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			{{Short description|Vaccine protecting against whooping cough}}
	{{Drugbox
			{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
	| type = vaccine
			{{cs1 config |name-list-style=vanc |display-authors=6}}
	| image =
			{{Infobox drug
	| target = ]
	| vaccine_type = varies		| Verifiedfields = changed
	| CAS_number =		| verifiedrevid = 402053071
	| ATC_prefix = J07		| type = vaccine
	| ATC_suffix = AJ01		| image = DPT-IPV-japan Quattro back.jpg
			| alt =
	| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|J07|AJ02}}
			| caption = Pertussis vaccination is often administered via a combined ] or, as shown here, a ]
	| PubChem =
	| DrugBank =
			<!-- Vaccine data -->
	| pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->
	| pregnancy_US = <!-- A / B / C / D / X -->		| target = ]
			| vaccine_type = Inactivated, subunit
	| pregnancy_category=
	| legal_AU = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->
			<!-- Clinical data -->
	| legal_CA = <!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->
	| legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->		| pronounce =
			| tradename =
	| legal_US = <!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->
	| legal_status =		| Drugs.com =
			| MedlinePlus = a682198
			| DailyMedID = Pertussis vaccine
			| pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->
			| pregnancy_AU_comment =
			| pregnancy_category =
	| routes_of_administration =		| routes_of_administration =
			| ATC_prefix = J07
			| ATC_suffix = AJ01
			| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|J07|AJ02}} {{ATC|J07|AJ51}} {{ATC|J07|AJ52}}
			<!-- Legal status -->
			| legal_AU = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled -->
			| legal_AU_comment =
			| legal_BR = <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C5, D1, D2, E, F1, F2, F3, F4 -->
			| legal_BR_comment =
			| legal_CA = <!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->
			| legal_CA_comment =
			| legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled -->
			| legal_DE_comment =
			| legal_NZ = <!-- Class A, B, C -->
			| legal_NZ_comment =
			| legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C -->
			| legal_UK_comment =
			| legal_US = Rx-only
			| legal_US_comment =
			| legal_EU =
			| legal_EU_comment =
			| legal_UN = <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV -->
			| legal_UN_comment =
			| legal_status = Rx-only
			<!-- Identifiers -->
			| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
			| CAS_number =
			| PubChem =
			| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
			| DrugBank = DB15274
			| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}
			| ChemSpiderID = none
			| UNII = 2QNL82089R
			| KEGG =
			| ChEBI =
			| ChEMBL =
			| NIAID_ChemDB =
	}}		}}
	'''Pertussis vaccine''' is a vaccine used against '']''.<ref name="urlMedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Pertussis - vaccine">{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001561.htm |title=MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Pertussis |work= |accessdate=2010-07-02}}</ref>
			<!-- Definition and medical uses -->
	It is a component of the ].
			'''Pertussis vaccine''' is a ] that protects against ] (pertussis).<ref name="WHO2015">{{cite journal |vauthors= |date=August 2015 |title=Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper – September 2015 |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9035.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=90 |issue=35 |pages=433–458 |pmid=26320265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110610/http://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9035.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=WHO2017Book>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/the-immunological-basis-for-immunization-series-module-4-pertussis-update-2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323235851/http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/WHO_IVB_ISBN9789241513173/en/|url-status=live|archive-date=23 March 2018|title=The immunological basis for immunization series: module 4: pertussis, update 2017 |publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=22 November 2017 |isbn=9789241513173 | hdl=10665/259388 | hdl-access=free | year=2017}}</ref> There are two main types: ] and acellular vaccines.<ref name=WHO2015/><ref name=WHO2017Book/> The whole-cell vaccine is about 78% effective while the acellular vaccine is 71–85% effective.<ref name=WHO2015/><ref name=Cochrane2014>{{cite journal |vauthors = Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Axelsson I, Halperin SA |title = Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children |journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume = 2014 |issue = 9 |pages = CD001478 |date = September 2014 |pmid = 25228233 |pmc = 9722541 |doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001478.pub6 }}</ref> The effectiveness of the vaccines appears to decrease by between 2 and 10% per year after vaccination with a more rapid decrease with the acellular vaccines.<ref name=WHO2015/> The vaccine is only available in combination with ] and ] vaccines.<ref name=WHO2015/> Pertussis vaccine is estimated to have saved over 500,000 lives in 2002.<ref name=WHO2007Vac>{{cite web |title=Recommendations for whole-cell pertussis vaccine, Annex 6, TRS No 941 |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/whole-cell-pertussis-vaccine-annex-6-trs-no-941 |work=World Health Organization |access-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324184124/http://www.who.int/biologicals/publications/trs/areas/vaccines/whole_cell_pertussis/Annex%206%20whole%20cell%20pertussis.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 | id=WHO TRS No 941 }}</ref>
			<!-- Recommendations -->
	Older versions of the vaccine involved inactivated cells. Newer versions are acellular, and are less likely to provoke a febrile state.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Patel SS, Wagstaff AJ | title = Acellular pertussis vaccine (Infanrix-DTPa; SB-3). A review of its immunogenicity, protective efficacy and tolerability in the prevention of Bordetella pertussis infection | journal = Drugs | volume = 52 | month = Aug | pages = 254–275 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8841742 | issue = 2 }}</ref>
			Vaccinating the mother during pregnancy may protect the baby.<ref name=WHO2015/> The ] and the US ] recommend all children be vaccinated for pertussis and that it be included in ].<ref name=WHO2015/><ref>{{cite web|title=Pertussis: Summary of Vaccine Recommendations |url=https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/hcp/vaccine-recommendations/index.html |work=U.S. ] (CDC) |access-date=12 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629042921/http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/pertussis/recs-summary.htm |archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref> Three doses starting at six weeks of age are typically recommended in young children.<ref name=WHO2015/><ref name=WHO2017Book/> Additional doses may be given to older children and adults.<ref name=WHO2015/> This recommendation includes people who have ].<ref name=WHO2015/>
			<!-- Safety -->
	==References==
			The acellular vaccines are more commonly used in the developed world due to fewer adverse effects.<ref name=WHO2015/> Between 10 and 50% of people given the whole-cell vaccines develop redness at the injection site or fever.<ref name=WHO2015/> ] and long periods of crying occur in less than 1% of people.<ref name=WHO2015/> With the acellular vaccines a brief period of non-serious swelling of the arm may occur.<ref name=WHO2015/> Side effects with both types of vaccines, but especially the whole-cell vaccine, are less common the younger the child.<ref name=WHO2015/> The whole-cell vaccines should not be used after seven years of age.<ref name=WHO2015/> Serious long-term neurological problems are not associated with either type.<ref name=WHO2015/>
	{{Reflist}}
			<!-- History, society and culture -->
	{{Vaccines}}
			The pertussis vaccine was developed in 1926.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors = Macera C |title=Introduction to Epidemiology: Distribution and Determinants of Disease |date=2012 |publisher=Nelson Education |isbn=9781285687148 |page=251 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8FuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA251 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183320/https://books.google.com/books?id=U8FuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA251 |archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> It is on the ].<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book |vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) |title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) |year=2023 |hdl=10665/371090 |author-link = World Health Organization |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
			== Medical uses ==
			=== Effectiveness ===
			Acellular pertussis vaccine (aP) with three or more antigens prevents around 85% of typical whooping cough cases in children.<ref name=Cochrane2014/> Compared to the whole cell pertussis vaccine (wP) used previously, the efficacy of aP declines faster. Multi-antigen aP has higher efficacy than old low-efficacy wP, but is possibly less effective than the highest-efficacy wP vaccines.<ref name=Cochrane2014/> Acellular vaccines also cause fewer side effects than whole-cell vaccines.<ref name=Cochrane2014/>
			Despite widespread vaccination, pertussis has persisted in vaccinated populations and is one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases.<ref name=":0" /> The recent resurgence in pertussis infections is attributed to a combination of waning immunity and new mutations in the pathogen that existing vaccines are unable to effectively control.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mooi FR, Van Der Maas NA, De Melker HE | title = Pertussis resurgence: waning immunity and pathogen adaptation - two sides of the same coin | journal = Epidemiology and Infection | volume = 142 | issue = 4 | pages = 685–694 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 23406868 | pmc = 9151166 | doi = 10.1017/S0950268813000071 | df = dmy-all | s2cid = 206283573 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van der Ark AA, Hozbor DF, Boog CJ, Metz B, van den Dobbelsteen GP, van Els CA | title = Resurgence of pertussis calls for re-evaluation of pertussis animal models | journal = Expert Review of Vaccines | volume = 11 | issue = 9 | pages = 1121–1137 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23151168 | doi = 10.1586/erv.12.83 | s2cid = 10457474 }}</ref> It is debated whether the switch from wP to aP has played a role in this resurgence, with two 2019 articles disagreeing with one another.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fanget |first1=Nicolas |title=Pertussis: a tale of two vaccines |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d42859-020-00013-8 |journal=Nature Research |date=28 September 2020 }}</ref>
			Some studies have suggested that while acellular pertussis vaccines are effective at preventing the disease, they have a limited impact on infection and transmission, meaning that vaccinated people could spread the disease even though they may have only mild symptoms or none at all.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Srugo I, Benilevi D, Madeb R, Shapiro S, Shohat T, Somekh E, Rimmar Y, Gershtein V, Gershtein R, Marva E, Lahat N | display-authors = 6 | title = Pertussis infection in fully vaccinated children in day-care centers, Israel | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 6 | issue = 5 | pages = 526–529 | date = October 2000 | pmid = 10998384 | pmc = 2627963 | doi = 10.3201/eid0605.000512 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9035.pdf |title=Pertussis Vaccines:WHO Position Paper |date=August 2015 |quote=It is plausible that in humans, as in nonhuman primates, asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic infections in DTaP-immunized persons may result in transmission of B. pertussis to others and may drive pertussis outbreaks. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110610/http://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9035.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
			===Children===
			For children, immunizations are commonly given in combination with immunizations against ], ], ], and ] at two, four, six, and 15–18 months of age.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/republicadominicana/english/survival_development_12792.htm |title=Immunisation and Pentavalent Vaccine |work=] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729161800/http://www.unicef.org/republicadominicana/english/survival_development_12792.htm |archive-date=29 July 2014 }}</ref>
			===Adults===
			In 2006, the US ] (CDC) recommended adults receive pertussis vaccination along with the tetanus and diphtheria toxoid booster.<ref name=Kline2013/> In 2011, they began recommending boosters during each pregnancy.<ref name=Kline2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kline JM, Lewis WD, Smith EA, Tracy LR, Moerschel SK | title = Pertussis: a reemerging infection | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 88 | issue = 8 | pages = 507–514 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 24364571 }}</ref> The UK commenced routine vaccination of pregnant women in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-19729989 |title=Whooping cough outbreak: Pregnant women to be vaccinated |work=] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929141746/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-19729989 |archive-date=29 September 2014 |date=28 September 2012 | vauthors = Gallagher J }}</ref> The program initially aimed to vaccinate women between 28 and 32 weeks (but up to 38 weeks) of pregnancy: later advise allowed maternal pertussis immunisation from week 16 of pregnancy.<ref name=":1" /> Since its introduction the maternal pertussis immunisation programme is very effective in protecting infants until they can have their first vaccinations at two months of age. During the first year of the maternal immunization programme in Britain, the average vaccine coverage in England was 64% and vaccine effectiveness was estimated to be 91%. During 2012 fourteen infants died from pertussis in England and Wales; all were born before the introduction of the programme. Up to 31 October 2014, 10 deaths were reported in infants with confirmed whooping cough who were born after the introduction of the maternal programme. Nine of them were born to unvaccinated mothers and all 10 were too young to have received a dose of pertussis-containing vaccine.<ref name=":1" />
			The pertussis booster for adults is combined with a tetanus vaccine and diphtheria vaccine booster; this combination is abbreviated "]" (Tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis). It is similar to the childhood vaccine called "DTaP" (Diphtheria, Tetanus, acellular Pertussis), with the main difference that the adult version contains smaller amounts of diphtheria and pertussis components—this is indicated in the name by the use of lower-case "d" and "p" for the adult vaccine. The lower-case "a" in each vaccine indicates that the pertussis component is acellular, or cell-free, which reduces the incidence of side effects. The pertussis component of the original DPT vaccine accounted for most of the minor local and systemic side effects in many vaccinated infants (such as mild fever or soreness at the injection site). The newer acellular vaccine, known as DTaP, has greatly reduced the incidence of ]s compared to the earlier "whole-cell" pertussis vaccine, however, immunity wanes faster after the acellular vaccine than the whole-cell vaccine.<ref>{{cite web | title=Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed, Adacel, Aventis Pasteur Ltd | website=] | url=https://www.fda.gov/Cber/products/tdapave061005.htm | access-date = 1 May 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070216224327/https://www.fda.gov/Cber/products/tdapave061005.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 16 February 2007}}</ref><ref name="pmid23908204">{{cite journal | vauthors = Allen A | title = Public health. The pertussis paradox | journal = Science | volume = 341 | issue = 6145 | pages = 454–455 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23908204 | doi = 10.1126/science.341.6145.454 }}</ref>
			==Side effects==
			Between 10% and 50% of people given the whole-cell vaccines develop redness, swelling, soreness or tenderness at the injection site and/or fever, less than 1% experience ] or long periods of crying, and less than 1 out of every 1,000 to 2,000 people vaccinated have a ].<ref name=WHO2015/> The same reactions may occur after acellular vaccines, but are less common.<ref name="pink book pertussis">{{cite book | publisher = U.S. ] (CDC) | title = Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | veditors = Hall E, Wodi AP, Hamborsky J, Morelli V, Schillie S | vauthors = Havers FP, Moro PL, Hariri S, Skoff T | edition = 14th | location = Washington D.C. | year = 2021 | chapter = Chapter 16: Pertussis | chapter-url = https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-16-pertussis.html | url=https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/ }}</ref> Side effects with both types of vaccines, but especially the whole-cell vaccine, are more likely the older the child.<ref name=WHO2015/> The whole-cell vaccines should not be used after seven years of age.<ref name=WHO2015/> According to the ] serious long-term neurological problems are not associated with either type.<ref name=WHO2015/> The WHO says that the only contraindication to either whole cell or acellular pertussis vaccines is an anaphylactic reaction to a previous dose of pertussis vaccine,<ref name=WHO2015/> while the US ] (CDC) lists ] not due to another identifiable cause occurring within seven days after a previous dose of pertussis vaccine as a contraindication and recommends those who have had seizures, have a known or suspected neurological disorder or have had a neurologic event after a previous dose not be vaccinated until after treatment is initiated and the condition stabilized.<ref name="pink book pertussis"/> Only the acellular vaccine is used in the US.<ref name="pink book pertussis"/>
			==Modern formulations==
			{{globalize|section|date=May 2017}}
			Whole-cell pertussis vaccines contain the entire ] organism while acellular pertussis vaccines contain parts (]) including the pertussis toxin alone or with components such as filamentous haemagglutinin, fimbrial antigens and pertactin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/pertussis/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122184808/http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/pertussis/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2013 |title=Pertussis |date=21 May 2015 |website= |publisher=] |access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref> Whole-cell (wP) remains the vaccine of choice in low and middle-income countries, as it is cheaper and easier to produce.<ref name="unicef-supply-23">{{cite web |author1=UNICEF Supply Division |title=Diphtheria Tetanus and Pertussis Containing Vaccines: Market and Supply Update |url=https://www.unicef.org/supply/media/17606/file/Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis-Vaccine-Containing-Market-and-Supply-Update-June-2023.pdf |date=June 2023}}</ref>
			{{As of|2018}}, there are four acellular DTaP/Tdap vaccines licensed for use in the United States: Infanrix and Daptacel for children, Boostrix and Adacel for adolescents and adults.<ref name="pink book pertussis"/> As of April 2016, the United Kingdom authorized five multivalent vaccines that include pertussis components: Pediacel, Infanrix-IPV+Hib, Repevax, Infanrix-IPV, and Boostrix-IPV.<ref name=":1" />
			{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
			|+ Composition of the pertussis component of selected vaccines<ref name=":1" /><ref name=Cherry2009/>
			|-
			!Vaccine
			!Producer
			!Licensed for
			!] (PT), μg
			!] (FHA), μg
			!] (PRN), μg
			!] (FIM), μg
			|-
			| Infanrix<ref>{{cite web | title=Infanrix | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | date=27 October 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/infanrix | access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>
			| ]
			| 6 weeks through 6 years
			| 25
			| 25
			| 8
			|–
			|-
			| Boostrix<ref>{{cite web | title=Boostrix | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | date=27 October 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/boostrix | access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>
			| ]
			| 10 years and older
			| 8
			| 8
			| 2.5
			|–
			|-
			| Daptacel<ref>{{cite web | title=Daptacel | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | date=22 July 2022 | url=https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/daptacel | access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>
			| ]
			| 6 weeks through 6 years
			| 10
			| 5
			| 3
			| 5
			|-
			| Adacel<ref>{{cite web | title=Adacel | website=U.S. ] (FDA) | date=27 October 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/adacel | access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>
			| ]
			| 10 through 64 years
			| 2.5
			| 5
			| 3
			| 5
			|-
			| Pediarix<ref>{{cite web | title=Pediarix | website=U.S. ] (FDA) | date=27 April 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/pediarix | access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Pediarix Vaccine Questions and Answers for Healthcare Providers | website=U.S. ] (CDC) | date=2 April 2018 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hepb/hcp/faqs-hcp-pediarix.html | access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>
			| ]
			| 6 weeks through 6 years
			| 10
			|
			|
			|
			|-
			| Kinrix<ref>{{cite web | title=Kinrix | website=U.S. ] (FDA) | date=27 October 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/kinrix | access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>
			| ]
			|
			|
			|
			|
			|
			|-
			| Quadracel<ref>{{cite web | title=Quadracel | website=U.S. ] (FDA) | date=22 July 2022 | url=https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/quadracel | access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>
			| ]
			|
			|
			|
			|
			|
			|-
			| Vaxelis<ref>{{cite web | title=Vaxelis | website=U.S. ] (FDA) | date=13 April 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaxelis | access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>
			| ]
			| 6 weeks through 4 years
			|
			|
			|
			|
			|-
			| Pentacel<ref>{{cite web | title=Pentacel | website=U.S. ] (FDA) | date=24 October 2022 | url=https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/pentacel | access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>
			| ]
			| 6 weeks through 4 years
			|
			|
			|
			|
			|-
			|Pediacel
			|]
			|6 weeks to 4
			years
			|20
			|20
			|3
			|5
			|-
			|Infanrix-IPV+Hib
			|]
			|from 2 months
			|25
			|25
			|8
			| -
			|-
			|Repevax
			|]
			|from 3 years
			|2.5
			|5
			|3
			|5
			|-
			|Infanrix-IPV
			|]
			|16 months to 13 years
			|25
			|25
			|8
			| -
			|-
			|Boostrix-IPV
			|]
			|from 4 years
			|8
			|8
			|2.5
			| -
			|}
			== History ==
			{{See also|Pertussis#History}}
			]
			], ] and ] studied pertussis in the 1930s.<ref name=Shap2010/> They developed and ran the first large-scale study of a successful vaccine for the disease.<ref name=Shap2010>{{cite journal |vauthors = Shapiro-Shapin CG |title = Pearl Kendrick, Grace Eldering, and the pertussis vaccine |journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume = 16 |issue = 8 |pages = 1273–1278 |date = August 2010 |pmid = 20678322 |pmc = 3298325 |doi = 10.3201/eid1608.100288 }}</ref>
			The pertussis vaccine is usually administered as a component of the ] (DTP/DTwP, DTaP, and Tdap) vaccines. There are several types of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines. The first vaccine against pertussis was developed in the 1930s by ] ]. It included whole-cell killed '']'' bacteria. Until the beginning of the 1990s, it was used as a part of the DTwP vaccine for the immunization of children. It, however, contained pertussis endotoxin (surface ]) and produced side effects.<ref name=Cherry2013>{{cite journal |vauthors = Cherry JD |title = Pertussis: challenges today and for the future |journal = PLOS Pathogens |volume = 9 |issue = 7 |pages = e1003418 |year = 2013 |pmid = 23935481 | pmc = 3723573 |doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003418 |veditors = Heitman J | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref>
			New acellular pertussis vaccines were developed in the 1980s, which included only a few selected pertussis antigens (]s and ]s).<ref name=Cherry2013/> Acellular vaccines are less likely to provoke side effects.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Patel SS, Wagstaff AJ |title = A cellular pertussis vaccine (Infanrix-DTPa; SB-3). A review of its immunogenicity, protective efficacy and tolerability in the prevention of Bordetella pertussis infection |journal = Drugs |volume = 52 |issue = 2 |pages = 254–275 |date = August 1996 |pmid = 8841742 |doi = 10.2165/00003495-199652020-00010 |s2cid = 46984776 }}</ref> They became a part of DTaP vaccines for children.<ref name=Cherry2013/> In 2005, two new vaccine products were licensed for use in adolescents and adults that combine the tetanus and diphtheria toxoids with acellular pertussis vaccine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Broder KR, Cortese MM, Iskander JK, Kretsinger K, Slade BA, Brown KH, Mijalski CM, Tiwari T, Weston EJ, Cohn AC, Srivastava PU, Moran JS, Schwartz B, Murphy TV | title = Preventing tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis among adolescents: use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccines recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) | journal = MMWR. Recommendations and Reports: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports | volume = 55 | issue = RR-3 | pages = 1–34 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16557217 | url= <!-- Official URL --> https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5503.pdf }}</ref> These (Tdap) vaccines contain reduced amounts of pertussis antigens compared to DTaP vaccines.<ref name=Cherry2009>{{cite book |vauthors = Cherry JD |chapter = How Can We Eradicate Pertussis |doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-79838-7_4 |title = Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children V |series = Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology |volume = 634 |pages = |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-0-387-79837-0 |pmid = 19280847 |chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/hottopicsininfec0000unse/page/41 }}</ref>
			===Controversy in the 1970s–1980s===
			{{hatnote|In this section, "DPT" refers to the old whole-cell vaccine, now designated DTwP.}}
			During the 1970s and 1980s, a controversy erupted related to the question of whether the whole-cell pertussis component caused permanent brain injury in rare cases, called pertussis vaccine ]. Despite this allegation, doctors recommended the vaccine due to the overwhelming public health benefit, because the claimed rate was very low (one case per 310,000 immunizations, or about 50 cases out of the 15 million immunizations each year in the United States), and the risk of death from the disease was high (pertussis killed thousands of Americans each year before the vaccine was introduced).<ref name="Huber">{{cite magazine |title = Junk Science in the Courtroom |author = Huber, Peter |magazine= Forbes |date = 8 July 1991 |page = 68 |url = http://www.overlawyered.com/articles/huber/junksci.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091025205132/http://overlawyered.com/articles/huber/junksci.html |archive-date = 25 October 2009}}</ref> No studies showed a causal connection, and later studies showed no connection of any type between the DPT vaccine and permanent brain injury. The alleged vaccine-induced brain damage proved to be an unrelated condition, infantile ].<ref>{{cite magazine |title = Historical Perspective on Pertussis and Use of Vaccines to Prevent It: 100 years of pertussis (the cough of 100 days) |author = Cherry, James D. |date = March 2007 |magazine = ] |url = http://forms.asm.org/microbe/index.asp?bid=48816 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110623084415/http://forms.asm.org/microbe/index.asp?bid=48816 |archive-date = 23 June 2011 }}</ref> In 1990, the '']'' called the connection a "myth" and "nonsense".<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Cherry JD |title = 'Pertussis vaccine encephalopathy': it is time to recognize it as the myth that it is |journal = JAMA |volume = 263 |issue = 12 |pages = 1679–1680 |year = 1990 |pmid = 2308206 |doi = 10.1001/jama.263.12.1679 }}</ref>
			However, negative publicity and ] caused the immunization rate to fall in several countries, including the UK, Sweden, and Japan. A dramatic increase in the incidence of pertussis followed.<ref name="Gangarosa_1998">{{cite journal |vauthors = Gangarosa EJ, Galazka AM, Wolfe CR, Phillips LM, Gangarosa RE, Miller E, Chen RT |title = Impact of anti-vaccine movements on pertussis control: the untold story |journal = Lancet |volume = 351 |issue = 9099 |pages = 356–361 |date = January 1998 |pmid = 9652634 |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)04334-1 |s2cid = 35969647 }}</ref> For example, in England and Wales before the introduction of pertussis immunisation in the 1950s, the average annual number of notifications exceeded 120,000. By 1972, when vaccine coverage was around 80%, there were only 2,069 notifications of pertussis. The professional and public anxiety about the safety and efficacy of the whole-cell vaccine caused coverage to fall to about 60% in 1975 and around 30% by 1978. Major epidemics occurred in 1977–79 and 1981–83. In 1978 there were over 65,000 notifications and 12 deaths (see the chart of pertussis notifications). These two major epidemics illustrate the impact of a fall in coverage of an effective vaccine. The actual number of deaths due to these pertussis outbreaks was higher since not all cases in infants are recognised.<ref name=":1">{{cite book | title=Immunisation against infectious disease | chapter=Chapter 24: Pertussis | date=21 January 2021 | chapter-url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pertussis-the-green-book-chapter-24 | publisher=Public Health England | veditors = Ramsay M | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/immunisation-against-infectious-disease-the-green-book }} Text was copied from this source which contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.</ref>
			In the United States, low-profit margins and an increase in vaccine-related ]s led many manufacturers to stop producing the DPT vaccine by the early 1980s.<ref name="Huber" /> In 1982, the television documentary ''DPT: Vaccine Roulette'' by reporter Lea Thompson of Washington, D. C. station ] depicted the lives of children whose severe disabilities were incorrectly blamed on the DPT vaccine.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.philly.com/2011-05-22/news/29571400_1_anti-vaccine-activists-dtp-vaccine-children-vaccinated |title=At last: Ignorance inoculation |author=Rachel K. Sobel |work=Philadelphia Inquirer |date=22 May 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604191308/http://articles.philly.com/2011-05-22/news/29571400_1_anti-vaccine-activists-dtp-vaccine-children-vaccinated |archive-date=4 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1982/04/28/tv-report-on-vaccine-stirs-bitter-controversy/80d1fc8a-1012-4732-a517-7976c86ab52d/ |title=TV Report On Vaccine Stirs Bitter Controversy| vauthors = Hilts D |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=28 April 1982 |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> The ensuing negative publicity led to many lawsuits against vaccine manufacturers.<ref name="Evans_2006">{{cite journal |vauthors = Evans G |title = Update on vaccine liability in the United States: presentation at the National Vaccine Program Office Workshop on strengthening the supply of routinely recommended vaccines in the United States, 12 February 2002 |journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume = 42 |pages = S130–S137 |date = March 2006 |issue = Suppl 3 |pmid = 16447135 |doi = 10.1086/499592 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> By 1985, vaccine manufacturers had difficulty obtaining ]. The price of the DPT vaccine skyrocketed, leading providers to curtail purchases, and limiting availability. Only one manufacturer remained in the US by the end of 1985. In response, Congress passed the ] (NCVIA) in 1986, establishing a federal ] system to compensate victims of injury caused by recommended vaccines.<ref name="Smith_1988">{{cite journal |vauthors = Smith MH |title = National Childhood Vaccine Injury Compensation Act |journal = Pediatrics |volume = 82 |issue = 2 |pages = 264–269 |date = August 1988 |pmid = 3399300 |doi = 10.1542/peds.82.2.264 |s2cid = 28845402 }}</ref>
			Concerns about side effects led Sato to introduce an even safer acellular vaccine for Japan in 1981, which was approved in the US in 1992, for use in the combination DTaP vaccine. The acellular vaccine has a rate of adverse events similar to that of a Td vaccine (a ]-] vaccine containing no pertussis vaccine).<ref name="pmid15933223">{{cite journal |vauthors = Pichichero ME, Rennels MB, Edwards KM, Blatter MM, Marshall GS, Bologa M, Wang E, Mills E |display-authors = 6 |title = Combined tetanus, diphtheria, and 5-component pertussis vaccine for use in adolescents and adults |journal = JAMA |volume = 293 |issue = 24 |pages = 3003–3011 |date = June 2005 |pmid = 15933223 |doi = 10.1001/jama.293.24.3003 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref>
			== References ==
			{{Reflist}}
			== External links ==
			* {{MeshName|Pertussis Vaccine}}
			* {{cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/tetanusdiphtheriaandpertussisvaccines.html | title = Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccines | work = MedlinePlus | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine }}
			* {{cite web | title=Tdap (Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis) Vaccine Information Statement | website=] (CDC) | date=11 July 2018 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/tdap.html }}
			* {{cite web | title=DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis) Vaccine Information Statement | website=] (CDC) | date=24 August 2018 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/dtap.html }}
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