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{{Short description|Chemical compound}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2009}}
{{Drugbox {{Drugbox
| Verifiedfields = changed
⚫ | verifiedrevid = 422619633
| Watchedfields = changed
⚫ | IUPAC_name =
⚫ | verifiedrevid = 450771830
(10''E'',14''E'',16''E'')-(1''R'',4''S'',5′''S'',6''R'',6′''R'',8''R'',13''R'',20''R'',24''S'')- 24-hydroxy-5′,6′,11,13,22-pentamethyl- (3,7,19-trioxatetracyclopentacosa- 10,14,16,22-tetraen)-6-spiro-2′-(tetrahydropyran)- 2,21-dion 21-(''EZ'')-oxim (30%)
| image = Milbemycinoxime.png


<!-- Clinical data -->
(10''E'',14''E'',16''E'')-(1''R'',4''S'',5′''S'',6''R'',6′''R'',8''R'',13''R'',20''R'',24''S'')- 6′-ethyl-24-hydroxy-5′,11,13,22-tetramethyl- (3,7,19-trioxatetracyclo- pentacosa-10,14,16,22-tetraene)-6-spiro- 2′-(tetrahydropyran)-2,21-dion 21-(''EZ'')-oxim (70%)
| image = Milbemycinoxime.png | pronounce =
| CAS_number = 129496-10-2 | tradename = Interceptor, others
⚫ | Drugs.com =
| CAS_supplemental =
| ATC_prefix = | MedlinePlus =
| ATC_suffix = | DailyMedID = Milbemycin oxime
⚫ | pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->
⚫ | ATC_supplemental =
| pregnancy_AU_comment =
⚫ | PubChem =
⚫ | pregnancy_category=
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
⚫ | routes_of_administration = ]
⚫ | DrugBank =
| class =
⚫ | chemical_formula = C<sub>31</sub>H<sub>43</sub>NO<sub>7</sub> (30%)<br />C<sub>32</sub>H<sub>45</sub>NO<sub>7</sub> (70%)
| ATCvet = yes
| ATC_prefix = P54
| ATC_suffix = AB01
⚫ | ATC_supplemental =

<!-- Legal status -->
⚫ | legal_AU = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled -->
| legal_AU_comment =
| legal_BR = <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F -->
| legal_BR_comment =
⚫ | legal_CA = <!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->
| legal_CA_comment =
| legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled -->
| legal_DE_comment =
⚫ | legal_NZ = <!-- Class A, B, C -->
| legal_NZ_comment =
| legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C -->
| legal_UK_comment =
| legal_US = Rx-only
| legal_US_comment = <ref name="DailyMed">{{cite web | title=Interceptor Flavor Tabs- milbemycin oxime tablet | website=DailyMed | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=77a42e00-d311-4cae-9130-b75bb4b40864 | access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref>
⚫ | legal_EU =
| legal_EU_comment =
⚫ | legal_UN = <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV -->
| legal_UN_comment =
| legal_status = <!-- For countries not listed above -->

<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
⚫ | bioavailability = 5–10%
⚫ | protein_bound =
⚫ | metabolism = Liver
⚫ | elimination_half-life =
⚫ | excretion = ]

<!--Identifiers-->
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number = 129496-10-2
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}
| UNII = 0502PUN0GT
| PubChem =
| DrugBank_Ref =
| DrugBank =

<!--Chemical data-->
⚫ | IUPAC_name =
⚫ | chemical_formula = C<sub>31</sub>H<sub>43</sub>NO<sub>7</sub> (30%)<br />C<sub>32</sub>H<sub>45</sub>NO<sub>7</sub> (70%)
| C= | H= | N= | O= | C= | H= | N= | O=
| molecular_weight = 541.68 g/mol (30%)<br />555.702 g/mol (70%) | molecular_weight = 541.68 g/mol (30%)<br />555.702 g/mol (70%)
| smiles = | smiles =
⚫ | bioavailability = 5–10%
⚫ | protein_bound =
⚫ | metabolism = Liver
⚫ | elimination_half-life =
⚫ | excretion = ]
⚫ | pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->
| pregnancy_US = <!-- A / B / C / D / X -->
⚫ | pregnancy_category=
⚫ | legal_AU = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->
⚫ | legal_CA = <!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->
⚫ | legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->
⚫ | legal_US = <!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->
| legal_status =
⚫ | routes_of_administration = Oral
}} }}

'''Milbemycin oxime''' (trade name '''Interceptor''', marketed by ]) is a veterinary drug from the group of ]s, used as a broad spectrum ]. It is active against worms (]), insects (]){{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} and mites (]).
'''Milbemycin oxime''', sold under the brand name '''Interceptor''' among others, is a ] from the group of ]s, used as a broad spectrum ].<ref name="DailyMed" /> It is active against worms (])<ref name="DailyMed" /> and mites (]).<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=22488596|year=2012|last1=Mueller|first1=R. S.|title=An update on the therapy of canine demodicosis|journal=Compendium (Yardley, Pa)|volume=34|issue=4|pages=E1-4}}</ref>


==Mechanism of action== ==Mechanism of action==
Like ]s, milbemycins are products of ] by '']'' species. They have a similar mechanism of action, but a longer half-life than the avermectins. Milbemycin oxime is produced by ''Streptomyces hygroscopicus aureolacrimosus''. It opens ] sensitive ]s in ]s and ]s of ]s, leading to ] of these cells and blocking of signal transfer. Milbemycins are products of ] by '']'' species. They have a similar mechanism of action, but a longer half-life than the avermectins. Milbemycin oxime is produced by ''] aureolacrimosus''. It opens ] sensitive ]s in ]s and ]s of ]s, leading to ] of these cells and blocking of signal transfer.<ref name="Mehlhorn2008">{{cite book| vauthors = Mehlhorn H |title=Encyclopedia of Parasitology: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jpg1ysgVn-AC&pg=PA646|year=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-48994-8|page=646}}</ref>


==Uses== ==Uses==
Milbemycin oxime is active against a broad spectrum of ], although it is less potent against ]s than ]. Its miticide spectrum includes '']'' and '']''. The USA FDA approval for milbemycin oxime as formulated alone does not indicate insecticidal activity.<ref></ref> Milbemycin oxime is active against a broad spectrum of ]s. Its miticide spectrum includes '']'' and '']''. The drug is FDA-approved for prevention of ] in dogs and cats,<ref>{{cite web|title=NADA 140-915 Interceptor – supplemental approval (September 9, 1996)|website=]|url=https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ApprovedAnimalDrugProducts/FOIADrugSummaries/ucm054860.htm}}</ref> although it is less potent against heartworms than ].{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}


The substance is often combined with other parasiticides to achieve a broader spectrum of action. Such products include: The substance is often combined with other parasiticides to achieve a broader spectrum of action. Such products include:{{cn|date=February 2023}}
* Milbemax (with ]) * ] and ] (with ])
* ] (with ]) * ] (with ])
* ] (with ])
* ] (with ])


Recently the drug has been used in marine reef aquaria to control parasitic harptacoid copepod (Tegastidae) infestations on captive hard coral colonies. It is an effective full tank treatment for these parasites because it is not toxic to corals in the dosage required to kill the parasites. Shrimps, crabs and other crustaceans should be removed prior to treatment, as they will be killed by the treatment. The drug has been used in marine ] to control parasitic ] copepod infestations on captive hard coral colonies. Other arthropod invertebrates will be killed by the treatment.<ref name="Roberts2011">{{cite book| vauthors = Roberts HE |title=Fundamentals of Ornamental Fish Health|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwydxKMbzz8C&pg=PT93|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-94948-0|pages=93–94}}</ref><ref name="Lewbart2011">{{cite book| vauthors = Lewbart GA |title=Invertebrate Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NaAMh8sEU4oC&pg=PA71|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-96078-3|page=71}}</ref>


==Side effects== ==Side effects==
The drug is tolerated well, even by dogs with ]. In high doses, it can cause side effects like ], ] and ]. The drug is usually tolerated well, but such side effects may occur such as vomiting, phlegming, and glassy eyes.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}}
<references />

{{Endectocides}}


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{{Antiinfective-drug-stub}}

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