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Revision as of 13:18, 15 February 2012 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,081 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 475221674 of page Cadmium_sulfide for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: '').		Latest revision as of 16:01, 24 July 2024 edit Bernanke's Crossbow (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users7,929 edits →top: "18th century" = 1700s
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	{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}}
	{{chembox		{{chembox
	| Watchedfields = changed		| Watchedfields = changed
	| verifiedrevid = 455354828		| verifiedrevid = 476999857
	| Name = Cadmium sulfide		| Name = Cadmium sulfide
	| ImageFileL1 = Hawleyite-3D-balls.png		| ImageFileL1 = Hawleyite-3D-balls.png
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	| ImageNameR1 = 3D model of the structure of greenockite		| ImageNameR1 = 3D model of the structure of greenockite
	| ImageFile2 = Cadmium sulfide.jpg		| ImageFile2 = Cadmium sulfide.jpg
	| OtherNames = Cadmium(II) sulfide,<br/>]<br/>]		| OtherNames = cadmium(II) sulfide<br />]<br />]<br />cadmium yellow
	| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers		|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
	| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}		| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
	| ChemSpiderID = 7969586		| ChemSpiderID = 7969586
	| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}		| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
	| UNII = 057EZR4Z7Q		| UNII = 057EZR4Z7Q
			| ChEBI = 50833
			| Gmelin = 13655
	| InChI = 1/Cd.S/q+2;-2		| InChI = 1/Cd.S/q+2;-2
	| SMILES = .		| SMILES = .
			| SMILES_Comment = monomer
			| SMILES1 = 12 3 (14)15(38)262(4)1 32 (6()68)(6)35
			| SMILES1_Comment = hawleyite
			| SMILES2 = 1472 38( (4)6)4 56(6)7878(69)5 473 2819
			| SMILES2_Comment = greenockite
			| SMILES3 = 1(6) 72 3( 95)1845 567878 5 4( 94)734 28
			| SMILES3_Comment = greenockite
	| InChIKey = FRLJSGOEGLARCA-UHFFFAOYAL		| InChIKey = FRLJSGOEGLARCA-UHFFFAOYAL
	| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}		| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
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	| PubChem = 14783		| PubChem = 14783
	}}		}}
	| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties		|Section2={{Chembox Properties
	| Cd = 1		| Cd=1 | S=1
			| Appearance = Yellow-orange to brown solid.
	| S =1
	| Appearance = Yellow-orange solid.		| Density = 4.826 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, solid.
	| CrystalStruct = hexagonal
	| Density = 4.82 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, solid.
	| Solubility = insoluble<ref>{{cite book		| Solubility = insoluble<ref>{{cite book
	| last = Lide		| last = Lide
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	| title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics		| title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
	| edition = 87		| edition = 87
	| publication-place = Boca Raton, FL		| location = Boca Raton, FL
	| publisher = CRC Press		| publisher = CRC Press
	| isbn = 0849305942		| isbn = 978-0-8493-0594-8
	| pages = 4–67; 1363}}</ref>		| pages = 4–67; 1363}}</ref>
	| Solubility1 = very slightly soluble		| SolubleOther = soluble in acid <br /> very slightly soluble in ]
	| Solvent1 = ammonium hydroxide
	| MeltingPtC = 1750		| MeltingPtC = 1750
	| Melting_notes = 10 MPa		| MeltingPt_notes = 10 MPa
	| BoilingPtC = 980		| BoilingPtC = 980
	| Boiling_notes = '']''		| BoilingPt_notes = (])
			| BandGap = 2.42 eV
	| RefractIndex = 2.529		| RefractIndex = 2.529
			| MagSus = -50.0·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol
	}}		}}
	| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure		|Section3={{Chembox Structure
	| Coordination =		| Coordination =
	| CrystalStruct = ], ]		| CrystalStruct = ], ]
	}}		}}
	| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry		|Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry
	| DeltaHf = −162&nbsp;kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup><ref name=b1>{{cite book| author = Zumdahl, Steven S.|title =Chemical Principles 6th Ed.| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| year = 2009| isbn = 061894690X|page=A21}}</ref>		| DeltaHf = −162&nbsp;kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup><ref name=b1>{{cite book| author = Zumdahl, Steven S.|title =Chemical Principles 6th Ed.| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| year = 2009| isbn = 978-0-618-94690-7|page=A21}}</ref>
	| Entropy = 65&nbsp;J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup><ref name=b1></ref>		| Entropy = 65&nbsp;J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup><ref name=b1 />
	}}		}}
	| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards		|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
	| ExternalMSDS =		| ExternalSDS =
			| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}{{GHS08}}
	| EUClass = ]<br/>]<br/>Repr. Cat. 3<br/>Toxic ('''T''')<br/>Dangerous for the environment ('''N''')
			| GHSSignalWord = Danger
	| EUIndex = 048-010-00-4
			| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|302|341|350|361|372|413}}
	| RPhrases = {{R45}}, {{R22}}, {{R48/23/25}}, {{R62}}, {{R63}}, {{R68}}, {{R50/53}}
			| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|201|202|260|264|270|273|281|301+312|308+313|314|330|405|501}}
	| SPhrases = {{S53}}, {{S45}}, {{S61}}
	| NFPA-H = 3		| NFPA-H = 3
	| NFPA-F = 0		| NFPA-F = 0
	| NFPA-R = 0		| NFPA-R = 0
	| NFPA-O =		| NFPA-S =
	| FlashPt = Non-flammable		| FlashPt = Non-flammable
			| LD50 = 7080 mg/kg (rat, oral)
	| PEL =
			| REL = Ca<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0087}}</ref>
	| IDLH =
			| PEL = TWA 0.005 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (as Cd)<ref name=PGCH/>
			| IDLH = Ca <ref name=PGCH/>
	}}		}}
	| Section8 = {{Chembox Other		|Section8={{Chembox Related
	| OtherAnions = ]<br />]		| OtherAnions = ]<br />]<br />]
	| OtherCations = ]<br />]		| OtherCations = ]<br />]
	}}		}}
	}}		}}
			'''Cadmium sulfide''' is the ] with the formula CdS. Cadmium sulfide is a yellow salt.<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman">Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) , Elsevier {{ISBN|0-12-352651-5}}</ref> It occurs in nature with two different crystal structures as the rare minerals ] and ], but is more prevalent as an impurity substituent in the similarly structured ] ores ] and ], which are the major economic sources of cadmium. As a compound that is easy to isolate and purify, it is the principal source of ] for all commercial applications.<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman"/> Its vivid yellow color led to its adoption as a pigment for the yellow paint "cadmium yellow" in the 1800s.
			==Production==
			Cadmium sulfide can be prepared by the precipitation from soluble cadmium(II) salts with sulfide ion. This reaction has been used for gravimetric analysis and ].<ref>Fred Ibbotson (2007), ''The Chemical Analysis of Steel-Works' Materials,''Read Books, {{ISBN|1-4067-8113-4}}</ref><br />The preparative route and the subsequent treatment of the product, affects the ] form that is produced (i.e., cubic vs hexagonal). It has been asserted that chemical precipitation methods result in the ].<ref>Paul Klocek (1991), ''Handbook of Infrared Optical Materials,'' CRC Press {{ISBN|0-8247-8468-5}}</ref>
			Pigment production usually involves the precipitation of CdS, the washing of the solid precipitate to remove soluble cadmium salts followed by calcination (roasting) to convert it to the hexagonal form followed by milling to produce a powder.<ref name = "Smith">{{cite book| author = Hugh MacDonald Smith|title = High Performance Pigments|year = 2002|publisher = Wiley-VCH|isbn = 978-3-527-30204-8 }}</ref> When cadmium sulfide selenides are required the CdSe is co-precipitated with CdS and the cadmium sulfoselenide is created during the calcination step.<ref name = "Smith"/>
			Cadmium sulfide is sometimes associated with sulfate reducing bacteria.<ref>Larry L. Barton 1995 , Springer, {{ISBN|0-306-44857-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.08.022|title=Bacterial Biosynthesis of Cadmium Sulfide Nanocrystals|pmid=15556006|year=2004|last1=Sweeney|first1=Rozamond Y.|last2=Mao|first2=Chuanbin|last3=Gao|first3=Xiaoxia|last4=Burt|first4=Justin L.|last5=Belcher|first5=Angela M.|last6=Georgiou|first6=George|last7=Iverson|first7=Brent L.|journal=Chemistry & Biology|volume=11|issue=11|pages=1553–9|doi-access=free}}</ref>
			===Routes to thin films of CdS===
			Special methods are used to produce films of CdS as components in some photoresistors and solar cells. In the ] method, thin films of CdS have been prepared using ] as the source of sulfide anions and an ] ] to control pH:<ref name = "Oladeji">{{cite journal | last1 = Oladeji | first1 = I.O. | last2 = Chow | first2 = L. | year = 1997 | title = Optimization of Chemical Bath Deposited Cadmium Sulfide | journal = J. Electrochem. Soc. | volume = 144 | issue = 7| page = 7 | doi = 10.1149/1.1837815 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.563.1643 }}</ref>
			:Cd<sup>2+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O + (NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CS + 2 NH<sub>3</sub> → CdS + (NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO + 2 NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>
			Cadmium sulfide can be produced using ] and ] techniques by the reaction of ] with ]:<ref name="Uda">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00163-0|title=Thin CdS films prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition|year=2003|last1=Uda|first1=H|last2=Yonezawa|first2=H|last3=Ohtsubo|first3=Y|last4=Kosaka|first4=M|last5=Sonomura|first5=H|journal=Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells|volume=75|issue=1–2|page=219|bibcode=2003SEMSC..75..219U }}</ref>
			:Cd(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + Et<sub>2</sub>S → CdS + CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> + C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub>
			Other methods to produce films of CdS include
			* ] techniques<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00059-2|title=Nanosized semiconductor particles in glasses prepared by the sol–gel method: their optical properties and potential uses|year=2002|last1=Reisfeld|first1=R|journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds|volume=341|issue=1–2|page=56}}</ref>
			* ]<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.tsf.2005.11.080|title=Comparative studies of the properties of CdS films deposited on different substrates by R.F. sputtering|year=2006|last1=Moon|first1=B|last2=Lee|first2=J|last3=Jung|first3=H|journal=Thin Solid Films|volume=511–512|page=299|bibcode = 2006TSF...511..299M }}</ref>
			* Electrochemical deposition<ref>{{cite journal|title=Defect reduction in electrochemically deposited CdS thin films by annealing in O<sub>2</sub> |doi=10.1016/S0927-0248(97)00136-0|year=1998|last1=Goto|first1=F|last2=Shirai|first2=Katsunori|last3=Ichimura|first3=Masaya|journal=Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells|volume=50|issue=1–4|page=147}}</ref>
			* Spraying with precursor cadmium salt, sulfur compound and dopant<ref>{{US patent|4086101}} Photovoltaic cells, J.F. Jordan, C.M. Lampkin Issue date: April 25, 1978</ref>
			* ] using a slurry containing dispersed CdS<ref>{{US patent|3208022}}, High performance photoresistor, Y.T. Sihvonen, issue date: September 21, 1965</ref>
			==Reactions==
			Cadmium sulfide can be dissolved in acids.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/app.22962|title=Extraction of CdS pigment from waste polyethylene|year=2006|last1=Wanrooij|first1=P. H. P.|last2=Agarwal|first2=U. S.|last3=Meuldijk|first3=J.|last4=Kasteren|first4=J. M. N. van|last5=Lemstra|first5=P. J.|journal=Journal of Applied Polymer Science|volume=100|issue=2|page=1024}}</ref>
			:CdS + 2 HCl → CdCl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>S
			When solutions of sulfide containing dispersed CdS particles are irradiated with light, hydrogen gas is generated:<ref name = "Schiavello">Mario Schiavello (1985) Photoelectrochemistry, Photocatalysis, and Photoreactors: Fundamentals and Developments Springer {{ISBN|90-277-1946-2}}</ref>
			: H<sub>2</sub>S → H<sub>2</sub> + S Δ<sub>f</sub>''H'' = +9.4 kcal/mol
			The proposed mechanism involves the electron/hole pairs created when incident light is absorbed by the cadmium sulfide<ref name = "Kittel"/> followed by these reacting with water and sulfide:<ref name = "Schiavello"/>
			:Production of an ]
			::CdS&nbsp;+ ''hν''&nbsp;→ e<sup>−</sup>&nbsp;+ ]
			:Reaction of electron
			::2e<sup>−</sup>&nbsp;+ 2H<sub>2</sub>O&nbsp;→ H<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;+ 2OH<sup>−</sup>
			:Reaction of hole
			::2h<sup>+</sup>&nbsp;+ S<sup>2−</sup> → S
			==Structure and physical properties==
			Cadmium sulfide has, like ], two crystal forms. The more stable hexagonal ] structure (found in the mineral ]) and the cubic ] (found in the mineral ]). In both of these forms the cadmium and sulfur atoms are four coordinate.<ref name = "Wells">Wells A.F. (1984) ''Structural Inorganic Chemistry'' 5th edition Oxford Science Publications {{ISBN|0-19-855370-6}}</ref> There is also a high pressure form with the NaCl rock salt structure.<ref name = "Wells"/>
			Cadmium sulfide is a direct ] ] (gap 2.42 ]).<ref name = "Kittel">D. Lincot, Gary Hodes The Electrochemical Society, 2006 {{ISBN|1-56677-433-0}}</ref> The proximity of its band gap to visible light wavelengths gives it a coloured appearance.<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman"/><br /> As well as this obvious property other properties result:
			* the conductivity increases when irradiated,<ref name = Kittel/> (leading to uses as a ])
			* when combined with a ] it forms the core component of a ] (]) cell and a CdS/Cu<sub>2</sub>S solar cell was one of the first efficient cells to be reported (1954)<ref>], Steven Hegedus, (2003), John Wiley and Sons {{ISBN|0-471-49196-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.96.533|title=Photovoltaic Effect in Cadmium Sulfide|year=1954|last1=Reynolds|first1=D.|last2=Leies|first2=G.|last3=Antes|first3=L.|last4=Marburger|first4=R.|journal=Physical Review|volume=96|issue=2|page=533|bibcode = 1954PhRv...96..533R }}</ref>
			* when ] with for example Cu<sup>+</sup> ("]") and Al<sup>3+</sup> ("coactivator") CdS luminesces under ] excitation (]) and is used as ]<ref>C. Fouassier,(1994), ''Luminescence'' in Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons {{ISBN|0-471-93620-0}}</ref>
			* both ]s are ] and the hexagonal is also ]<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.138.A1277|title=Temperature Dependence of the Pyroelectric Effect in Cadmium Sulfide|year=1965|last1=Minkus|first1=Wilfred|journal=Physical Review|volume=138|issue=4A|pages=A1277–A1287|bibcode = 1965PhRv..138.1277M }}</ref>
			* ]<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.105.900|title=Low-Field Electroluminescence in Insulating Crystals of Cadmium Sulfide|year=1957|last1=Smith|first1=Roland|journal=Physical Review|volume=105|issue=3|page=900|bibcode = 1957PhRv..105..900S }}</ref>
			* CdS crystals can act as a gain medium in ]<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1070/QE1972v002n03ABEH004443|year=1972|last1=Akimov|first1=Yu A|title=KGP-2: An Electron-Beam-Pumped Cadmium Sulfide Laser|last2=Burov|first2=A A|last3=Drozhbin|first3=Yu A|last4=Kovalenko|first4=V A|last5=Kozlov|first5=S E|last6=Kryukova|first6=I V|last7=Rodichenko|first7=G V|last8=Stepanov|first8=B M|last9=Yakovlev|first9=V A|journal=Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics|volume=2|issue=3|page=284|bibcode = 1972QuEle...2..284A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Agarwal|first1=Ritesh|last2=Barrelet|first2=Carl J.|last3=Lieber|first3=Charles M.|title=Lasing in Single Cadmium Sulfide Nanowire Optical Cavities|journal=Nano Letters|year=2005|volume=5|issue=5|pages=917–920|doi=10.1021/nl050440u|arxiv=cond-mat/0412144v1|pmid=15884894|bibcode = 2005NanoL...5..917A |s2cid=651903 }}</ref>
			* In thin-film form, CdS can be combined with other layers for use in certain types of solar cells.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.tsf.2008.11.041|title=The effect of impurities on the doping and VOC of Cd ''Te''/CDS thin film solar cells|journal=Thin Solid Films|volume=517|issue=7|pages=2365–2369|year=2009|last1=Zhao|first1=H.|last2=Farah|first2=Alvi|last3=Morel|first3=D.|last4=Ferekides|first4=C.S.|bibcode=2009TSF...517.2365Z}}</ref> CdS was also one of the first semiconductor materials to be used for ]s (TFTs).<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288190 | volume=50 | title=The TFT A New Thin-Film Transistor | year=1962 | journal=Proceedings of the IRE | pages=1462–1469 | last1 = Weimer | first1 = Paul| issue=6 | s2cid=51650159 }}</ref> However interest in compound semiconductors for TFTs largely waned after the emergence of ] technology in the late 1970s.
			* Thin films of CdS can be piezoelectric and have been used as transducers which can operate at frequencies in the GHz region.
			* Nanoribbons of CdS show a net cooling due annihilation of ], during anti-Stokes luminescence at ~510&nbsp;nm. As a result, a maximum temperature drop of 40 and 15 K has been demonstrated when the nanoribbons are pumped with a 514 or 532&nbsp;nm laser.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Jun|title=Laser cooling of a semiconductor by 40 kelvin.|journal=Nature|date=24 January 2013|volume=493|issue=7433|pages=504–508|doi=10.1038/nature11721|pmid=23344360|bibcode=2013Natur.493..504Z|s2cid=4426843 }}</ref>
			==Applications==
			===Pigment===
			]
			CdS is used as ] in plastics, showing good thermal stability, light and weather fastness, chemical resistance and high opacity.<ref name = "Smith"/> As a pigment, CdS is known as ] (CI pigment yellow 37).<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman"/><ref name = "Christie">R. M. Christie 2001 , p. 155 Royal Society of Chemistry {{ISBN|0-85404-573-2}}</ref> About 2000 tons are produced annually as of 1982, representing about 25% of the cadmium processed commercially.<ref>Karl-Heinz Schulte-Schrepping, Magnus Piscator "Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2007 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a04_499}}.</ref>
			===Historical use in art===
			The general commercial availability of cadmium sulfide from the 1840s led to its adoption by artists, notably ], ] (in his London series and other works) and ] ('']'' 1916–1919).<ref>Sidney Perkowitz, 1998, Joseph Henry Press, {{ISBN|0-309-06556-9}}</ref> The presence of cadmium in paints has been used to detect forgeries in paintings alleged to have been produced prior to the 19th century.<ref>W. Stanley Taft, James W. Mayer, Richard Newman, Peter Kuniholm, Dusan Stulik (2000) , Springer, {{ISBN|0-387-98722-3}}</ref>
			===CdS-CdSe solutions===
			CdS and CdSe form solid solutions with each other. Increasing amounts of ], gives pigments verging toward red, for example CI pigment orange 20 and CI pigment red 108.<ref name = "Christie"/><br />Such solid solutions are components of ]s (light dependent resistors) sensitive to visible and near infrared light.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
			==Safety==
			Cadmium sulfide is toxic, especially dangerous when inhaled as dust, and cadmium compounds in general are classified as ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0404.html|title=CDC - CADMIUM SULFIDE - International Chemical Safety Cards - NIOSH|date=June 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626155057/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0404.html |archive-date=2018-06-26 }}</ref> Problems of ] have been reported when CdS is used as colors in ]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bjornberg | first1 = A | date = Sep 1963 | title = Reactions to light in yellow tattoos from cadmium sulfide | journal = Arch Dermatol | volume = 88 | issue = 3| pages = 267–71 | pmid = 14043617 | doi=10.1001/archderm.1963.01590210025003}}</ref> CdS has an ] of approximately 7,080&nbsp;mg/kg in rats - which is higher than other cadmium compounds due to its low ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sicherheitsdatenblatt |url=http://www.alfa.com/content/msds/german/A14544.pdf |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724053453/http://www.alfa.com/content/msds/german/A14544.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
			==References==
			{{Reflist|30em}}
			==External links==
			{{Commons category|Cadmium sulfide}}
			*
			* Last access November 2005.
			*
			*
			* Report by the Academy of Medical Sciences to the Chief Scientific Adviser, Ministry of Defence on the zinc cadmium sulphide dispersion trials undertaken in the United Kingdom between 1953 and 1964.
			{{Cadmium compounds}}
			{{Sulfides}}
			]
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