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Revision as of 12:44, 5 April 2011 editCheMoBot (talk | contribs)Bots141,565 edits Updating {{chembox}} (no changed fields - added verified revid - updated 'UNII_Ref', 'ChemSpiderID_Ref', 'StdInChI_Ref', 'StdInChIKey_Ref', 'ChEMBL_Ref', 'KEGG_Ref') per Chem/Drugbox validation (← Previous edit Latest revision as of 10:57, 28 December 2024 edit undoGraeme Bartlett (talk | contribs)Administrators249,716 edits more ids 
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{{distinguish|GD Graphics Library}} {{distinguish|GD Graphics Library}}
{{Chembox {{Chembox
| verifiedrevid = 385867373 | verifiedrevid = 422503032
| ImageFile = GD2 ganglioside.png | ImageFile = GD2 ganglioside.png
| ImageSize = 250px | ImageSize = 300px
| ImageAlt = | ImageAlt =
| IUPACName = (2''R'',4''R'',5''S'',6''S'')-2-oxy-2-oxan-3-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-3-amino-6-carboxy-4-hydroxyoxan-2-yl]-2,3-dihydroxypropoxy]-5-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)oxane-2-carboxylic acid | IUPACName = (2''R'',4''R'',5''S'',6''S'')-2-oxy-2-oxan-3-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-3-amino-6-carboxy-4-hydroxyoxan-2-yl]-2,3-dihydroxypropoxy]-5-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)oxane-2-carboxylic acid
| IUPACName_hidden =yes
| OtherNames = Ganglioside G2 | OtherNames = Ganglioside G2
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CASNo = 65988-71-8
| PubChem = 6450346 | CASNo = 65988-71-8
ChemSpider ID: 4952955
⚫ | SMILES = CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NC(CO1((((O1)CO)O2((((O2)CO)O3((((O3)CO)O)O)NC(=O)C)O4(C(((O4)C(C(CO5(C(((O5)C(C(CO)O)O)N)O)C(=O)O)O)O)N)O)C(=O)O)O)O)O)C(/C=C/CCCCCCCCCCCCC)O}}
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = FUI2V09E1C
| PubChem = 6450346
| StdInChI=1S/C74H134N4O32/c1-4-6-8-10-12-14-16-18-19-21-23-25-27-29-31-33-52(89)78-43(44(84)32-30-28-26-24-22-20-17-15-13-11-9-7-5-2)40-101-69-61(95)60(94)63(50(38-81)104-69)106-70-62(96)67(64(51(39-82)105-70)107-68-55(77-42(3)83)59(93)58(92)49(37-80)103-68)110-74(72(99)100)35-46(86)54(76)66(109-74)57(91)48(88)41-102-73(71(97)98)34-45(85)53(75)65(108-73)56(90)47(87)36-79/h30,32,43-51,53-70,79-82,84-88,90-96H,4-29,31,33-41,75-76H2,1-3H3,(H,77,83)(H,78,89)(H,97,98)(H,99,100)/b32-30+/t43?,44?,45-,46-,47?,48?,49-,50-,51-,53+,54+,55-,56?,57?,58+,59-,60-,61-,62-,63-,64+,65+,66+,67-,68+,69-,70+,73-,74+/m1/s1
| StdInChIKey = FFILOTSTFMXQJC-QCFYAKGBSA-N
⚫ | SMILES = CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NC(CO1((((O1)CO)O2((((O2)CO)O3((((O3)CO)O)O)NC(=O)C)O4(C(((O4)C(C(CO5(C(((O5)C(C(CO)O)O)N)O)C(=O)O)O)O)N)O)C(=O)O)O)O)O)C(/C=C/CCCCCCCCCCCCC)O
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| C=74|H=134|N=4|O=32 | C=74|H=134|N=4|O=32
| Appearance = | Appearance =
| Density = | Density =
| MeltingPt = | MeltingPt =
| BoilingPt = | BoilingPt =
| Solubility = }} | Solubility = }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards | Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards = | MainHazards =
| FlashPt = | FlashPt =
| Autoignition = }} | AutoignitionPt = }}
}} }}


'''GD2''' is a ] expressed on tumors of ]al origin, including human ] and ], with highly restricted expression on normal tissues, principally to the ] and ] in humans. '''GD2''' is a ] expressed on tumors of ]al origin, including human ] and ], with highly restricted expression on normal tissues, principally to the ] and ] in humans.


The relatively tumor specific expression of GD2 makes it a suitable target for ] with monoclonal antibodies or with artificial ]s.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Wierzbicki, Andrzej; Gil, Margaret; Ciesielski, Michael; Fenstermaker, Robert A.; Kaneko, Yutaro; Rokita, Hanna; Lau, Joseph T.; Kozbor, Danuta | title = Immunization with a Mimotope of GD2 Ganglioside Induces CD8+ T Cells That Recognize Cell Adhesion Molecules on Tumor Cells | journal = Journal of Immunology | year = 2008 | volume = 181 | issue = 9 | pages = 6644–6653 | pmid=18941255}}</ref> The relatively tumor-specific expression of GD2 makes it a suitable target for ] with monoclonal antibodies or with artificial ]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Wierzbicki, Andrzej |author2=Gil, Margaret |author3=Ciesielski, Michael |author4=Fenstermaker, Robert A. |author5=Kaneko, Yutaro |author6=Rokita, Hanna |author7=Lau, Joseph T. |author8=Kozbor, Danuta | title = Immunization with a Mimotope of GD2 Ganglioside Induces CD8+ T Cells That Recognize Cell Adhesion Molecules on Tumor Cells | journal = Journal of Immunology | year = 2008 | volume = 181 | issue = 9 | pages = 6644–6653 | pmid=18941255 | pmc = 2730120 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.6644}}</ref> An example of such antibodies is hu14.18K322A, a ]. This anti-GD2 antibody is currently undergoing a phase II clinical trial in the treatment of previously untreated high risk ] given alongside combination chemotherapy prior to ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/anti-gd2-monoclonal-antibody-hu1418k322a |title=Clinical trials using anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody hu14.18K322A |website=National Cancer Institute |access-date=April 20, 2018}}</ref> A prior phase I clinical trial for patients with refractory or recurrent neuroblastoma designed to decrease toxicity found safe dosage amounts and determined that common toxicities, particularly pain, could be well managed.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Navid F, et al. |date= May 2014 |title= Phase I trial of a novel anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody, Hu14.18K322A, designed to decrease toxicity in children with refractory or recurrent neuroblastoma |journal= Journal of Clinical Oncology|volume= 32 |issue= 14 |pages= 1445–52 |doi= 10.1200/JCO.2013.50.4423|pmc= 4017710 |pmid=24711551}}</ref> The chimeric (murine-human) anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody ch14.18 is FDA-approved for the treatment of pediatric patients with high-risk neuroblastoma and has been studied in patients with other GD2-expressing tumors.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Bassel N, Cengiz I, Owonikoko TK |date= July 2020 |title= Disialoganglioside GD2 Expression in Solid Tumors and Role as a Target for Cancer Therapy |journal= Frontiers in Oncology|volume= 10 |pages=1000 |doi=10.3389/fonc.2020.01000 |pmid= 32733795 |pmc= 7358363 |issn=2234-943X|doi-access= free }}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
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{{reflist}} {{reflist}}


==Further reading==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Ahmed M, Cheung NK | title = Engineering anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies for cancer immunotherapy | journal = FEBS Lett | volume = 588 | issue = 2 | pages = 288–97 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24295643 | doi = 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.030 | doi-access = free }}

*{{cite journal | vauthors = Cheung NK, Dyer MA | title = Neuroblastoma: developmental biology, cancer genomics and immunotherapy | journal = Nat Rev Cancer | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 397–411 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23702928 | pmc = 4386662 | doi = 10.1038/nrc3526 }}

*{{cite journal | vauthors = Sarkar TR, Battula VL, Werden SJ, Vijay GV, Ramirez-Peña EQ, Taube JH, Chang JT, Miura N, Porter W, Sphyris N, Andreeff M, Mani SA | title = GD3 synthase regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in breast cancer | journal = Oncogene | volume = 34 | issue = 23 | pages = 2958–67 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 25109336 | pmc = 4324395 | doi = 10.1038/onc.2014.245 }}
{{refend}}
{{Sphingolipids}} {{Sphingolipids}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Gd2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gd2}}
] ]


{{biochem-stub}}