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{{Short description|Chemical compound}} |
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{{Drugbox |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} |
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| verifiedrevid = 414449692 |
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{{cs1 config |name-list-style=vanc |display-authors=6}} |
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| IUPAC_name = 5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3''H''-pyrazol-3-one |
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{{Infobox drug |
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| image = Edaravone.png |
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| Watchedfields = changed |
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| verifiedrevid = 443718859 |
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| image = Edaravone Structural Formula V1.svg |
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| width = 160 |
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| image2 = Edaravone ball-and-stick model.png |
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| width2 = |
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| alt2 = |
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| caption = |
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<!-- Clinical data --> |
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| pronounce = |
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| tradename = Radicava, others |
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| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|edaravone}} |
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| MedlinePlus = a617027 |
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| DailyMedID = Edaravone |
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| pregnancy_AU = B3 |
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| pregnancy_AU_comment = <ref name="Radicava APMDS" /> |
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| pregnancy_category= |
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| routes_of_administration = ], ] |
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| class = |
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| ATC_prefix = N07 |
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| ATC_suffix = XX14 |
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| ATC_supplemental = |
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<!-- Legal status --> |
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| legal_AU = S4 |
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| legal_AU_comment = <ref name="Radicava APMDS">{{cite web | title=Radicava | website=Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) | date=24 February 2023 | url=https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/auspmd/radicava | access-date=7 April 2023 | archive-date=24 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224045145/https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/auspmd/radicava | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Radicava edaravone 30 mg/20 mL concentrated injection ampoule (375455) | website=Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) | date=16 February 2023 | url=https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/artg/375455 | access-date=7 April 2023 | archive-date=8 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408035031/https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/artg/375455 | url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| legal_BR = <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F --> |
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| legal_BR_comment = |
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| legal_CA = Rx-only |
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| legal_CA_comment = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://hpr-rps.hres.ca/reg-content/regulatory-decision-summary-detail.php?lang=en&linkID=RDS00450 | title=Regulatory Decision Summary for Radicava | date=23 October 2014 | access-date=7 June 2022 | archive-date=7 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607080932/https://hpr-rps.hres.ca/reg-content/regulatory-decision-summary-detail.php?lang=en&linkID=RDS00450 | url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled --> |
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| legal_DE_comment = |
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| legal_NZ = <!-- Class A, B, C --> |
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| legal_NZ_comment = |
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| legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --> |
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| legal_UK_comment = |
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| legal_US = Rx-only |
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| legal_US_comment = <ref name="Radicava FDA label" /> |
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| legal_EU = |
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| legal_EU_comment = |
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| legal_UN = <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV --> |
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| legal_UN_comment = |
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| legal_status = Rx-only |
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<!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> |
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| bioavailability = |
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| protein_bound = |
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| metabolism = |
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| metabolites = |
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| onset = |
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| elimination_half-life = |
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| duration_of_action = |
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| excretion = |
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<!-- Identifiers --> |
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| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} |
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| CAS_number = 89-25-8 |
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| CAS_supplemental = |
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| PubChem = 4021 |
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| IUPHAR_ligand = |
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| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} |
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| DrugBank = DB12243 |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID = 3881 |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII = S798V6YJRP |
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| UNII = S798V6YJRP |
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| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |
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| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |
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| KEGG = D01552 |
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| KEGG = D01552 |
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| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} |
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| InChI = 1/C10H10N2O/c1-8-7-10(13)12(11-8)9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6H,7H2,1H3 |
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| ChEBI = 31530 |
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| InChIKey = QELUYTUMUWHWMC-UHFFFAOYAI |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} |
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| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} |
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| ChEMBL = 290916 |
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| ChEMBL = 290916 |
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| NIAID_ChemDB = |
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| PDB_ligand = W1P |
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| synonyms = MCI-186 |
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<!-- Chemical and physical data --> |
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| IUPAC_name = 5-methyl-2-phenyl-4''H''-pyrazol-3-one |
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| C=10 | H=10 | N=2 | O=1 |
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| SMILES = O=C1N(/N=C(\C1)C)c2ccccc2 |
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| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChI = 1S/C10H10N2O/c1-8-7-10(13)12(11-8)9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6H,7H2,1H3 |
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| StdInChI = 1S/C10H10N2O/c1-8-7-10(13)12(11-8)9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6H,7H2,1H3 |
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| StdInChI_comment = |
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| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChIKey = QELUYTUMUWHWMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| StdInChIKey = QELUYTUMUWHWMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| density = |
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| CAS_number = 89-25-8 |
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| density_notes = |
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| ATC_prefix = none |
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| melting_point = |
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| ATC_suffix = |
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| ChEBI = 31530 |
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| melting_high = |
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| melting_notes = |
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| PubChem = 4021 |
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| boiling_point = |
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| DrugBank = |
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| boiling_notes = |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| solubility = |
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| ChemSpiderID = 3881 |
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| sol_units = |
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| C = 10 | H = 10 | N = 2 | O = 1 |
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| specific_rotation = |
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| molecular_weight = 174.20 g/mol |
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| smiles = O=C1N(/N=C(\C1)C)c2ccccc2 |
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| synonyms = MCI-186 |
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| bioavailability = |
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| metabolism = |
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| elimination_half-life = |
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| excretion = |
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| pregnancy_category = |
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| legal_status = Rx-only |
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| routes_of_administration = Oral |
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}} |
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}} |
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'''Edaravone''', sold under the brand name '''Radicava''' among others, is a ] used to treat stroke and ] (ALS).<ref name="Radicava FDA label">{{cite web | title=Radicava- edaravone injection Radicava ORS- edaravone kit | website=DailyMed | date=12 May 2022 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0ce2c1c4-2a40-485c-b7cb-96a9b85d9d11 | access-date=27 May 2022 | archive-date=27 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127134432/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0ce2c1c4-2a40-485c-b7cb-96a9b85d9d11 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bailly C, Hecquet PE, Kouach M, Thuru X, Goossens JF | title = Chemical reactivity and uses of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), also known as edaravone | journal = Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 28 | issue = 10 | pages = 115463 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32241621 | doi = 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115463 | s2cid = 214766793 }}</ref> It is given by ]<ref name="Radicava FDA label" /> and ].<ref name="Radicava FDA label" /><ref name="FDA PR 20220512">{{cite web | title=FDA Approves Oral Form of ALS Treatment | website=U.S. ] (FDA) | date=12 May 2022 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fda-approves-oral-form-treatment-adults-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-als | access-date=12 May 2022 | archive-date=12 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512203805/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fda-approves-oral-form-treatment-adults-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-als | url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref> |
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'''Edaravone''' ('''Radicut''') is a ] ] used for the purpose of aiding ] ] following acute ] and subsequent ].<ref name="isbn0-12-040537-7">{{cite book | author = Doherty, Annette M. | title = Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 37 (Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry) | publisher = Academic Press | location = Boston | year = 2002 | pages = | isbn = 0-12-040537-7 | oclc = | doi = | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=fT6NTDby3zUC&lpg=PA265&pg=PA265#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> It acts as a ] ] and strongly ] ]s, protecting against ] and ] ].<ref name="pmid15049127">{{cite journal | author = Watanabe T, Tanaka M, Watanabe K, Takamatsu Y, Tobe A | title = | language = Japanese | journal = Yakugaku Zasshi | volume = 124 | issue = 3 | pages = 99–111 | year = 2004 | month = March | pmid = 15049127 | doi = | url = http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/yakushi/124.99?from=PubMed&lang=en}}</ref><ref name="pmid18221078">{{cite journal | author = Higashi Y, Jitsuiki D, Chayama K, Yoshizumi M | title = Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one), a novel free radical scavenger, for treatment of cardiovascular diseases | journal = Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 85–93 | year = 2006 | month = January | pmid = 18221078 | doi = | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid16834755">{{cite journal | author = Yoshida H, Yanai H, Namiki Y, Fukatsu-Sasaki K, Furutani N, Tada N | title = Neuroprotective effects of edaravone: a novel free radical scavenger in cerebrovascular injury | journal = CNS Drug Reviews | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–20 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16834755 | doi = 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2006.00009.x }}</ref> It has been marketed solely in ] by ] since 2001.<ref name="isbn0-12-040537-7">{{cite book | author = Doherty, Annette M. | title = Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 37 (Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry) | publisher = Academic Press | location = Boston | year = 2002 | pages = | isbn = 0-12-040537-7 | oclc = | doi = | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=fT6NTDby3zUC&lpg=PA265&pg=PA265#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> |
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The mechanism by which edaravone might be effective is unknown.<ref name="Radicava FDA label" /> The medication is known to be an antioxidant, and ] has been hypothesized to be part of the process that kills neurons in people with ALS and in stroke victims.<ref name="Petrov2017" /> |
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The most common side effects include bruising (contusions), problems walking (gait disturbances), and headaches.<ref name="FDA PR 20220512" /> |
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The U.S. ] (FDA) considers it to be a ].<ref>{{cite report | title=New Drug Therapy Approvals 2017 | website=U.S. ] (FDA) | date=January 2018 | url=https://www.fda.gov/media/110526/download | format=PDF | access-date=16 September 2020 | archive-date=23 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023035728/https://www.fda.gov/media/110526/download | url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==Medical uses== |
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Edaravone is used to help people recover from stroke in Japan,<ref name=Miyaji2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Miyaji Y, Yoshimura S, Sakai N, Yamagami H, Egashira Y, Shirakawa M, Uchida K, Kageyama H, Tomogane Y | display-authors = 6 | title = Effect of edaravone on favorable outcome in patients with acute cerebral large vessel occlusion: subanalysis of RESCUE-Japan Registry | journal = Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica | location = Tokyo | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = 241–247 | date = 2015 | pmid = 25739433 | pmc = 4533339 | doi = 10.2176/nmc.ra.2014-0219 }}</ref> and is used to treat ALS in the US and Japan.<ref name="Radicava FDA label" /><ref name=Petrov2017/> |
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==Adverse effects== |
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The label carries a warning about the potential for hypersensitivity reactions to edaravone, and adverse effects include bruising, gait disturbances, headache, skin inflammation, eczema, problems breathing, excess sugar in urine, and fungal skin infections.<ref name="Radicava FDA label" /> |
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The following adverse effects in at least 2% more people given the medication than were given placebo: bruising, gait disturbances, headache, skin inflammation, eczema, problems breathing, excess sugar in urine, and fungal skin infections.<ref name="Radicava FDA label" /> |
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There is no data on whether it is safe for pregnant women to take, and it is unknown if edaravone is secreted in breast milk.<ref name="Radicava FDA label" /> |
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==Pharmacology== |
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The mechanism by which edaravone might be effective is unknown.<ref name="Radicava FDA label" /> The medication is known to be an antioxidant, and oxidative stress has been hypothesized to be part of the process of ].<ref name=Petrov2017/> |
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The half-life of edaravone is 4.5 to 6 hours and the half-lives of its metabolites are 2 to 3 hours. It is metabolized to a sulfate conjugate and a ] conjugate, neither of which are active. It is primarily excreted in urine as the glucuronide conjugate form.<ref name="Radicava FDA label" /> |
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==History== |
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Researchers first developed the free radical scavenger edaravone in late 1980s as a treatment for stroke. The approach, introduced by Koji Abe, now at Okayama University Hospital in Japan, aimed to prevent the swelling of the brain which may occur after a stroke.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alsresearchforum.org/fda-approves-edaravone-as-a-treatment-for-als-2/?platform=hootsuite|title=FDA Approves Edaravone as a Treatment for ALS|website=Research ALS|access-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212191922/http://www.alsresearchforum.org/fda-approves-edaravone-as-a-treatment-for-als-2/?platform=hootsuite|archive-date=12 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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It has been marketed in Japan by ] for stroke since 2001 and is now generic.<ref name=Miyaji2015/><ref name=Herper/> |
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Mitsubishi Tanabe started a phase III clinical trial in ALS in 2011, in Japan, and by June 2015, it had been approved for that use in Japan. The company had received Orphan Drug Designation for edaravone from the FDA and EU by 2016.<ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Lane EJ |title=Mitsubishi Tanabe says ALS drug meets PhIII endpoint|url=http://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma-asia/mitsubishi-tanabe-says-als-drug-meets-phiii-endpoint|work=FiercePharma|date=20 April 2016|access-date=13 May 2017|archive-date=13 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123826/https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma-asia/mitsubishi-tanabe-says-als-drug-meets-phiii-endpoint|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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It was approved for ALS in the US in 2017, based on a small randomized controlled clinical trial with people who had early-stage ALS in Japan, who were administered the medication for 6 months; it had failed two earlier trials in people with all stages of ALS.<ref name="Radicava FDA label" /><ref name=Petrov2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Petrov D, Mansfield C, Moussy A, Hermine O | title = ALS Clinical Trials Review: 20 Years of Failure. Are We Any Closer to Registering a New Treatment? | journal = Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience | volume = 9 | pages = 68 | date = 2017 | pmid = 28382000 | pmc = 5360725 | doi = 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00068 | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
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In May 2017, I.V. edaravone was approved by the FDA to treat people with ] (ALS) in the United States.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm557102.htm|title=FDA approves drug to treat ALS|website=U.S. ] (FDA)|access-date=7 May 2017|archive-date=8 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508180037/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm557102.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The FDA approval was conditioned on Mitsubishi Tanabe completing several additional studies to clarify the risks of cancer and liver disease, among other effects of the medication.<ref>{{cite web|title=NDA 209176 Approval letter|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2017/209176Orig1s000ltr.pdf|publisher=U.S. ] (FDA)|date=5 May 2017|access-date=13 May 2017|archive-date=10 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510133955/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2017/209176Orig1s000ltr.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Radicava (edaravone) Injection | website=U.S. ] (FDA) | date=20 June 2017 | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2017/209176Orig1s000TOC.cfm | access-date=12 May 2022 | archive-date=13 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513054842/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2017/209176Orig1s000TOC.cfm | url-status=live }}</ref> |
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A formulation of edaravone by mouth, which is a mixture of edaravone and SBE-HP-βCD,<ref name="pmid24311389">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rong WT, Lu YP, Tao Q, Guo M, Lu Y, Ren Y, Yu SQ | title = Hydroxypropyl-sulfobutyl-β-cyclodextrin improves the oral bioavailability of edaravone by modulating drug efflux pump of enterocytes | journal = Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | volume = 103 | issue = 2 | pages = 730–742 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24311389 | doi = 10.1002/jps.23807 }}</ref> has been under development by Ferrer (called FAB122) and licensed by ] (called TW001) for ALS. As of 2015, they successfully completed a Phase I trial and received orphan status in the US and in the European Union.<ref>{{cite web|title=Edaravone oral|url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800043880|publisher=AdisInsight|access-date=13 May 2017|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707000457/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800043880|url-status=live}}</ref> Ferrer reported on 10 January 2024 that the Phase III ADORE clinical trial (EudraCT 2020-003376-40 / NCT05178810) of FAB122/TW001 in ALS did not meet the primary or key secondary study endpoints.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ferrer reports top-line results from Phase III ADORE study in ALS {{!}} Ferrer |url=https://www.ferrer.com/en/results-study-ADORE-ALS |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=www.ferrer.com |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308163818/https://www.ferrer.com/en/results-study-ADORE-ALS |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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A different oral formulation of edaravone from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America (MT1186 or MT-1186) was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2022.<ref name="Radicava FDA label" /><ref name="FDA PR 20220512" /><ref> fda.gov |
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{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513204442/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2022/215446Orig1s000ltr.pdf |date=13 May 2022 }}</ref> The effectiveness of oral edaravone is based on a study that showed comparable levels of oral edaravone in the bloodstream to the levels from the IV formulation of edaravone.<ref name="FDA PR 20220512" /> The efficacy of edaravone for the treatment of ALS was previously demonstrated in a six-month clinical trial that served as the basis for approval in 2017.<ref name="FDA PR 20220512" /> In that trial, 137 participants were randomized to receive edaravone or placebo. At week 24, individuals receiving edaravone declined less on a clinical assessment of daily functioning compared to those receiving placebo.<ref name="FDA PR 20220512" /> An analysis of real-world data of 194 patients from 12 ALS clinics of the intravenous formulation, failed to reproduce the effect.<ref>Witzel S, Maier A, Steinbach R, et al. Safety and Effectiveness of Long-term Intravenous Administration of Edaravone for Treatment of Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2022;79(2):121–130. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.4893</ref> A global Ph3b study with the oral formulation was halted in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media_MTPA@mt-pharma-us.com |date=1 August 2023 |title=Press Releases |url=https://www.mt-pharma-america.com/media/news/press-releases/2023/07/31/mitsubishi-tanabe-pharma-america-announces-update-on-global-phase-3b-mt-1186-a02-postmarketing-study-of-oral-edaravone-in-als |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America |language=en-US |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308163818/https://www.mt-pharma-america.com/media/news/press-releases/2023/07/31/mitsubishi-tanabe-pharma-america-announces-update-on-global-phase-3b-mt-1186-a02-postmarketing-study-of-oral-edaravone-in-als |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==Society and culture== |
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=== Economics === |
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The price for the medication when it launched in Japan for stroke in 2001, was set by the Japanese government at 9,931 yen/ampule.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=http://www.evaluategroup.com/Universal/View.aspx?type=Story&id=59188|title=Launching of Radicut Injection. 30 mg|publisher=Mitsubishi-Tokyo Pharmaceuticals via Evaluate|date=23 May 2001|access-date=9 May 2017|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703054328/https://www.evaluate.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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When the medication launched in Japan for ALS in 2001, the price was $35,000; the price in Japan in 2017 was $5,000, the US price at launch was around $145,000.<ref name=Herper>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2017/05/05/fda-approves-first-new-drug-to-treat-als-in-22-years/#4cde9947fb30|title=The First ALS Drug In 22 Years Is Approved -- And It Costs 4 Times What It Does In Japan| vauthors = Herper M |work=Forbes|access-date=10 May 2017|archive-date=6 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506104313/https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2017/05/05/fda-approves-first-new-drug-to-treat-als-in-22-years/#4cde9947fb30|url-status=live}}</ref> In the US the medication was approved for all people with ALS but it was unclear at approval whether insurers would agree to pay for the medication for all people with ALS, or only people in the early stages of the disease.<ref name=Herper/><ref>{{cite news|last=Grady|first=Denise|date=5 May 2017|title=A Second Drug Is Approved to Treat A.L.S.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/05/health/fda-approves-lou-gehrigs-disease-drug.html?smid=tw-nythealth&smtyp=cur|work=]|access-date=8 May 2017|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404003340/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/05/health/fda-approves-lou-gehrigs-disease-drug.html?smid=tw-nythealth&smtyp=cur|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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=== Brand names === |
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Edaravone has been shown to attenuate ]- and ]-induced ] ] in the ] and ], and does not affect methamphetamine-induced ] release or ].<ref name="pmid18671880">{{cite journal | author = Yuan WJ, Yasuhara T, Shingo T, ''et al.'' | title = Neuroprotective effects of edaravone-administration on 6-OHDA-treated dopaminergic neurons | journal = BMC Neuroscience | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 75 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18671880 | pmc = 2533664 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2202-9-75 | url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/9/75}}</ref><ref name="pmid16784740">{{cite journal | author = Kawasaki T, Ishihara K, Ago Y, ''et al.'' | title = Protective effect of the radical scavenger edaravone against methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mouse striatum | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 542 | issue = 1-3 | pages = 92–9 | year = 2006 | month = August | pmid = 16784740 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.05.012 | url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0014-2999(06)00506-1}}</ref> It has also been demonstrated to protect against ]-mediated dopaminergic neurotoxicity to the substantia nigra, though notably not to the striatum.<ref name="pmid17429058">{{cite journal | author = Kawasaki T, Ishihara K, Ago Y, Baba A, Matsuda T | title = Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one), a radical scavenger, prevents 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity in the substantia nigra but not the striatum | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 322 | issue = 1 | pages = 274–81 | year = 2007 | month = July | pmid = 17429058 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.106.119206 | url = http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17429058}}</ref><ref name="pmid18235988">{{cite journal | author = Yokoyama H, Takagi S, Watanabe Y, Kato H, Araki T | title = Role of reactive nitrogen and reactive oxygen species against MPTP neurotoxicity in mice | journal = Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) | volume = 115 | issue = 6 | pages = 831–42 | year = 2008 | month = June | pmid = 18235988 | doi = 10.1007/s00702-008-0019-6 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18648914">{{cite journal | author = Yokoyama H, Yano R, Aoki E, Kato H, Araki T | title = Comparative pharmacological study of free radical scavenger, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, nitric oxide synthase activator and cyclooxygenase inhibitor against MPTP neurotoxicity in mice | journal = Metabolic Brain Disease | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 335–49 | year = 2008 | month = September | pmid = 18648914 | doi = 10.1007/s11011-008-9096-3 }}</ref> |
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Brand names include Radicut, Radicava, Xavron.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Makam AN, Suh K, Nikitin D, Carlson J, Richardson M, Mohammed R, McKenna A, Pearson S, Rind D |date=August 4, 2022 |title=AMX0035 and Oral Edaravone for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Evidence Report |url=https://icer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/ICER_ALS_Evidence-Report_080422.pdf |journal=Institute for Clinical and Economic Review |pages=D6}}</ref> |
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== References == |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== Further reading == |
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yoshino H | title = Edaravone for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | journal = Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 185–193 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30810406 | doi = 10.1080/14737175.2019.1581610 | s2cid = 73490631 }} |
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* {{cite book | vauthors = ((Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health)) | title = Pharmacoeconomic Review Report: Edaravone (Radicava): (Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation) | publisher = CADTH Common Drug Reviews | volume = | pages = | date = April 2019 | pmid = 31211530 | doi = | id = NBK542526 }} |
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