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{{chembox |
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{{chembox |
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| Watchedfields = changed |
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|Verifiedfields=changed |
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|Watchedfields=changed |
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| verifiedrevid = 409042986 |
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|verifiedrevid=431943482 |
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| ImageFileL1 = Molybdän(VI)-oxid Kristallstruktur.png |
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|ImageFileL1=Molybdän(VI)-oxid Kristallstruktur.png |
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| ImageName = Molybdenum trioxide |
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| ImageFileR1 = Molybdenum trioxide powder.jpg |
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|ImageName=Molybdenum trioxide |
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| ImageName1 = Molybdenum trioxide |
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|ImageFileR1=Molybdenum trioxide powder.jpg |
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| IUPACName = Molybdenum trioxide |
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|IUPACName=Molybdenum trioxide |
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| OtherNames = Molybdic anhydride<br/>]<br/>Molybdic trioxide |
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|OtherNames=Molybdic anhydride<br/>]<br/>Molybdic trioxide<br/>Molybdenum(VI) oxide |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
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| CASNo = 1313-27-5 |
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| CASNo = 1313-27-5 |
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| CASNo_Comment = anhydrous |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} {{cascite}} |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| ChEBI = 30627 |
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| ChemSpiderID = 14118 |
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| EC_number = 215-204-7 |
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| PubChem = 14802 |
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| UNNumber = 3288 |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII = 22FQ3F03YS |
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| StdInChI=1S/Mo.3O |
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| StdInChIKey = JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| SMILES = O=(=O)=O |
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}} |
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}} |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
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| Mo = 1 | O = 3 |
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| Mo=1 | O=3 |
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| Appearance = yellow or light blue solid<ref>http://www.mallbaker.com/americas/msds/english/m7829_msds_us_default.pdf</ref> |
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| Appearance = yellow solid |
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| Odor = odorless |
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| Density = 4.69 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, solid |
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| Density = 4.70 g/cm<sup>3</sup><ref name=crc>Haynes, p. 4.77</ref> |
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| Solubility = 0.1066 g/100 mL (18 °C) <br> 2.055 g/100 mL (70 °C) |
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| Solubility = 1.066 g/L (18 °C) <br> 4.90 g/L (28 °C) <br> 20.55 g/L (70 °C) |
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| MeltingPt = 795 °C |
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| BoilingPt = 1155 °C |
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| MeltingPtC = 802 |
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| MeltingPt_ref=<ref name=crc/> |
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| pKa = |
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| BoilingPtC = 1155 |
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| BoilingPt_ref = (sublimes)<ref name=crc/> |
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| BandGap = >3 eV (])<ref name="AFMreview">{{Cite journal|last1=Balendhran|first1=Sivacarendran|last2=Walia|first2=Sumeet|last3=Nili|first3=Hussein|last4=Ou|first4=Jian Zhen|last5=Zhuiykov|first5=Serge|last6=Kaner|first6=Richard B.|last7=Sriram|first7=Sharath|last8=Bhaskaran|first8=Madhu|last9=Kalantar-zadeh|first9=Kourosh|date=2013-08-26|title=Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Trioxide and Dichalcogenides|journal=Advanced Functional Materials|volume=23|issue=32|pages=3952–3970|doi=10.1002/adfm.201300125|s2cid=95301280 }}</ref> |
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| pKa = |
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| MagSus = +3.0·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol<ref>Haynes, p. 4.134</ref> |
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| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |
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|Section3={{Chembox Structure |
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| Structure_ref =<ref>{{cite journal|journal=J. Appl. Crystallogr. |year=1988|volume=21|pages= 960–962|author1=Åsbrink, S.|author2=Kihlborg, L.|author3= Malinowski, M. |doi=10.1107/S0021889888008271|title=High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of MoO<sub>3</sub>. I. Lattice parameters up to 7.4 GPa|issue=6|doi-access=}}</ref> |
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| Coordination = ''see text'' |
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| Coordination = ''see text'' |
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| CrystalStruct = ] |
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| CrystalStruct = ], ] |
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| SpaceGroup = Pnma, No. 62 |
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| LattConst_a = 1.402 nm |
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| LattConst_b = 0.37028 nm |
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| LattConst_c = 0.39663 nm |
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| LattConst_alpha = |
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| LattConst_beta = |
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| LattConst_gamma = |
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| LattConst_ref = |
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| LattConst_Comment = |
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| UnitCellVolume = |
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| UnitCellFormulas = 4 |
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| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry |
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|Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry |
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| Thermochemistry_ref =<ref>Haynes, p. 5.15</ref> |
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| DeltaHf = −745.17 kJ/mol |
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| DeltaHf = −745.1 kJ/mol |
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| Entropy = 77.78 J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> |
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| Entropy = 77.7 J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> |
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| HeatCapacity = 75.0 J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> |
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| DeltaGfree = -668.0 kJ/mol |
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}} |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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|Section7={{Chembox Hazards |
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| ExternalMSDS = |
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| ExternalSDS = |
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| Hazards_ref=<ref>{{cite web |title=Molybdenum trioxide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14802#section=Safety-and-Hazards |website=PubChem |language=en}}</ref> |
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| EUIndex = 042-001-00-9 |
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| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}{{GHS08}} |
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| EUClass = ]<br/>Harmful ('''Xn''')<br/>Irritant ('''Xi''') |
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| GHSSignalWord = Warning |
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| RPhrases = {{R36/37}}, {{R40}} |
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| SPhrases = {{S2}}, {{S22}}, {{S36/37}} |
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| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|319|335|351}} |
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| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|201|202|261|264|271|280|281|304+340|305+351+338|308+313|312|337+313|403+233|405|501}} |
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| NFPA-H = |
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| NFPA-F = |
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| NFPA-H = 3 |
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| NFPA-R = |
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| NFPA-F = 0 |
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| NFPA-O = |
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| NFPA-R = |
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| FlashPt = Non-flammable |
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| NFPA-S = OX |
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| FlashPt = Non-flammable |
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| LD50 = 125 mg.kg (rat, oral){{citation needed|date=July 2015}}<br/>2689 mg/kg (rat, oral)<ref name=IDLH/> |
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| LC50 = >5840 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (rat, 4 hr)<ref name=IDLH>{{IDLH|moly-mo|Molybdenum (soluble compounds, as Mo)}}</ref> |
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| LDLo = 120 mg Mo/kg (rat, oral)<br/>120 mg Mo/kg (guinea pig, oral)<ref name=IDLH/> |
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}} |
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| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
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|Section8={{Chembox Related |
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| OtherAnions = |
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| OtherAnions = |
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| OtherCations = ]<br/>] |
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| OtherCations = ]<br/>] |
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| OtherFunctn = ]<br/>"]" |
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| OtherFunction = ]<br/>"]" |
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| Function = ] ]s |
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| OtherFunction_label = ] ]s |
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| OtherCpds = ]<br/>] |
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| OtherCompounds = ]<br/>] |
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'''Molybdenum trioxide''' is ] with the ] MoO<sub>3</sub>. This compound is produced on the largest scale of any ] compound. It occurs as the rare ] molybdite. Its chief application is as an oxidation ] and as a raw material for the production of molybdenum metal. |
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'''Molybdenum trioxide''' describes a family of ]s with the ] MoO<sub>3</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub> where n = 0, 1, 2. The anhydrous compound is produced on the largest scale of any ] compound since it is the main intermediate produced when molybdenum ores are purified. The anhydrous oxide is a precursor to molybdenum metal, an important alloying agent. It is also an important industrial ].<ref name=ullmann>{{Ullmann|author=Roger F. Sebenik|display-authors=etal|title=Molybdenum and Molybdenum Compounds|year=2005|doi=10.1002/14356007.a16_655|isbn=978-3527306732}}</ref> It is a yellow solid, although impure samples can appear blue or green. |
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Molybdenum trioxide occurs as the rare ] ]. |
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The ] of molybdenum in this compound is +6. |
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==Structure== |
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==Structure== |
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] |
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] |
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In the gas phase, three oxygen atoms are double bonded to the central molybdenum atom. In the solid state, ] MoO<sub>3</sub> is composed of layers of distorted MoO<sub>6</sub> octahedra in an orthorhombic crystal. The octahedra share edges and form chains which are cross-linked by oxygen atoms to form layers. The octahedra have one short molydenum-oxygen bond to a non-bridging oxygen.<ref>Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.</ref> |
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In the gas phase, three oxygen atoms are bonded to the central molybdenum atom. In the solid state, ] MoO<sub>3</sub> is composed of layers of distorted MoO<sub>6</sub> octahedra in an orthorhombic crystal. The octahedra share edges and form chains which are cross-linked by oxygen atoms to form layers. The octahedra have one short molybdenum-oxygen bond to a non-bridging oxygen.<ref name=webmineral>{{Cite web|url=http://www.webmineral.com/data/Molybdite.shtml|title=Molybdite Mineral Data|website=Webmineral}}</ref><ref>Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|0-19-855370-6}}.</ref> Also known is a metastable (β) form of MoO<sub>3</sub> with a ]-like structure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCarron|first=E. M.|date=1986|title=β-MoO<sub>3</sub>: A Metastable Analogue of WO<sub>3</sub>|journal=J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.|issue=4|pages=336–338|doi=10.1039/C39860000336}}</ref><ref name="AFMreview" /> |
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==Preparation and principal reactions== |
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==Preparation and principal reactions== |
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], ] molybdenum mine, New Mexico (size: 11.0×6.7×4.1 cm).|left]] |
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MoO<sub>3</sub> is produced industrially by roasting ], the chief ore of molybdenum: |
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MoO<sub>3</sub> is produced industrially by ] the mineral ] (]), the chief ore of molybdenum:<ref name=ullmann/> |
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: {{chem2|2 MoS2 + 7 O2 → 2 MoO3 + 4 SO2}} |
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Similar procedures apply to the recovery of molybdenum from spent catalysts. The resulting trioxide can be purified by sublimation. |
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The laboratory synthesis of the dihydrate entails acidification of aqueous solutions of ] with ]:<ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1002/9780470132555.ch56|author1=Heynes, J. B. B. |author2=Cruywagen, J. J. |title=Inorganic Syntheses |chapter=Yellow Molybdenum(VI) Oxide Dihydrate |year= 1986| volume =24|pages=191–2|isbn=9780470132555 }}</ref> |
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: 2 MoS<sub>2</sub> + 7 O<sub>2</sub> → 2 MoO<sub>3</sub> + 4 SO<sub>2</sub> |
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:{{chem2|Na2MoO4 + H2O + 2 HClO4 → MoO3*2H2O + 2 NaClO4}} |
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The dihydrate loses water readily to give the monohydrate. Both are bright yellow in color. Molybdenum trioxide dissolves slightly in water to give "]". In base, it dissolves to afford the molybdate anion. |
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The laboratory synthesis entails the acidification of aqueous solutions of ] with ]:<ref>Heynes, J. B. B.; Cruywagen, J. J. "Yellow Molybdenum(VI) Oxide Dihydrate" Inorganic Syntheses, 1986, volume 24, pp. 191. ISBN 0-471-83441-6.</ref> |
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:Na<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + 2 HClO<sub>4</sub> → MoO<sub>3</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub> + 2 NaClO<sub>4</sub> |
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The dihydrate loses water readily to give the monohydrate. Both are bright yellow in color. |
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Molybdenum trioxide dissolves slightly in water to give "]." In base, it dissolves to afford the molybdate anion. |
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==Uses== |
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==Uses== |
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Molybdenum trioxide is used to manufacture molybdenum metal, which serves as an additive to steel and corrosion-resistant alloys. The relevant conversion entails treatment of MoO<sub>3</sub> with hydrogen at elevated temperatures: |
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Molybdenum trioxide is used to manufacture molybdenum metal: |
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:MoO<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub> → Mo + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O |
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:MoO<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub> → Mo + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O |
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It is also a component of the ] used in the industrial production of ] by the ] of ] and ]. |
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Molybdenum trioxide is also a component of the ] used in the industrial production of ] by the ] of ] and ]. |
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Because of its layered structure and the ease of the Mo(VI)/Mo(V) coupling, MoO<sub>3</sub> is of interest in electrochemical devices and displays. It has been described as "the most commonly used TMO in organic electronics applications ... it is evaporated at relatively low temperature (~400 °C)."<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/adma.201201630|title=Transition Metal Oxides for Organic Electronics: Energetics, Device Physics and Applications |year=2012 |last1=Meyer |first1=Jens |last2=Hamwi |first2=Sami |last3=Kröger |first3=Michael |last4=Kowalsky |first4=Wolfgang |last5=Riedl |first5=Thomas |last6=Kahn |first6=Antoine |journal=Advanced Materials |volume=24 |issue=40 |pages=5408–5427 |pmid=22945550 |bibcode=2012AdM....24.5408M |s2cid=197055498 }}</ref> It has favourable electronic and chemical properties for use as interfacing layers, p-type ] and hole transport materials in ], ] and ],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=White |first1=Robin T. |last2=Thibau |first2=Emmanuel S. |last3=Lu |first3=Zheng-Hong |date=2016-02-16 |title=Interface Structure of MoO3 on Organic Semiconductors |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=21109 |doi=10.1038/srep21109 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=4754744 |pmid=26880185|bibcode=2016NatSR...621109W }}</ref> especially when forming an ] to ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gong |first1=Yongshuai |last2=Dong |first2=Yiman |last3=Zhao |first3=Biao |last4=Yu |first4=Runnan |last5=Hu |first5=Siqian |last6=Tan |first6=Zhan'ao |date=2020 |title=Diverse applications of MoO 3 for high performance organic photovoltaics: fundamentals, processes and optimization strategies |url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C9TA12005J |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=978–1009 |doi=10.1039/C9TA12005J |s2cid=213237371 |issn=2050-7488}}</ref> |
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Because of its layered structure and the ease of the Mo(VI)/Mo(V) couple, MoO<sub>3</sub> is of interest in electrochemical devices and displays.<ref>Ferreira, F. F.; Souza Cruz, T. G.; Fantini, M. C. A.; Tabacniks, M. H.; de Castro, S. C.; Morais, J.; de Siervo, A.; Landers, R.; Gorenstein, A. ''Solid State Ionics.'' '''2000''', ''136-137'', 357.</ref> |
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==References== |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Cited sources== |
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*{{cite book | editor= Haynes, William M. | year = 2011 | title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 92nd | publisher = ] | isbn = 978-1439855119| title-link = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics }} |
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==External links== |
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==External links== |
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* {{Greenwood&Earnshaw}} |
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], Questa molybdenum mine, New Mexico. Size: 11.0 x 6.7 x 4.1 cm.]] |
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{{Molybdenum compounds}} |
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