| Revision as of 21:02, 29 August 2011 editCheMoBot (talk | contribs)Bots141,565 edits Updating {{drugbox}} (no changed fields - updated 'ChemSpiderID_Ref', 'DrugBank_Ref', 'UNII_Ref', 'ChEMBL_Ref', 'ChEBI_Ref', 'KEGG_Ref', 'StdInChI_Ref', 'StdInChIKey_Ref', 'ChEBI_Ref') per [[Misplaced Pages:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation|Chem/Dru← Previous edit |
Latest revision as of 08:33, 21 October 2023 edit undoBoghog (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, IP block exemptions, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers, Template editors137,800 edits consistent citation formatting |
| (75 intermediate revisions by 42 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
|
{{Drugbox |
|
{{Drugbox |
|
|
| Verifiedfields = changed |
|
| verifiedrevid = 400488852 |
|
| verifiedrevid = 447377111 |
|
| IUPAC_name = Octacosanol, triacontanol, etc. |
|
| IUPAC_name = Octacosanol, triacontanol, etc. |
|
| image = Fatty alcohol - generic.png |
|
| image = Fatty alcohol - generic.png |
|
⚫ |
<!-- Clinical data --> |
|
|
|
| ⚫ |
<!--Clinical data--> |
|
|
| tradename = |
|
| tradename = |
|
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|international|policosanol}} |
|
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|international|policosanol}} |
| Line 10: |
Line 10: |
|
| pregnancy_US = <!-- A / B / C / D / X --> |
|
| pregnancy_US = <!-- A / B / C / D / X --> |
|
| pregnancy_category = |
|
| pregnancy_category = |
|
| legal_AU = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled--> |
|
| legal_AU = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled --> |
|
| legal_CA = <!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --> |
|
| legal_CA = <!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --> |
|
| legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C --> |
|
| legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C --> |
|
| legal_US = <!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V --> |
|
| legal_US = <!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V --> |
|
| legal_status = |
|
| legal_status = |
|
| routes_of_administration = |
|
| routes_of_administration = |
|
⚫ |
<!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> |
|
|
|
| ⚫ |
<!--Pharmacokinetic data--> |
|
|
| bioavailability = |
|
| bioavailability = |
|
| protein_bound = |
|
| protein_bound = |
|
| metabolism = |
|
| metabolism = |
|
| elimination_half-life = |
|
| elimination_half-life = |
|
| excretion = |
|
| excretion = |
|
⚫ |
<!-- Identifiers --> |
|
|
|
|
|
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}} |
| ⚫ |
<!--Identifiers--> |
|
|
| CAS_number = 142583-61-1 |
|
| CAS_number = 142583-61-7 |
|
| ATC_prefix = C10 |
|
| ATC_prefix = C10 |
|
| ATC_suffix = AX08 |
|
| ATC_suffix = AX08 |
|
| PubChem = |
|
| PubChem = |
|
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} |
|
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} |
|
| DrugBank = |
|
| DrugBank = |
|
|
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}} |
|
|
|
|
|
| ChemSpiderID = none |
|
<!--Chemical data--> |
|
<!-- Chemical data --> |
|
| chemical_formula = CH<sub>3</sub>-(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>n</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>OH n=24-34 |
|
| chemical_formula = CH<sub>3</sub>-(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>n</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>OH n=24-34 |
|
|
|
|
| molecular_weight = (variable) |
|
| molecular_weight = (variable) |
|
|
|drug_name=|alt=|caption=|type=|MedlinePlus=|licence_EU=|licence_US=}} |
|
}} |
|
|
|
|
|
|
'''Policosanol''' (or '''polycosanol''') is the generic term for a natural extract of plant ]es. It is used as a ] intended to lower ] ("bad" cholesterol) and increase ] ("good" or "healthy" cholesterol) and to help prevent ], though some studies have raised questions about the effectiveness of policosanol. |
|
'''Policosanol''' is the generic term for a mixture of long chain ]s extracted from plant ]es. It is used as a ]. |
|
|
|
|
|
== Physical properties == |
|
== History == |
|
|
Policosanol was originally derived from ] but the chemicals can also be isolated from beeswax, cereal grains, grasses, leaves, fruits, nuts, and seeds of many foods.<ref name=2010Rev/> ] consist of long chain alkanes and their derivatives, including long chain ] and alcohols.<ref name=Baker1982>{{cite book | vauthors = Baker EA |year=1982 |chapter=Chemistry and morphology of plant epicuticular waxes |title=The Plant Cuticle | veditors = Cutler DJ, Alvin KL, Price CE |publisher=Academic Press |location=London |pages=139–165 |isbn=0-12-199920-3}}</ref> Policosanols are very long chain alcohols with carbon backbones ranging from 24 to 34 carbons.<ref name=2010Rev/> |
|
|
|
|
|
|
The first policosanol supplements were produced by Dalmer Laboratories in Cuba; studies conducted and published by that group have found that policosanol is safe and effective as a ]. However these studies were small, and efforts by groups outside of Cuba have failed to replicate these results.<ref name=2010Rev>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marinangeli CP, Jones PJ, Kassis AN, Eskin MN | title = Policosanols as nutraceuticals: fact or fiction | journal = Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 259–267 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20301014 | doi = 10.1080/10408391003626249 | s2cid = 205689543 }}</ref> |
|
Policosanol is a mixture of a few ]s derived from the waxes of such plants as ]<ref name="pmid17298709">{{cite journal |author=Marinangeli CP, Kassis AN, Jain D, Ebine N, Cunnane SC, Jones PJ |title=Comparison of composition and absorption of sugarcane policosanols |journal=] |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=381–8 |year=2007 |pmid=17298709 |doi=10.1017/S0007114507336763 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0007114507336763 |format=abstract}}</ref> and ], as well as ]. The most prevalent alcohol in policosanol is ],<ref name="pmid18385828">{{cite journal |author=Ohta Y, Ohashi K, Matsura T, Tokunaga K, Kitagawa A, Yamada K |title=Octacosanol attenuates disrupted hepatic reactive oxygen species metabolism associated with acute liver injury progression in rats intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride |journal=J Clin Biochem Nutr |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=118–25 |year=2008 |pmid=18385828 |doi=10.3164/jcbn.2008017 |url= |pmc=2266062}}</ref> followed by ]. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
== Safety and efficacy == |
|
There is a much lower concentration of several other fatty alcohols: ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. |
|
|
|
A meta-analysis in 2005 concluded that human policosanol consumption is safe and well tolerated and is effective at lowering the blood cholesterol.<ref name=MetaAnalysis>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen JT, Wesley R, Shamburek RD, Pucino F, Csako G | title = Meta-analysis of natural therapies for hyperlipidemia: plant sterols and stanols versus policosanol | journal = Pharmacotherapy | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 171–183 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15767233 | doi = 10.1592/phco.25.2.171.56942 | s2cid = 5608374 }}</ref> As of 2010, they were marketed as lipid-lowering agents in the Caribbean, Central and South America, and Canada.<ref name=2010Rev/> Furthermore, another meta-analysis published in 2018 with 22 studies and 1886 subjects showed policosanol could improve dyslipidemia with raising HDL.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gong J, Qin X, Yuan F, Hu M, Chen G, Fang K, Wang D, Jiang S, Li J, Zhao Y, Huang Z, Dong H, Lu F | display-authors = 6 | title = Efficacy and safety of sugarcane policosanol on dyslipidemia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Molecular Nutrition & Food Research | volume = 62 | issue = 1 | pages = 1700280 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 28730734 | doi = 10.1002/mnfr.201700280 | s2cid = 667730 }}</ref> The blood pressure lowering effect of Cuban policosanol has been shown in an animal model using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cho KH, Yadav D, Kim SJ, Kim JR | title = Blood Pressure Lowering Effect of Cuban Policosanol is Accompanied by Improvement of Hepatic Inflammation, Lipoprotein Profile, and HDL Quality in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats | journal = Molecules | volume = 23 | issue = 5 | pages = 1080 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29751583 | pmc = 6102548 | doi = 10.3390/molecules23051080 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and a human trial.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cho KH, Kim SJ, Yadav D, Kim JY, Kim JR | title = Consumption of Cuban Policosanol Improves Blood Pressure and Lipid Profile via Enhancement of HDL Functionality in Healthy Women Subjects: Randomized, Double-Blinded, and Placebo-Controlled Study | journal = Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity | volume = 2018 | pages = 4809525 | year = 2018 | pmid = 29854085 | pmc = 5944267 | doi = 10.1155/2018/4809525 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim SJ, Yadav D, Park HJ, Kim JR, Cho KH | title = Long-Term Consumption of Cuban Policosanol Lowers Central and Brachial Blood Pressure and Improves Lipid Profile With Enhancement of Lipoprotein Properties in Healthy Korean Participants | journal = Frontiers in Physiology | volume = 9 | pages = 412 | year = 2018 | pmid = 29765328 | pmc = 5939616 | doi = 10.3389/fphys.2018.00412 | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
Modulation of ]<ref name="pmid16714400">{{cite journal |author=Singh DK, Li L, Porter TD |title=Policosanol inhibits cholesterol synthesis in hepatoma cells by activation of AMP-kinase |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=318 |issue=3 |pages=1020–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16714400 |doi=10.1124/jpet.106.107144 |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16714400}}</ref> and ] absorption inhibition<ref name="pmid16076108">{{cite journal |author=Ng CH, Leung KY, Huang Y, Chen ZY |title=Policosanol has no antioxidant activity in human low-density lipoprotein but increases excretion of bile acids in hamsters |journal=J. Agric. Food Chem. |volume=53 |issue=16 |pages=6289–93 |year=2005 |pmid=16076108 |doi=10.1021/jf051269a}}</ref> have been proposed as mechanisms. |
|
|
|
|
|
== Studies == |
|
|
Published studies have come to conflicting conclusions regarding the ] of policosanol in lowering ] (i.e., "bad cholesterol") or raising ] (i.e., "good cholesterol").<ref name="negative">{{cite journal |
|
|
| author = Heiner K. Berthold, MD, PhD; Susanne Unverdorben, MD; Ralf Degenhardt, PhD; Michael Bulitta, Dipl-Stat; Ioanna Gouni-Berthold, MD |
|
|
| date = May 17, 2006 |
|
|
| title = Effect of Policosanol on Lipid Levels Among Patients With Hypercholesterolemia or Combined Hyperlipidemia |
|
|
| journal = Journal of the American Medical Association |
|
|
| volume = 295 |
|
|
| issue = 19 |
|
|
| pages = 2262–2269 |
|
|
| url = http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/295/19/2262 |
|
|
| accessdate = 2006-10-03 |
|
|
| pmid = 16705107 |
|
|
| doi = 10.1001/jama.295.19.2262 |
|
|
}}</ref><ref name="positive">{{cite journal |
|
|
| author = Pons P, Rodriguez M, Robaina C, Illnait J, Mas R, Fernandez L, Fernandez JC. |
|
|
| year = 1994 |
|
|
| title = Effects of successive dose increases of policosanol on the lipid profile of patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia and tolerability to treatment |
|
|
| journal = International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research |
|
|
| volume = 14 |
|
|
| issue = 1 |
|
|
| pages = 27–33 |
|
|
| pmid = 7927958 |
|
|
| accessdate = |
|
|
}}</ref><ref name="pmid15767233">{{cite journal |author=Chen JT, Wesley R, Shamburek RD, Pucino F, Csako G |title=Meta-analysis of natural therapies for hyperlipidemia: plant sterols and stanols versus policosanol |journal=Pharmacotherapy |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=171–83 |year=2005 |pmid=15767233 |doi=10.1592/phco.25.2.171.56942 |url= }}</ref> Despite a number of studies funded by the Cuban government, which produces and markets the drug,<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Nature Biotechnology | volume = 22 | issue = 12s | pages = DC19–DC24 | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1038/nbt1204supp-DC19 | title = Cuba—innovation through synergy | url = http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v22/n12s/fig_tab/nbt1204supp-DC19_T1.html | author = Thorsteinsdóttir, Halla | pmid = 15583679 | last2 = Sáenz | first2 = TW | last3 = Quach | first3 = U | last4 = Daar | first4 = AS | last5 = Singer | first5 = PA}}</ref> independent clinical trials have found no evidence of the efficacy of policosanol.<ref name="negative"/> |
|
|
|
|
|
== Production == |
|
|
|
|
|
Policosanol is produced, promoted and studied extensively in ]. The supplement is considered a ] by some Cubans.{{Fact|date=September 2007}} |
|
|
|
|
|
|
== References == |
|
== References == |
|
{{reflist|2}} |
|
{{reflist}} |
|
|
|
|
|
== External links == |
|
== External links == |
|
* at PDRHealth.com |
|
* at Drugs.com |
|
*{{US patent|6225354}} |
|
|
|
|
|
|
{{Lipid modifying agents}} |
|
|
{{Alcohols}} |
|
{{Alcohols}} |
|
|
|
|
|
] |
|
] |
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|