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Revision as of 18:13, 7 August 2011 editCheMoBot (talk | contribs)Bots141,565 edits Updating {{chembox}} (no changed fields - added verified revid - updated 'DrugBank_Ref', 'UNII_Ref', 'ChEMBL_Ref', 'ChEBI_Ref', 'KEGG_Ref') per Chem/Drugbox validation (report [[Wikipedia_talk:Wi← Previous edit		Latest revision as of 19:24, 1 April 2024 edit undoReconrabbit (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, New page reviewers8,459 edits Converted formulae to chem2
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	{{chembox		{{chembox
			|Watchedfields = changed
	| verifiedrevid = 443541125		|verifiedrevid = 443542677
	| ImageFile = Kristallstruktur Chalkosin.png		|ImageFile = Kristallstruktur Chalkosin.png
	| ImageSize =
	| IUPACName = Copper(I) sulfide		|IUPACName = Copper(I) sulfide
	| OtherNames = Cuprous sulfide<br/>]<br/>Copper glance		|OtherNames = Cuprous sulfide<br/>]<br/>Copper glance
	| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers		|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
	| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}		|ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
	| ChemSpiderID = 8305611		|ChemSpiderID = 8305611
	| InChI = 1/2Cu.S/q2*+1;-2		|InChI = 1/2Cu.S/q2*+1;-2
	| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}		|ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
	| ChEBI = 51114		|ChEBI = 51114
	| SMILES = ..		|SMILES = ..
	| InChIKey = AQMRBJNRFUQADD-UHFFFAOYAN		|InChIKey = AQMRBJNRFUQADD-UHFFFAOYAN
	| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}		|StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
	| StdInChI = 1S/2Cu.S/q2*+1;-2		|StdInChI = 1S/2Cu.S/q2*+1;-2
	| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}		|StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
	| StdInChIKey = AQMRBJNRFUQADD-UHFFFAOYSA-N		|StdInChIKey = AQMRBJNRFUQADD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
	| CASNo = 22205-45-4		|CASNo = 22205-45-4
	| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}		|CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
			|UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
⚫	| PubChem = 62755
			|UNII = 349M3C1RS1
⚫	| RTECS = GL8910000
		⚫	|PubChem = 62755
⚫	}}
		⚫	|RTECS = GL8910000
⚫	| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
		⚫	}}
⚫	| Formula = Cu<sub>2</sub>S
		⚫	|Section2={{Chembox Properties
⚫	| MolarMass = 159.16 g/mol
		⚫	|Formula = Cu<sub>2</sub>S
	| Appearance =
		⚫	|MolarMass = 159.16 g/mol
	| Density = 5.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup> <ref>Pradyot Patnaik. ''Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals''. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0070494398</ref>		|Density = 5.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup> <ref>Patnaik, Pradyot (2002). ''Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals''. McGraw-Hill, {{ISBN|0-07-049439-8}}</ref>
⚫	| MeltingPt = 1130 °C<ref name ="Greenwood">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw1st|page=1373}}</ref>
	| BoilingPt =		|MeltingPtC = 1130
		⚫	|MeltingPt_ref = <ref name ="Greenwood">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw1st|page=1373}}</ref>
	| Solubility = Insoluble		|Solubility = insoluble
	| SolubleOther = slightly soluble in ]; soluble in ]; dissolves in ]; decomposes in ], ]		|SolubleOther = slightly soluble in ]; soluble in ]; dissolves in ]; decomposes in ], ]
	}}		}}
	| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards		|Section3={{Chembox Hazards
	| EUIndex = Not listed
	| FlashPt = Non-flammable		|FlashPt = Nonflammable
			|PEL = TWA 1 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (as Cu)<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0150}}</ref>
⚫	}}
			|REL = TWA 1 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (as Cu)<ref name=PGCH/>
⚫	| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
			|IDLH = TWA 100 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (as Cu)<ref name=PGCH/>
⚫	| OtherAnions = ]<br/>]
		⚫	}}
⚫	| OtherCations = ]<br/>]<br/>]
		⚫	|Section4={{Chembox Related
⚫	}}
		⚫	|OtherAnions = ]<br/>]
		⚫	|OtherCations = ]<br/>]<br/>]
		⚫	}}
	}}		}}
	'''Copper(I) sulfide''' is a ], a chemical compound of ] and ]. It has the chemical compound Cu<sub>2</sub>S. It is found in nature as the mineral ]. It has a narrow range of stoichiometry ranging from Cu<sub>1.997</sub>S to Cu<sub>2.000</sub>S<ref>An electrochemical investigation of the system copper-sulfur, R. W. Potter, Economic Geology; 1977; 72;. 8; 1524-1542</ref>.		'''Copper(I) sulfide''' is a ], a chemical compound of ] and ]. It has the chemical compound Cu<sub>2</sub>S. It is found in nature as the mineral ]. It has a narrow range of stoichiometry ranging from Cu<sub>1.997</sub>S to Cu<sub>2.000</sub>S.<ref>{{cite journal|title=An electrochemical investigation of the system copper-sulfur|author=Potter, R. W. |journal=Economic Geology|year=1977|volume=72 |issue=8|pages= 1524–1542|doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.72.8.1524|bibcode=1977EcGeo..72.1524P }}</ref> Samples are typically black.
	==Preparation and Reactions==		==Preparation and reactions==
	Cu<sub>2</sub>S can be prepared by heating copper strongly in sulfur vapour or H<sub>2</sub>S<ref name ="Greenwood"/>. The reaction of copper powder in molten sulfur rapidly produces Cu<sub>2</sub>S, whereas pellets of copper require much higher temperature<ref>		Cu<sub>2</sub>S can be prepared by treating copper with sulfur or H<sub>2</sub>S.<ref name ="Greenwood"/> The rate depends on the particle size and temperature.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The formation of Cu<sub>2</sub>S from the elements I. Copper used in form of powders|author= Blachnik R., Müller A.|doi=10.1016/S0040-6031(00)00545-1|year=2000|journal=Thermochimica Acta|volume=361|pages=31}}</ref>
		⚫	Cu<sub>2</sub>S reacts with oxygen to form SO<sub>2</sub>:<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman">Wiberg, Egon and Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001) ''Inorganic Chemistry'', Elsevier {{ISBN|0-12-352651-5}}</ref>
	The formation of Cu2S from the elements I. Copper used in form of powders, Blachnik R., Müller A., Thermochimica Acta, 361, 1-2, (2000), 31-52, {{doi|10.1016/S0040-6031(00)00545-1}}</ref>
			:{{chem2|2 Cu2S + 3 O2 -> 2 Cu2O + 2 SO2}}
⚫	Cu<sub>2</sub>S reacts with oxygen to form SO<sub>2</sub>:<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman">Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) ''Inorganic Chemistry'', Elsevier ISBN 0123526515</ref>
	:2Cu<sub>2</sub>S + 3O<sub>2</sub> → 2Cu<sub>2</sub>O + 2SO<sub>2</sub>
	In the production of copper two thirds of the molten copper sulfide is oxidised as above, and the Cu<sub>2</sub>O reacts with unoxidised Cu<sub>2</sub>S to give Cu metal:<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman"/>		The production of copper from chalcocite is a typical process in extracting the metal from ores. Usually, the conversion involves roasting, to give Cu<sub>2</sub>O and sulfur dioxide:<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman"/>
			:{{chem2|Cu2S + O2 -> 2 Cu + SO2}}
	: Cu<sub>2</sub>S + 2Cu<sub>2</sub>O → 6Cu + SO<sub>2</sub>
			Cuprous oxide readily converts to copper metal upon heating.
	==Structure==		==Structure==
			]
⚫	There are two forms of Cu<sub>2</sub>S a low temperature monoclinic form ("low-chalcocite") which has a complex structure with 96 copper atoms in the unit cell<ref name=evans>H. T. Evans "Djurleite (Cu1.94S) and Low Chalcocite (Cu2S): New Crystal Structure Studies" </ref> and a hexagonal form stable above 104°C.<ref name = "Wells"> Wells A.F. (1984) ''Structural Inorganic Chemistry'' 5th edition Oxford Science Publications ISBN 0-19-855370-6 </ref> In this structure there are 24 crystallographically distinct Cu atoms and the structure has been described as approximating to a hexagonal close packed array of sulfur atoms with Cu atoms in planar 3 coordination. This structure was initially assigned an orthorhombic cell due to the twinning of the sample crystal.
			=== Stoichiometric ===
		⚫	Two forms (]) of Cu<sub>2</sub>S are known. The so-called low temperature ] ("low-chalcocite") has a complex structure with 96 copper atoms in the unit cell.<ref name=evans>{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.203.4378.356|title=Djurleite (Cu<sub>1.94</sub>S) and Low Chalcocite (Cu<sub>2</sub>S): New Crystal Structure Studies|year=1979|last1=Evans|first1=H. T.|journal=Science|volume=203|issue=4378|pages=356–8|pmid=17772445|bibcode=1979Sci...203..356E |s2cid=6132717 }}</ref> The hexagonal form, stable above 104&nbsp;°C,<ref name = "Wells">Wells A.F. (1984) ''Structural Inorganic Chemistry'', 5th ed., Oxford Science Publications, {{ISBN|0-19-855370-6}}</ref> has 24 crystallographically distinct Cu atoms. Its structure has been described as approximating to a ] array of sulfur atoms with Cu atoms in planar 3 coordination. This structure was initially assigned an orthorhombic cell due to the twinning of the sample crystal.
			=== Non-stoichiometric ===
		⚫	As illustrated by the mineral ], a cuprous sulfide is also known. With the approximate formula Cu<sub>1.96</sub>S, this material is ] (range Cu<sub>1.934</sub>S-Cu<sub>1.965</sub>S) and has a monoclinic structure with 248 copper and 128 sulfur atoms in the unit cell.<ref name=evans/> Cu<sub>2</sub>S and Cu<sub>1.96</sub>S are similar in appearance and hard to distinguish one from another.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM66/AM66_807.pdf|title=Copper coordination in low chalcocite and djurleite and other copper-rich sulfides|author= Evans H.T.|journal=American Mineralogist|year=1981|volume= 66|issue= 7–8|pages=807–818}}</ref>
			== Phase transition ==
⚫	There is also a crystallographically-distinct phase (the mineral ]) with stoichiometry Cu<sub>1.96</sub>S which is ] (range Cu<sub>1.934</sub>S-Cu<sub>1.965</sub>S) and has a monoclinic structure with 248 copper and 128 sulfur atoms in the unit cell <ref name=evans/>. Cu<sub>2</sub>S and Cu<sub>1.96</sub>S are similar in appearance and hard to distinguish one from another.<ref>Copper coordination in low chalcocite and djurleite and other copper-rich sulfides, Evans H.T., American Mineralogist; August 1981, 66, 7-8, 807-818</ref>
			The ] increases abruptly at the phase transition point around 104 °C, with the precise temperature depending on the stoichiometry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garisto |first=Dan |date=2023-08-16 |title=LK-99 isn't a superconductor — how science sleuths solved the mystery |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02585-7 |journal=Nature |volume=620 |issue=7975 |pages=705–706 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-02585-7|pmid=37587284 |bibcode=2023Natur.620..705G |s2cid=260955242 }}</ref><ref>Jain, Prashant K. "]." ''arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.05222'' (2023).</ref>
	==See also==		==See also==
	*] for an overview of all copper sulfide phases		*] for an overview of all copper sulfide phases
	*], CuS		*], CuS
	*]		*]
	*]		*]
			*] - compound evaluated in 2023 for possible superconductivity
	==References==		==References==
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	{{Copper compounds}}		{{Copper compounds}}
			{{Sulfides}}
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