1.896
| Boiling_notes = sublimes
| LogP = 1.896 | pKa = 4.868
| pKa = 4.868 | pKb = 9.129
| pKb = 9.129
}} }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards |Section3={{Chembox Hazards
| SPhrases = {{S22}}, {{S24/25}} | GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}
| GHSSignalWord = Warning
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|315|319|335}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|261|264|271|280|302+352|304+340|305+351+338|312|321|332+313|337+313|362|403+233|405|501}}
}} }}
}} }}

'''Abscisic acid''' ('''ABA''' or '''abscisin II'''<ref name="Davis-1972" />) is a ]. ABA functions in many plant developmental processes, including seed and bud ], the control of organ size and ]tal closure. It is especially important for plants in the response to ], including ], ], cold tolerance, ], ] and ] tolerance.<ref name="Finkelstein-2013" />

==Discovery==
In the 1940s, Torsten Hemberg, while working at the University of Stockholm, found evidence that a positive correlation exists between the rest period and the occurrence of an acidic ether soluble growth inhibitor in ] tubers.<ref name="Hemberg-1949">{{cite journal |last=Hemberg |first=Torsten |date=January 1949 |title=Significance of Growth-Inhibiting Substances and Auxins for the Rest-Period of the Potato Tuber |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1949.tb07645.x |journal=Physiologia Plantarum |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-3054.1949.tb07645.x |issn=0031-9317}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Dörffling |first=Karl |date=2015-12-01 |title=The Discovery of Abscisic Acid: A Retrospect |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-015-9525-6 |journal=Journal of Plant Growth Regulation |language=en |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=795–808 |doi=10.1007/s00344-015-9525-6 |s2cid=253856375 |issn=1435-8107}}</ref>

In 1963, abscisic acid was first identified and characterized as a plant hormone by Frederick T. Addicott and Larry A. Davis. They were studying compounds that cause ] (shedding) of ] fruits (bolls). Two compounds were isolated and called ] and abscisin II. Abscisin II is presently called abscisic acid (ABA).<ref name="Davis-1972">{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=L. A. |last2=Addicott |first2=F. T. |date=April 1972 |title=Abscisic Acid: correlations with abscission and with development in the cotton fruit |journal=Plant Physiology |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=644–648 |doi=10.1104/pp.49.4.644 |issn=0032-0889 |pmc=366021 |pmid=16658017}}</ref>

==In plants==

===Function ===
ABA was originally believed to be involved in ], which is how it received its name. This is now known to be the case only in a small number of plants. ABA-mediated signaling also plays an important part in plant responses to environmental stress and plant pathogens.<ref name="Zhu-2002">{{cite journal |pages=247–73 |doi=10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.091401.143329 |pmc=3128348 |title=Salt and Drought Stress Signal Transduction in Plants |year=2002 |last1=Zhu |first1=Jian-Kang |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=53 |pmid=12221975}}</ref><ref name="Seo-2002">{{cite journal |pages=41–8 |doi=10.1016/S1360-1385(01)02187-2 |title=Complex regulation of ABA biosynthesis in plants |year=2002 |last1=Seo |first1=M |journal=Trends in Plant Science |volume=7 |pmid=11804826 |last2=Koshiba |first2=T |issue=1}}</ref> The plant genes for ABA biosynthesis and sequence of the pathway have been elucidated.<ref name="Nambara-2005">{{cite journal |pages=165–85 |doi=10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144046 |title=Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis and Catabolism |year=2005 |last1=Nambara |first1=Eiji |last2=Marion-Poll |first2=Annie |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=56 |pmid=15862093}}</ref><ref name="Milborrow-2001">{{cite journal |pages=1145–64 |doi=10.1093/jexbot/52.359.1145 |title=The pathway of biosynthesis of abscisic acid in vascular plants: A review of the present state of knowledge of ABA biosynthesis |year=2001 |last1=Milborrow |first1=B.V. |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=52 |issue=359 |pmid=11432933|doi-access=free }}</ref> ABA is also produced by some plant pathogenic fungi via a biosynthetic route different from ABA biosynthesis in plants.<ref name="Siewers-2004">{{cite journal |pages=3868–76 |doi=10.1128/AEM.70.7.3868-3876.2004 |pmc=444755 |title=The P450 Monooxygenase BcABA1 is Essential for Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis in Botrytis cinerea |year=2004 |last1=Siewers |first1=V. |last2=Smedsgaard |first2=J. |last3=Tudzynski |first3=P. |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=70 |issue=7 |pmid=15240257|bibcode=2004ApEnM..70.3868S }}</ref>

In preparation for winter, ABA is produced in ].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Dongling|last2=Gao|first2=Zhenzhen|last3=Du|first3=Peiyong|last4=Xiao|first4=Wei|last5=Tan|first5=Qiuping|last6=Chen|first6=Xiude|last7=Li|first7=Ling|last8=Gao|first8=Dongsheng|date=2016|title=Expression of ABA Metabolism-Related Genes Suggests Similarities and Differences Between Seed Dormancy and Bud Dormancy of Peach (Prunus persica)|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|language=en|volume=6|pages=1248|doi=10.3389/fpls.2015.01248|pmid=26793222|pmc=4707674|issn=1664-462X|doi-access=free}}</ref> This slows plant growth and directs leaf ] to develop scales to protect the dormant buds during the cold season. ABA also inhibits the division of cells in the ], adjusting to cold conditions in the winter by suspending primary and secondary growth.

Abscisic acid is also produced in the ]s in response to decreased soil ] (which is associated with dry soil) and other situations in which the plant may be under stress. ABA then translocates to the leaves, where it rapidly alters the osmotic potential of stomatal ]s, causing them to shrink and ] to close. The ABA-induced stomatal closure reduces ] (evaporation of water out of the stomata), thus preventing further water loss from the leaves in times of low water availability. A close linear correlation was found between the ABA content of the leaves and their conductance (stomatal resistance) on a leaf area basis.<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1007/BF00034837|pmid=24425243|issn=0166-8595| volume = 18| issue = 3| pages = 327–336| last = Steuer| first = Barbara|author2=Thomas Stuhlfauth |author3=Heinrich P. Fock | title = The efficiency of water use in water stressed plants is increased due to ABA induced stomatal closure| journal = Photosynthesis Research| year = 1988|bibcode=1988PhoRe..18..327S |s2cid=30298332}}{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}</ref>

Seed germination is inhibited by ABA in antagonism with ]. ABA also prevents loss of ].{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}

Several ABA-] '']'' plants have been identified and are available from the ] - both those deficient in ABA production and those with altered sensitivity to its action. Plants that are hypersensitive or insensitive to ABA show phenotypes in ], ], ]l regulation, and some mutants show stunted growth and brown/yellow leaves. These mutants reflect the importance of ABA in seed germination and early embryo development.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}

] (a ] containing ABA activator) is a ] ] cell expansion inhibitor, which is an agonist of the seed ABA signaling pathway.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Park|first=Sang-Youl|author2=P. Fung |author3=N. Nishimura |author4=D. R. Jensen |author5=H. Fuiji |author6=Y. Zhao, S. Lumba|title=Abscisic acid inhibits type 2C protein phosphatases via the PYR/PYL family of START proteins.|journal=]|date=May 2009|volume=324|doi=10.1126/science.1173041|pmid=19407142|issue=5930|pages=1068–1071|display-authors=etal|pmc=2827199|bibcode=2009Sci...324.1068P}}</ref> It is the first agonist of the ABA pathway that is not structurally related to ABA.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

===Homeostasis ===

====Biosynthesis====

Abscisic acid (ABA) is an ] plant hormone, which is synthesized in the ]al ]; unlike the structurally related ]s, which are formed from the ]-derived precursor ] (FDP), the C<sub>15</sub> backbone of ABA is formed after cleavage of C<sub>40</sub> ]s in MEP. ] is the first committed ABA precursor; a series of enzyme-catalyzed ]s and ]s via ], and final cleavage of the C<sub>40</sub> ] by a ] reaction yields the proximal ABA precursor, ], which is then further oxidized to ABA. via ].<ref name="Nambara-2005" />

:]

Abamine has been designed, synthesized, developed and then patented as the first specific ABA biosynthesis inhibitor, which makes it possible to regulate endogenous levels of ABA.<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=7098365|pubdate=2006-08-29|title=Abscisic acid biosynthesis inhibitor|assign1=]|inventor1-last=Yoshida|inventor1-first=Shigeo|inventor2-last=Asami|inventor2-first=Tadao}}</ref>

====Locations and timing of ABA biosynthesis====
* Synthesized in nearly all plant tissues, e.g., roots, flowers, leaves and ]
* Stored in ] (]) cells where it is conjugated to glucose via uridine diphosphate-glucosyltransferase resulting in the inactivated form, ABA-glucose-ester <ref name="Zhang-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Yuqin |last2=Kilambi |first2=Himabindu Vasuki |last3=Liu |first3=Jie |last4=Bar |first4=Hamutal |last5=Lazary |first5=Shani |last6=Egbaria |first6=Aiman |last7=Ripper |first7=Dagmar |last8=Charrier |first8=Laurence |last9=Belew |first9=Zeinu Mussa |last10=Wulff |first10=Nikolai |last11=Damodaran |first11=Suresh |last12=Nour-Eldin |first12=Hussam Hassan |last13=Aharoni |first13=Asaph |last14=Ragni |first14=Laura |last15=Strader |first15=Lucia |date=2021-10-22 |title=ABA homeostasis and long-distance translocation are redundantly regulated by ABCG ABA importers |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abf6069 |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=7 |issue=43 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abf6069 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=8528425 |pmid=34669479}}</ref>
* Activated and released from the chlorenchyma in response to ], such as heat stress, water stress, salt stress<ref name="Zhang-2021" />
* Released during ] of the vegetative tissues and when roots encounter ].<ref>DeJong-Hughes, J., et al. (2001) Soil Compaction: causes, effects and control. University of Minnesota extension service</ref>
* Synthesized in green ]s at the beginning of the winter period
* Synthesized in maturing ]s, establishing ]
* Mobile within the ] and can be rapidly translocated from the leaves to the roots (opposite of previous belief) in the ]
* Accumulation in the roots modifies lateral root development, improving the stress response
* ABA is synthesized in almost all cells that contain chloroplasts or ]

====Inactivation====
ABA can be catabolized to ] via ] (a group of ] enzymes) or inactivated by glucose conjugation (ABA-glucose ester) via the enzyme uridine diphosphate-glucosyltransferase (UDP-glucosyltransferase). Catabolism via the CYP707As is very important for ABA homeostasis, and mutants in those genes generally accumulate higher levels of ABA than lines overexpressing ABA biosynthetic genes.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Finkelstein|first=Ruth|title=Abscisic Acid Synthesis and Response|journal=The Arabidopsis Book|date=November 2013|volume=11|doi=10.1199/tab.0166|pmc=3833200|pmid=24273463|pages=e0166}}</ref> In soil bacteria, an alternative catabolic pathway leading to dehydrovomifoliol via the enzyme ] has been reported.

===Effects ===
*] - Induces ]l closure, decreasing transpiration to prevent water loss.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/jxb/38.7.1174 |title=Control of Stomatal Behaviour by Abscisic Acid which Apparently Originates in the Roots |year=1987 |last1=Zhang |first1=Jianhua |last2=Schurr |first2=U. |last3=Davies |first3=W. J. |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=1174–1181}}</ref>
* Promotes root growth during periods of low humidity.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ralls |first=Eric |date=2023-06-27 |title=Plant leaves send signals to their roots on dry days telling them to keep digging deeper for water |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/plant-leaves-send-signals-to-their-roots-on-dry-days-telling-them-to-keep-digging-deeper-for-water/ar-AA1d6KMq?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=U531&cvid=96e2adb3e15340f6b954322f83cb4b20&ei=26#image=1 |access-date=October 4, 2023 |website=www.msn.com/}}</ref>
* Inhibits ]
* Responsible for seed dormancy by inhibiting cell growth &ndash; inhibits seed ]
* Inhibits the synthesis of ] nucleotide<ref>{{cite journal |pages=63–6 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-3054.1979.tb01664.x |title=Abscisic Acid Inhibition of Kinetin Nucleotide Formation in Germinating Lettuce Seeds |year=1979 |last1=Miernyk |first1=J. A. |journal=Physiologia Plantarum |volume=45}}</ref>
* Downregulates ]s needed for ].<ref>{{cite journal |pages=113–41 |doi=10.1146/annurev.pp.45.060194.000553 |title=Gene Expression Regulated by Abscisic Acid and its Relation to Stress Tolerance |year=1994 |last1=Chandler |first1=P M |last2=Robertson |first2=M |journal=Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology |volume=45}}</ref>
* Acts on ] to prevent growth of roots when exposed to salty conditions<ref>{{cite journal|last=Duan|first=Lina|author2=D. Dietrich |author3=C. H. Ng |author4=P. M. Y. Chan |author5=R. Bhalerao |author6=M. J. Bennett |author7=J. R. Dinneny.|title=Endodermal ABA Signaling Promotes Lateral Root Quiescence during Salt Stress in Arabidopsis Seedlings|journal=The Plant Cell|date=Jan 2013|volume=25|issue=1|pages=324–341|doi=10.1105/tpc.112.107227|pmid=23341337|pmc=3584545}}</ref>
* Promotion of plant antiviral immunity<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pasin |first1=Fabio |last2=Shan |first2=Hongying |last3=García |first3=Beatriz |last4=Müller |first4=Maren |last5=San León |first5=David |last6=Ludman |first6=Márta |last7=Fresno |first7=David H. |last8=Fátyol |first8=Károly |last9=Munné-Bosch |first9=Sergi |last10=Rodrigo |first10=Guillermo |last11=García |first11=Juan Antonio |date=2020-09-14 |title=Abscisic Acid Connects Phytohormone Signaling with RNA Metabolic Pathways and Promotes an Antiviral Response that Is Evaded by a Self-Controlled RNA Virus |journal=Plant Communications |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=100099 |doi=10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100099 |issn=2590-3462 |pmc=7518510 |pmid=32984814}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alazem |first1=Mazen |last2=Lin |first2=Na-Sheng |date=2017 |title=Antiviral Roles of Abscisic Acid in Plants |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=8 |pages=1760 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.01760 |issn=1664-462X |pmc=5641568 |pmid=29075279 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Signal cascade ===
]
In the absence of ABA, the ] ABA-INSENSITIVE1 (ABI1) inhibits the action of SNF1-related protein ]s (subfamily 2) (SnRK2s). ABA is perceived by the PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE 1 (]) and PYR1-like membrane proteins. On ABA binding, PYR1 binds to and inhibits ABI1. When SnRK2s are released from inhibition, they activate several ]s from the ABA RESPONSIVE ELEMENT-BINDING FACTOR (ABF) family. ABFs then go on to cause changes in the ] of a large number of ]s.<ref name="Finkelstein-2013">{{cite journal|last=Finkelstein|first=Ruth|date=2013-11-01|title=Abscisic Acid Synthesis and Response |journal=The Arabidopsis Book|volume=11|pages=e0166|doi=10.1199/tab.0166 |pmc=3833200|pmid=24273463}}</ref> Around 10% of plant genes are thought to be regulated by ABA.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}}

==In fungi==
Like plants, some fungal species (for example '']'', '']''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sievers|first1=Verena|last2=Kokkelink|first2=Leonie|last3=Smedsgaard|first3=Jørn|last4=Tudzynski|first4=Paul|title=Identification of an Abscisic Acid Gene Cluster in the Grey Mold Botrytis cinerea|journal=Appl Environ Microbiol|date=July 2006|volume=72|issue=7|doi=10.1128/AEM.02919-05|pmc=1489360|pmid=16820452|pages=4619–4626|bibcode=2006ApEnM..72.4619S}}</ref> and '']'') have an endogenous biosynthesis pathway for ABA. In fungi, it seems to be the ] biosynthetic pathway that is predominant (rather than the ] pathway that is responsible for ABA biosynthesis in plants). One role of ABA produced by these pathogens seems to be to suppress the plant immune responses.<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.3389/fpls.2017.00587| issn = 1664-462X| volume = 8| pages = 587| last1 = Lievens| first1 = Laurens| last2 = Pollier| first2 = Jacob| last3 = Goossens| first3 = Alain| last4 = Beyaert| first4 = Rudi| last5 = Staal| first5 = Jens| title = Abscisic Acid as Pathogen Effector and Immune Regulator| journal = Frontiers in Plant Science| date = 2017| pmid = 28469630| pmc = 5395610| doi-access = free}}</ref>

==In animals==

ABA has also been found to be present in ], from ] up to ] including humans.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.bcp.2011.06.042 |title=Occurrence, function and potential medicinal applications of the phytohormone abscisic acid in animals and humans |year=2011 |last1=Na-Hang |first1=Li |last2=Rui-Lin |first2=Hao |last3=Shan-Shan |first3=Wu |last4=Peng-Cheng |first4=Guo |last5=Can-Jiang |first5=Chen |last6=Li-Ping |first6=Pan |last7=He |first7=Ni |journal=Biochemical Pharmacology |volume=82 |issue=7 |pages=701–712 |pmid=21763293}}</ref> Currently, its biosynthesis and biological role in animals is poorly known. ABA elicits potent anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects in mouse models of diabetes/obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis and influenza infection.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=20015036 |year=2010 |last1=Bassaganya-Riera |first1=J |last2=Skoneczka |first2=J |last3=Kingston |first3=DG |last4=Krishnan |first4=A |last5=Misyak |first5=SA |last6=Guri |first6=AJ |last7=Pereira |first7=A |last8=Carter |first8=AB |last9=Minorsky |first9=P |last10=Tumarkin |first10=R |last11=Hontecillas |first11=R |title=Mechanisms of action and medicinal applications of abscisic Acid |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=467–78 |journal=Current Medicinal Chemistry |url=http://www.benthamdirect.org/pages/content.php?CMC/2010/00000017/00000005/0006C.SGM |doi=10.2174/092986710790226110 |access-date=2018-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401100555/http://www.benthamdirect.org/pages/content.php?CMC%2F2010%2F00000017%2F00000005%2F0006C.SGM |archive-date=2012-04-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many biological effects in animals have been studied using ABA as a ] or ] drug, but ABA is also generated endogenously by some cells (like ]) when stimulated. There are also conflicting conclusions from different studies, where some claim that ABA is essential for pro-inflammatory responses whereas other show anti-inflammatory effects. Like with many natural substances with medical properties, ABA has become popular also in ]. While ABA clearly has beneficial biological activities{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} and many naturopathic remedies will contain high levels of ABA (such as ] juice, fruits and vegetables), some of the health claims made may be exaggerated or overly optimistic. In mammalian cells ABA targets a protein known as ] synthetase C-like 2 (]), triggering an alternative mechanism of activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ].<ref>{{cite journal |pages=2504–16 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M110.160077 |pmc=3024745 |title=Abscisic Acid Regulates Inflammation via Ligand-binding Domain-independent Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor |year=2010 |last1=Bassaganya-Riera |first1=J. |last2=Guri |first2=A. J. |last3=Lu |first3=P. |last4=Climent |first4=M. |last5=Carbo |first5=A. |last6=Sobral |first6=B. W. |last7=Horne |first7=W. T. |last8=Lewis |first8=S. N. |last9=Bevan |first9=D. R. |last10=Hontecillas|first10=R.|journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=286 |issue=4 |pmid=21088297|doi-access=free }}</ref> LANCL2 is conserved in plants and was originally suggested to be an ABA receptor also in plants, which was later challenged.<ref>{{cite journal |title=GCR2 is a new member of the eukaryotic lanthionine synthetase component C-like protein family |year=2008 |last1=Chen |first1=JG |last2=Ellis |first2=BE |journal=Plant Signal Behav | pmid=19841654 |pmc=2634266 |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=307–10 |doi=10.4161/psb.3.5.5292|bibcode=2008PlSiB...3..307C }}</ref>

== Measurement of ABA concentration ==

Several methods can help to quantify the concentration of abscisic acid in a variety of plant tissue. The quantitative methods used are based on ] and ]. Two independent ] probes can measure intracellular ABA concentrations in real time in vivo.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.7554/eLife.01739 |title=FRET-based reporters for the direct visualization of abscisic acid concentration changes and distribution in Arabidopsis. |year=2014 |last1=Waadt |first1=R |last2=Hitomi |first2=K |last3=Nishimura |first3=N |last4=Hitomi |first4=C |last5=Adams |first5=SR |author-link6=Elizabeth D. Getzoff |last6=Getzoff |first6=ED |last7=Schroeder |first7=JI |journal=eLife |volume=3 |pages=e01739 | pmid=24737861 |pmc=3985518 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.7554/eLife.01741 |title=Abscisic acid dynamics in roots detected with genetically encoded FRET sensors. |year=2014 |last1=Jones |first1=AM |last2=Danielson |first2=JA |last3=Manjokumar |first3=SN |last4=Laquar |first4=V |last5=Grossmann |first5=G |last6=Frommer |first6=WB |journal=eLife |volume=3 |pages=e01741 | pmid=24737862 |pmc=3985517 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Plant hormones}}
{{Carotenoids}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abscisic Acid}}
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