| Revision as of 06:19, 8 November 2011 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,074 edits Script assisted update of identifiers for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: 'CASNo').← Previous edit |
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| verifiedrevid = 408269011 |
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| verifiedrevid = 459587857 |
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| ImageFile = ScF3structure.jpg |
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| ImageFile = ScF3structure.jpg |
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| ImageName = |
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| ImageName = |
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| IUPACName = Scandium(III) fluoride |
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| IUPACName = Scandium(III) fluoride |
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| OtherNames = Scandium trifluoride |
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| OtherNames = Scandium trifluoride |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}} |
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| CASNo = <!-- blanked - oldvalue: 13709-47-2 --> |
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| CASNo = 13709-47-2 |
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| PubChem = 83678 |
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| PubChem = 83678 |
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| EINECS = 237-555-4 |
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| RTECS = VQ8930000 |
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| RTECS = VQ8930000 |
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| InChI = 1S/3FH.Sc/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3 |
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| SMILES = ... |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = ScF<sub>3</sub> |
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
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| MolarMass = 101.95112 g/mol |
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| Formula = ScF<sub>3</sub> |
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| Appearance = bright white powder |
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| Density = 2.53 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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| MolarMass = 101.95112 g/mol |
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| Appearance = bright white powder |
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| Solvent = |
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| Density = 2.53 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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| MeltingPt = 1552 °C<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman">Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) ''Inorganic Chemistry'', Elsevier ISBN 0123526515</ref> |
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| SolubleOther = |
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| BoilingPt = 1607 °C<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman"/> |
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| SolubilityProduct = 5.81{{e|−24}}<ref name="crc">{{cite book |author1=John Rumble |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |date=June 18, 2018 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1138561632 |pages=5–189|edition=99 |language=English}}</ref> |
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| Viscosity = |
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| MeltingPtC = 1552 |
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| MeltingPt_ref = <ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman">Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) ''Inorganic Chemistry'', Elsevier, {{ISBN|0-12-352651-5}}.</ref> |
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| BoilingPtC = 1607 |
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| BoilingPt_ref = <ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman"/> |
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| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |
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| CrystalStruct = ], ] |
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| CrystalStruct = ], ] |
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| SpaceGroup = hR12, No. 155 |
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| SpaceGroup = Pm{{overline|3}}m, No. 221 |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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| NFPA-H = 2 |
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| NFPA-H = 2 |
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| NFPA-F = 0 |
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| NFPA-F = 0 |
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| NFPA-R = 0 |
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| NFPA-R = 0 |
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| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
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| OtherCpds = ]<br />] |
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| OtherCations = ]<br />] |
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| OtherAnions = ]<br />]<br />] |
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| OtherCompounds = ] |
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'''Scandium(III) fluoride''', ScF<sub>3</sub>, is an ionic compound. <!--It has the ], VF<sub>3</sub>, structure, which is similar to the ], ReO<sub>3</sub> structure, containing 6 coordinate metal ions.<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman"/> --> It is slightly soluble in water but dissolves in the presence of excess fluoride to form ScF<sub>6</sub><sup>3−</sup>.<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman"/> ScF<sub>3</sub> can be produced by reacting scandium and fluorine.<ref name = "Simon Cotton">S.A.Cotton, Scandium, Yttrium and the Lanthanides:Inorganic and Coordination Chemistry, Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0471936200</ref> It is also formed during the extraction from the ore ] by the reaction of Sc<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> with ] at high temperature:<ref name = "Patnaik">Pradyot Patnaik, 2003, ''Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals'', McGraw-Hill Professional, ISBN 0070494398</ref> |
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'''Scandium(III) fluoride''', ScF<sub>3</sub>, is an ionic compound. <!--It has the ], VF<sub>3</sub>, structure, which is similar to the ], ReO<sub>3</sub> structure, containing 6 coordinate metal ions.<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman"/> --> This salt is slightly soluble in water but dissolves in the presence of excess fluoride to form the ScF<sub>6</sub><sup>3−</sup> anion.<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman"/> |
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==Production== |
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ScF<sub>3</sub> can be produced by reacting ] and ].<ref name = "Simon Cotton">S.A.Cotton, Scandium, Yttrium and the Lanthanides: Inorganic and Coordination Chemistry, Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, {{ISBN|0-471-93620-0}}.</ref> It is also formed during the extraction from the ore ] by the reaction of Sc<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> with ] at high temperature:<ref name = "Patnaik">Pradyot Patnaik, 2003, ''Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals'', McGraw-Hill Professional, {{ISBN|0-07-049439-8}}.</ref> |
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: Sc<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + NH<sub>4</sub>HF<sub>2</sub> → 2ScF<sub>3</sub> + 6NH<sub>4</sub>F + 3H<sub>2</sub>O |
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: Sc<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 6 NH<sub>4</sub>HF<sub>2</sub> → 2 ScF<sub>3</sub> + 6 NH<sub>4</sub>F + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O |
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The resulting mixture contains a number of metal fluorides and this is reduced by reaction with calcium metal at high temperature.<ref name = "Patnaik"/> Further purification steps are required to produce usable metallic scandium.<ref name = "Patnaik"/> |
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The resulting mixture contains a number of metal fluorides and this is reduced by reaction with calcium metal at high temperature.<ref name = "Patnaik"/> Further purification steps are required to produce usable metallic scandium.<ref name = "Patnaik"/> |
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==Properties== |
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Cubic Scandium trifluoride has an unusual ] property, meaning it shrinks as it gets hotter. This is explained by the quartic oscillation of the fluoride ions. The energy stored in the bending strain of the fluoride ion is proportional to the fourth power of the displacement angle, unlike most other materials where it is proportional to the square of the displacement. A fluorine atom is bound to two scandium atoms, and as temperature increases the fluorine oscillates more perpendicularly to its bonds. This draws the scandium atoms together throughout the material and it contracts.<ref name="woo">{{cite web|url=http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-11-incredible-material-reveal-scandium-trifluoride.html|title=An incredible shrinking material: Engineers reveal how scandium trifluoride contracts with heat|last=Woo|first=Marcus|date=7 November 2011|publisher=Physorg|accessdate=8 November 2011}}</ref> ScF<sub>3</sub> exhibits this property from 10K to 1100K above which it shows the normal positive thermal expansion.<ref name="greve">{{cite journal|last=Greve|first=Benjamin K.|coauthors=Kenneth L. Martin, Peter L. Lee, Peter J. Chupas, Karena W. Chapman, Angus P. Wilkinson|date=19 October 2010|title=Pronounced negative thermal expansion from a simple structure: cubic ScF(3).|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=132|issue=44|pages=15496–15498|doi=10.1021/ja106711v|pmid=20958035|url=http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja106711v}}</ref> |
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Scandium trifluoride exhibits the unusual property of ], meaning it shrinks when heated. This phenomenon is explained by the quartic oscillation of the fluoride ions. The energy stored in the bending strain of the fluoride ion is proportional to the fourth power of the displacement angle, unlike most other materials where it is proportional to the square of the displacement. A fluorine atom is bound to two scandium atoms, and as temperature increases the fluorine oscillates more perpendicularly to its bonds. This motion draws the scandium atoms together throughout the bulk material, which contracts.<ref name="woo">{{cite web|url=http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-11-incredible-material-reveal-scandium-trifluoride.html|title=An incredible shrinking material: Engineers reveal how scandium trifluoride contracts with heat|last=Woo|first=Marcus|date=7 November 2011|publisher=Physorg|access-date=8 November 2011}}</ref> ScF<sub>3</sub> exhibits this property from at least 10 K to 1100 K above which it shows the normal positive thermal expansion; furthermore, the material has cubic symmetry over this entire temperature range, and up to at least 1600 K at ambient pressure. The negative thermal expansion at very low temperatures is quite strong (coefficient of thermal expansion around -14 ppm/K between 60 and 110 K).<ref name="greve">{{cite journal|last=Greve|first=Benjamin K.|author2=Kenneth L. Martin |author3=Peter L. Lee |author4=Peter J. Chupas |author5=Karena W. Chapman |author6=Angus P. Wilkinson |date=19 October 2010|title=Pronounced Negative Thermal Expansion from a Simple Structure: Cubic ScF<sub>3</sub>|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=132|issue=44|pages=15496–15498|doi=10.1021/ja106711v|pmid=20958035}}</ref> |
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At ambient pressures scandium trifluoride adopts the cubic crystal system, using the ] with one metal position vacant.<ref name="Aleksandrov2009">{{cite journal|last=Aleksandrov|first=K. S.|author2=V. N. Voronov |author3=A. N. Vtyurin |author4=A. S. Krylov |author5=M. S. Molokeev |author6=M. S. Pavlovskiĭ |author7=S. V. Goryaĭnov |author8=A. Yu. Likhacheva |author9=A. I. Ancharov |year=2009|title=Pressure-induced phase transition in the cubic ScF3 crystal|journal=Physics of the Solid State|volume=51|issue=4|pages=810–816|issn=1063-7834|doi=10.1134/S1063783409040295|bibcode=2009PhSS...51..810A |s2cid=119874020}}</ref> The unit cell dimension is 4.01 Å.<ref name="Aleksandrov2009"/> Under pressure scandium trifluoride also forms different crystal structures with rhombohedral, and above 3 GPa tetrahedral.<ref name="Aleksandrov2009"/> |
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Scandium fluoride (ScF₃) features high transparency across ] to IR wavelengths, low optical absorption, and a low ] (~1.5).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanfordmaterials.com/blog/scandium-fluoride-properties-applications-and-future-prospects.html |title=Scandium Fluoride: Properties, Applications, and Future Prospects |last=Loewen |first=Eric |website=Stanford Advanced Materials |access-date=Oct 16, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karimov |first1=Denis |last2=Buchinskaya |first2=Irina |year=2019 |title=Growth from the Melt and Properties Investigation of ScF3 Single Crystals |journal=Crystals |volume=9 |issue=7 |page=371 |doi=10.3390/cryst9070371 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It exhibits nonlinear optical properties for frequency conversion and can luminesce when doped with rare-earth ions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pang |first1=Min |last2=Feng |first2=Jing |year=2013 |title=Phase-tunable synthesis and upconversion photoluminescence of rare-earth-doped sodium scandium fluoride nanocrystals |journal=CrystEngComm |issue=35 |pages=6901-6904 |doi=10.1039/C3CE40849C}}</ref> |
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==References== |
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==References== |
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{{Scandium compounds}} |
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{{Scandium compounds}} |
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{{fluorides}} |
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{{inorganic-compound-stub}} |
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