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{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}} |
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| verifiedrevid = 414433605 |
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| Name = Lanthanum carbide |
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| verifiedrevid = 477000643 |
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| Reference = <ref name="hand"> |
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| Name = Lanthanum carbide |
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| Reference = <ref name="hand"> |
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{{Cite book |
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{{Cite book |
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| title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |
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| title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |
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| edition = 87 |
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| edition = 87 |
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| publication-place = Boca Raton, FL |
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| location = Boca Raton, FL |
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| publisher = CRC Press |
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| publisher = CRC Press |
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| isbn = 0-8493-0594-2 |
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| isbn = 0-8493-0594-2 |
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| pages = 4–64}}</ref> |
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| pages = 4–64}}</ref> |
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| OtherNames = Dicarbidolanthanum(II) |
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| OtherNames = |
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| ImageFile=BaO2structure.jpg |
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| ImageFile = BaO2structure.jpg |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID = 109890 |
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| ChemSpiderID = 109890 |
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| PubChem = 123280 |
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| PubChem = 123280 |
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| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChIKey = ZKEYULQFFYBZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| StdInChIKey = ZKEYULQFFYBZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}} |
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| CASNo = <!-- blanked - oldvalue: 12071-15-7 --> |
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| CASNo = 12071-15-7 |
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| EC_number = 235-128-8 |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = LaC<sub>2</sub> |
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| MolarMass = 162.927 g/mol |
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| Appearance = ] crystals |
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| Density = 5.29 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, solid |
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| Solubility = |
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| MeltingPt = 2360°C |
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| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |
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| Formula = LaC<sub>2</sub> |
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| CrystalStruct = Tetragonal |
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| MolarMass = 162.927 g/mol |
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| SpaceGroup = D<sup>17</sup><sub>4h</sub>, I4/mmm, ] |
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| Appearance = ] crystals |
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| Density = 5.29 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, solid |
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| Solubility = |
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| MeltingPtC = 2360 |
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| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |
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| CrystalStruct = Tetragonal |
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| SpaceGroup = D<sup>17</sup><sub>4h</sub>, I4/mmm, ] |
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| Coordination = 6 |
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| Coordination = 6 |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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'''Lanthanum carbide''' (]]) is a ]. It is being studied in relation to the manufacture of certain types of ]s and ]s.<ref name="AwasthiSingh2002">{{cite journal|last1=Awasthi|first1=Kalpana|last2=Singh|first2=A. K.|last3=Srivastava|first3=O. N.|title=Synthesis and Characterization of Lanthanum Carbide Nanotubes|journal=Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology|volume=2|issue=1|year=2002|pages=67–71|issn=1533-4880|doi=10.1166/jnn.2002.078|pmid=12908323}}</ref> |
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== Preparation == |
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LaC<sub>2</sub> can be prepared by reacting ], La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, with carbon in an electric furnace, or by melting pellets of the elements in an arc furnace.<ref name=Greenwood>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw|page=299}}</ref> |
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== Properties == |
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LaC<sub>2</sub> reacts with water to form ], C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> and a mixture of complex hydrocarbons.<ref name=Greenwood/> |
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LaC<sub>2</sub> is a metallic conductor, in contrast to CaC<sub>2</sub> which is an insulator.<ref name=Greenwood/> |
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The crystal structure of LaC<sub>2</sub> shows that it contains C<sub>2</sub> units with a C-C bond length of 130.3 pm, which is longer than the C-C bond length in calcium carbide, 119.2 pm, which is close to that of ethyne.<ref name=Greenwood/> The structure of LaC<sub>2</sub> can be described as La<sup>3+</sup>C<sub>2</sub><sup>2−</sup>(e-) where the electron enters the conduction band and antibonding orbitals on the C<sub>2</sub> anion, increasing the bond length. This is analogous to the bonding present in the ], CaNiBN.<ref name="BlaschkowskiMeyer2002">{{cite journal|last1=Blaschkowski|first1=Björn|last2=Meyer|first2=H.-Jürgen|title=Electronic Conditions of Diatomic (BN) Anions in the Structure of CaNiBN|journal=Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie|volume=628|issue=6|year=2002|pages=1249|issn=0044-2313|doi=10.1002/1521-3749(200206)628:6<1249::AID-ZAAC1249>3.0.CO;2-S}}</ref> |
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== Lanthanum carbide in carbon nano structures == |
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A method for making macroscopic quantities of C<sub>60</sub> and the confirmation of the hollow, cagelike structures was published in 1990 by Kratschmer and co-workers.<ref>Kratschmer W, Lamb, LD, Fostiropoulos K, Huffman, DR, Nature 1990, 347:354; Kratschmer W, Fostiropoulos K, Huffman DR, Chem Phys Lett 1990, 170:167; see also Liu M and Cowley JM, Encapsulation of lanthanum carbide in carbon nanotubules and carbon nanoparticles, Carbon 33(2):225-232, 1995.</ref> This was followed by the publication of methods for higher fullerenes (C<sub>70</sub> and higher). In 1993, scientists discovered how to make a compound which is not as susceptible to moisture and air. They made containers to hold buckminsterfullerenes, or buckyballs; therefore they nicknamed the containers ‘buckyjars’.<ref name="wellesley"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903161925/http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/Flick/bucky/partfive1.html |date=2006-09-03 }}</ref> A few US patents were issued to universities in the mid-1990s; experiments with manufacturing techniques have continued at universities around the globe, including India, Japan, and Sweden.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Awasthu | first1 = K | last2 = Singh | first2 = AK | last3 = Srivastava | first3 = ON | year = 2002 | title = Synthesis and characterization of lanthanum carbide nanotubes | journal = Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology| volume = 2 | issue = 1| pages = 67–71 |doi=10.1166/jnn.2002.078| pmid = 12908323 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lassesson | first1 = A | last2 = Gromov | first2 = A | last3 = Lehlig | first3 = K | last4 = Taninaka | first4 = A | last5 = Shinohara | first5 = H | last6 = Campbell | first6 = EEB | year = 2003 | title = Formation of small lanthanum carbide ions from laser-induced fragmentation of LaatC<sub>82</sub> | journal = Journal of Chemical Physics | volume = 119 | issue = 11| pages = 5591–5600 | doi = 10.1063/1.1599833 | bibcode = 2003JChPh.119.5591L }}</ref> |
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==Lanthanum atoms caged in fullerenes== |
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In La@C<sub>72</sub>, the lanthanum appears to stabilize the C<sub>72</sub> carbon cage. A 1998 study by Stevenson et al. verified the presence of La@C<sub>72</sub> as well as La<sub>2</sub>@C<sub>72</sub>, but empty-cage C<sub>72</sub> was absent, based on laser desorption mass spectrometry and UV−vis spectroscopy.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Stevenson | first1 = S | last2 = Burbank | first2 = P | last3 = Harich | first3 = K | last4 = Sun | first4 = Z | last5 = Dorn | first5 = HC | year = 1998 | title = Metal-mediated stabilization of a carbon cage | url = https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/3205315/1998JPhysChemAStevenson.pdf | journal = Journal of Physical Chemistry A | volume = 102 | issue = 17 | pages = 2833–2837 | doi = 10.1021/jp980452m | access-date = 2019-07-10 | archive-date = 2019-02-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190217040632/https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/3205315/1998JPhysChemAStevenson.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> A 2008 study by Lu et al. showed that La<sub>2</sub>C<sub>72</sub> do not adhere to the ], but has two pairs of fused pentagons at each pole of the cage and that the two La atoms reside close to the two fused-pentagon pairs. This result lends additional support to the idea that the carbon cage is stabilized by the La atoms.<ref name="LuNikawa2008">{{cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=Xing|last2=Nikawa|first2=Hidefumi|last3=Nakahodo|first3=Tsukasa|last4=Tsuchiya|first4=Takahiro|last5=Ishitsuka|first5=Midori O.|last6=Maeda|first6=Yutaka|last7=Akasaka|first7=Takeshi|last8=Toki|first8=Makoto|last9=Sawa|first9=Hiroshi|last10=Slanina|first10=Zdenek|last11=Mizorogi|first11=Naomi|last12=Nagase|first12=Shigeru|title=Chemical Understanding of a Non-IPR Metallofullerene: Stabilization of Encaged Metals on Fused-Pentagon Bonds in La2@C72|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=130|issue=28|year=2008|pages=9129–9136|issn=0002-7863|doi=10.1021/ja8019577|pmid=18570421}}</ref> |
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In addition to the properties included in the table at right, the magnetic properties of bulk amounts of La@C<sub>82</sub> (isolated from various hollow fullerenes) have been tested. Magnetization data for an isolated La@C<sub>82</sub> isomer were obtained using a ] magnetometer at temperatures ranging from 3 to 300 K. For La@C<sub>82</sub> the inverse susceptibility as a function of temperature was observed to follow a ]. The effective ] per La@C<sub>82</sub> was found to be 0.38μ<sub>B</sub>.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Funasaka | first1 = H | last2 = Sugiyama | first2 = K | last3 = Yamamoto | first3 = K | last4 = Takahashi | first4 = T | year = 1995 | title = Magnetic properties of rare-earth metallofullerenes | journal = Journal of Physical Chemistry | volume = 99 | issue = 7| pages = 1826–1830| doi = 10.1021/j100007a005 }}</ref> |
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Lanthanum carbide has also shown superconductive properties when converted into a layered lanthanum carbide halide La<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>X<sub>2</sub> (X=Br,I). Investigations using high-resolution neutron powder diffraction measurements from room temperature to 1.5 Kelvin showed that it has superconductive properties at about 7.03 Kelvin for X=Br and at about 1.7 Kelvin for X=I, respectively.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ahn | first1 = K | last2 = Kremer | first2 = RK | last3 = Mattausch | first3 = H | last4 = Simon | first4 = A | year = 2000 | title = Superconductivity in layered lanthanum carbide halides | journal = Journal of Alloys and Compounds | volume = 303–304 | pages = 257–261 | doi=10.1016/s0925-8388(00)00669-1}}</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Lanthanum compounds}} |
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{{Carbides}} |
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