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{{Short description|Obsolete sedative-hypnotic}} |
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{{Drugbox |
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{{Infobox drug |
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| Verifiedfields = changed |
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| Watchedfields = changed |
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| verifiedrevid = 420447348 |
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| class = ] |
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| IUPAC_name = 5--5-prop-2-enyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione |
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| verifiedrevid = 458777042 |
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| IUPAC_name = (''RS'')-5-(pentan-2-yl)-5-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione |
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| image = Secobarbital.svg |
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| image = Secobarbital.svg |
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| width = 118 |
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| width = 150 |
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| image2 = Secobarbital ball-and-stick.png |
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| width2 = 180 |
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<!--Clinical data--> |
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| tradename = Seconal |
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<!--Clinical data-->| tradename = Seconal, others |
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| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|CDI|secobarbital}} |
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| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|CDI|secobarbital}} |
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| MedlinePlus = a682386 |
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| MedlinePlus = a682386 |
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| pregnancy_category = D (United States) |
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| pregnancy_category = D (United States) |
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| legal_BR = B1 |
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| legal_BR_comment = <ref>{{Cite web |author=Anvisa |author-link=Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency |date=2023-03-31 |title=RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial |trans-title=Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control|url=https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |archive-date=2023-08-03 |access-date=2023-08-16 |publisher=] |language=pt-BR |publication-date=2023-04-04}}</ref> |
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| legal_CA = Schedule IV |
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| legal_DE = Anlage III |
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| legal_US = Schedule II |
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| legal_US = Schedule II |
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| legal_US_comment = except when combined in a dosage unit with another active drug (in which case Schedule III) |
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| routes_of_administration = Oral |
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| legal_UK = Class B |
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| legal_UN = P II |
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<!--Pharmacokinetic data--> |
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| routes_of_administration = ], ] |
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| bioavailability = ? |
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<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->| bioavailability = ? |
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| protein_bound = 45-60%<ref name=merck /> |
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| protein_bound = 45-60%<ref name=merck /> |
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| metabolism = ] |
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| metabolism = ] |
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| elimination_half-life = 15-40 hours<ref name=merck>{{cite web | author = Lexi-Comp | title = Secobarbital | url = http://www.merck.com/mmpe/lexicomp/secobarbital.html}}</ref> |
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| elimination_half-life = 15-40 hours<ref name=merck>{{cite web | author = Lexi-Comp | title = Secobarbital | url = http://www.merck.com/mmpe/lexicomp/secobarbital.html | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071202140706/http://www.merck.com/mmpe/lexicomp/secobarbital.html | archive-date = 2007-12-02 }}</ref> |
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| excretion = ] |
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| excretion = ] |
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<!--Identifiers-->| IUPHAR_ligand = 7615 |
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<!--Identifiers--> |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} |
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| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} |
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| CAS_number = 76-73-3 |
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| CAS_number = 76-73-3 |
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| ATC_prefix = N05 |
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| ATC_prefix = N05 |
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| ATC_suffix = CA06 |
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| ATC_suffix = CA06 |
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| ATC_supplemental = {{ATCvet|N51|AA02}} |
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| ATC_supplemental = {{ATCvet|N51|AA02}} |
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| PubChem = 5193 |
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| PubChem = 5193 |
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| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} |
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| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} |
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| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |
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| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |
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| KEGG = D00430 |
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| KEGG = D00430 |
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| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} |
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| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} |
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| ChEBI = 9073 |
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| ChEBI = 9073 |
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| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} |
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| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} |
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| synonyms = Quinalbarbitone |
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| ChEMBL = 447 |
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| ChEMBL = 447 |
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<!--Chemical data-->| C = 12 |
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| H = 18 |
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<!--Chemical data--> |
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| C=12 | H=18 | N=2 | O=3 |
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| N = 2 |
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| O = 3 |
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| molecular_weight = 238.283 |
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| smiles = O=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1(C(C)CCC)C\C=C |
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| smiles = O=C1NC(NC(C1(CC=C)C(CCC)C)=O)=O |
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| InChI = 1/C12H18N2O3/c1-4-6-8(3)12(7-5-2)9(15)13-11(17)14-10(12)16/h5,8H,2,4,6-7H2,1,3H3,(H2,13,14,15,16,17) |
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| InChIKey = KQPKPCNLIDLUMF-UHFFFAOYAK |
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| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChI = 1S/C12H18N2O3/c1-4-6-8(3)12(7-5-2)9(15)13-11(17)14-10(12)16/h5,8H,2,4,6-7H2,1,3H3,(H2,13,14,15,16,17) |
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| StdInChI = 1S/C12H18N2O3/c1-4-6-8(3)12(7-5-2)9(15)13-11(17)14-10(12)16/h5,8H,2,4,6-7H2,1,3H3,(H2,13,14,15,16,17) |
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'''Secobarbital''', sold under the brand name '''Seconal''' among others, is a short-acting ] drug originally used for the treatment of ]. It was patented by ] in 1934 in the United States.<ref>{{cite patent | country = US | status = patent | number = 1954429 | gdate = 1934-04-10 | title = Propyl-Methyl Carbinyl Allyl Barbituric Acid and its Salts | inventor = Shonle HA | assign1 = Eli Lilly }}</ref> It possesses ], ], ], ], and ] properties. In the United Kingdom, it was known as '''quinalbarbitone'''. Secobarbital is considered to be an obsolete sedative-hypnotic (sleeping pill) and has largely been replaced by the ] family. It was widely ], known on the street as "red devils" or "reds."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/23/471595323/drug-company-jacks-up-cost-of-aid-in-dying-medication|title=Drug Company Jacks Up Cost Of Aid-In-Dying Medication| vauthors = Dembosky A |newspaper=NPR|date=23 March 2016|access-date=2016-03-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323203024/http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/23/471595323/drug-company-jacks-up-cost-of-aid-in-dying-medication|archive-date=2016-03-23}}</ref> Among barbiturates, secobarbital carries a particularly high risk of abuse and ], which is largely responsible for it falling out of use. |
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'''Secobarbital Sodium''' (marketed by ], and subsequently by other companies as described below, under the brand name '''Seconal''') is a ] derivative drug that was first synthesized in 1928 in Germany. It possesses ], ], ] and ] properties. In the United Kingdom, it was known as '''Quinalbarbitone'''. |
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==Indications== |
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==Uses== |
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===Medical=== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2008}} |
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Secobarbital is used for managing symptoms of ] and for short-term treatment of ]. It is also used as a preoperative medication to produce ] and ] for short surgical, diagnostic, or therapeutic procedures which are minimally painful.{{cn|date=October 2024}} |
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Secobarbital is indicated for: |
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*Treatment of ] |
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*Temporary treatment of ] |
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*Use as a preoperative medication to produce ] and ] in short surgical, diagnostic, or therapeutic procedures which are minimally painful. |
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===Recreational and lethal use=== |
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==Availability== |
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Secobarbital was widely abused for recreational purposes in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, and accidental overdose was associated with the drug. Lilly's Seconal came in a bright orange/red bullet shaped capsule known as a Pulvule. Prescription use of secobarbital decreased beginning in the early 1980s by which time ] had become increasingly common. Secobarbital has acquired many nicknames, the most common being "reds," "red devils," or "red dillies" (because of the color of the capsules). Other common nicknames are "seccies," "Cardinals," "ruby slippers," and, according to the Wegman's School of Pharmacy curriculum, "red hearts". A less common nickname is "dolls"; this was partly responsible for the title of ]'s novel '']'', whose main characters use secobarbital and other such drugs.{{cn|date=October 2024}} |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2010}} |
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] |
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Actresses ], ], playwright ], and journalist ] allegedly either died by suicide or of accidentally overdosing on secobarbital.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2018 |title=The dark side of Los Angeles: crime and corruption in Tinseltown – in pictures |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2018/feb/21/the-dark-side-of-los-angeles-and-corruption-in-tinseltown-in-pictures |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424024836/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2018/feb/21/the-dark-side-of-los-angeles-and-corruption-in-tinseltown-in-pictures |archive-date=24 April 2018 |newspaper=The Guardian |via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> Seconal was used to induce ] into docility before he was then killed in his bed in the early hours of December 4, 1969.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/957772989 |title=Black against empire : the history and politics of the Black Panther Party |vauthors=Bloom J |date=2016 |others=Waldo E. Martin |isbn=978-0-520-96645-1 |location=Oakland |pages=245;237–246 |oclc=957772989}}</ref> |
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], an India-based company now predominantly owned by the Japanese company Daiichi Sankyo, obtained the rights to market Seconal from Eli Lilly in 1998 and did so until September 18, 2008. The rights to market Seconal were then sold to , the current marketer. The date of return of 100 mg Seconal capsules can be confirmed by US distributor Cardinal and/or pharmacies such as King Soopers and Walgreens that carry or special order Marathon Seconal since 2009. Seconal returned to the market in January 2009.(see http://www.tititudorancea.com/z/secobarbital.htm) It is available as 100 mg. capsules, either as a free ] or a ] ]. The free acid is a white ] powder that is slightly soluble in water and very soluble in ethanol. The salt is a white ] powder that is soluble in water and ethanol. |
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In 1978, 1,000 pills of Seconal were recovered in ], along with substantial quantities of ], ], ], ], and other ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite news |date=December 28, 1978 |title=How Jones Used Drugs |work=San Francisco Examiner |vauthors=King P}}</ref> |
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As of the fall of 2011, the price of one 100mg seconal cupsule doubled to $12 a capasule. Under Ranbaxy and Eli Lilly each 100mg capsule was around .30 cents each. Citation: Just check pharmacy price history. Walgreens 303 973-4800 |
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===Secobarbital sodium=== |
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===Assisted dying=== |
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'''Human''' |
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Secobarbital is used in assisted dying, either ] or ].<ref>https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/23/471595323/drug-company-jacks-up-cost-of-aid-in-dying-medication</ref><ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/secobarbital-canada-assisted-dying-1.4406784</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hedberg K, Hopkins D, Kohn M |date=March 2003 |title=Five years of legal physician-assisted suicide in Oregon |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=348 |issue=10 |pages=961–964 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200303063481022 |pmid=12621146 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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The sodium salt of secobarbital is classified separately from the free acid, as follows: |
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*CAS number: 309-43-3 |
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In the ], individuals have two options for ]: they can orally consume 100 mL of concentrated syrup containing either 15 grams of ] or 15 grams of secobarbital, or they can choose to have 2 grams of ] or 1 gram of ] administered ] by a doctor, followed by a ].<ref>{{cite web |author=unknown |display-authors=etal |date=July 29, 2010 |title=Hulp bij zelfdoding(Dutch) |url=http://www.oncoline.nl/index.php?pagina=/richtlijn/item/pagina.php&id=32169&richtlijn_id=754 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629132528/http://www.oncoline.nl/index.php?pagina=%2Frichtlijn%2Fitem%2Fpagina.php&id=32169&richtlijn_id=754 |archive-date=June 29, 2016 |work=Oncoline}}</ref> As of 2010, only 15% of those who died by physician-assisted suicide opted for orally consuming the lethal drug(s), the rest choosing to have the drugs administered intravenously by a doctor instead.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 1, 2010 |title=Euthanasiedrank verliest terrein(Dutch) |url=http://www.medischcontact.nl/archief-6/Tijdschriftartikel/75650/Euthanasiedrank-verliest-terrein.htm |work=Medisch contact |vauthors=Croonen H}}</ref> |
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*Chemical formula: C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>18</sub>N<sub>2</sub>NaO<sub>3</sub> |
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*Molecular weight: 260.265 |
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In the United States, secobarbital and pentobarbital are the most common drugs prescribed under ] laws in Oregon since 1998, Washington since 2008, and Vermont since 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Loggers ET, Starks H, Shannon-Dudley M, Back AL, Appelbaum FR, Stewart FM |date=April 2013 |title=Implementing a Death with Dignity program at a comprehensive cancer center |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=368 |issue=15 |pages=1417–1424 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa1213398 |pmid=23574120 |s2cid=23013621 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=January 28, 2014 |title=Oregon's Death with Dignity Act 2013 Report |url=http://public.health.oregon.gov/ProviderPartnerResources/EvaluationResearch/DeathwithDignityAct/Documents/year16.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118053448/http://public.health.oregon.gov/ProviderPartnerResources/EvaluationResearch/DeathwithDignityAct/Documents/year16.pdf |archive-date=November 18, 2014 |publisher=Oregon Health Authority}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> ] previously experienced various issues in their attempts to produce 100 mg secobarbital capsules. |
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In 2017, secobarbital was made available for physician-assisted suicide in Canada.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 17, 2017 |title=Newly Available Drug Secobarbital Could Boost Number of Self-Administered Assisted Deaths |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/secobarbital-canada-assisted-dying-1.4406784 |work=CBC |vauthors=Bryden J}}</ref> |
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'''Animal''' |
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It is a component in the ] drug ], used for ] of ]s and ]. |
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The {{LD50}} of secobarbital has been reported to be between 125 mg/kg (rat, oral) and 267 mg/kg (mouse, oral).<ref name="NIH">{{cite web |author=NIH |title=Secobarbital - Human Health Effects |url=https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+3182 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222225616/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+3182 |archive-date=2018-02-22}}</ref> |
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==Side effects== |
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==Adverse effects== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2008}} |
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Possible side effects of secobarbital include: |
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Possible side effects of secobarbital include: |
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*]<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |vauthors=le Riche WH, Csima A, Dobson M |date=August 1966 |title=A clinical trial of four hypnotic drugs |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=95 |issue=7 |pages=300–302 |pmc=1935574 |pmid=5338884}}</ref> |
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*] |
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*]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Richards PD, Flaum MA, Bateman M, Kardinal CG |date=August 1986 |title=The antiemetic efficacy of secobarbital and chlorpromazine compared to metoclopramide, diphenhydramine, and dexamethasone. A randomized trial |journal=Cancer |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=959–962 |doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19860815)58:4<959::AID-CNCR2820580426>3.0.CO;2-Z |pmid=3521843 |s2cid=37714069 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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*Impaired motor functions |
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*] |
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** Impaired coordination |
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** Impaired coordination |
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** Impaired balance |
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** Impaired balance<ref name=":2" /> |
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** ] |
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*] |
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*Confusion |
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*] |
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*] |
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*Agitation, irritability, or excitability |
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*Headache |
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*]<ref name=":2" /> |
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*] |
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*Vomiting |
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*Increased sensitivity to pain |
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** Difficulty breathing |
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** ] |
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** ] |
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** ] |
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** ]<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller RR, DeYoung DV, Paxinos J |date=May 1970 |title=Hypnotic drugs |journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal |volume=46 |issue=535 |pages=314–317 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.46.535.314 |pmc=2467013 |pmid=5448377}}</ref> |
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** ] |
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===Withdrawal=== |
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Secobarbital may produce psychological ] and produces physical ] if used for an extended period of time.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fraser HF, Wikler A, Essig CF, Isbell H |date=January 1958 |title=Degree of physical dependence induced by secobarbital or pentobarbital |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=166 |issue=2 |pages=126–129 |doi=10.1001/jama.1958.02990020014002 |pmid=13491317}}</ref> ] symptoms may occur if long-term use is abruptly ended and can include: |
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*] |
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*] |
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*] |
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*]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Essig CF |date=March 1967 |title=Clinical and experimental aspects of barbiturate withdrawal convulsions |journal=Epilepsia |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=21–30 |doi=10.1111/j.1528-1157.1967.tb03816.x |pmid=5339251 |s2cid=38785409}}</ref> |
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*] |
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*Possible death as a result of withdrawal |
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==Withdrawal== |
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==Availability== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2008}} |
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Secobarbital is a fairly ] drug, and ] symptoms can occur if long-term usage is abruptly ended. Withdrawal symptoms can include: |
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*Anxiety |
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*Insomnia |
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*Lack of appetite |
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*Seizures |
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*Tremors |
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*Death as a result of withdrawal |
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], an India-based company now predominantly owned by the Japanese company ], obtained the rights to market and to use the trade name Seconal from Eli Lilly in 1998 and did so until September 2008. The actual manufacturer of Seconal subsequent to the time Eli Lilly manufactured the drug was Ohm Pharmaceuticals, a wholly owned subsidiary of Ranbaxy. The rights to market Seconal were then sold to Marathon Pharmaceuticals,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://marathonpharma.com/products/seconal-sodium |title=» Seconal Sodium® |publisher=Marathonpharma.com |date=2013-07-31 |access-date=2014-03-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628080214/http://www.marathonpharma.com/products/seconal-sodium |archive-date=2012-06-28 }}</ref> which became the marketer and trade-name holder. At the time Marathon Pharmaceuticals obtained ownership of the brand name, the retail price for one 100 mg capsule (depending upon prescription size and pharmacy) averaged about one U.S. dollar. During the time Marathon owned the brand name, the company greatly increased the price of the drug. By February 2015, when Marathon sold the rights to ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://marathonpharma.com/news/2015/02/marathon-pharmaceuticals-llc-divests-non-strategic-products-focus-exclusively-rare-disease-treatments/|title=Marathon Pharma to Focusing Exclusively on Rare Disease|website=Marathon Pharmaceuticals, LLC|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329013827/http://marathonpharma.com/news/2015/02/marathon-pharmaceuticals-llc-divests-non-strategic-products-focus-exclusively-rare-disease-treatments/|archive-date=2016-03-29}}</ref> the average retail price per 100 mg capsule had risen to over thirty dollars. Since its acquisition of the trade name, Valeant Pharmaceuticals made little, if any, change to the pricing of Seconal. Despite the price increases implemented by Marathon Pharmaceuticals, Seconal was still manufactured by Ohm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/seconal-sodium.html|title=Seconal Sodium - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses|website=www.drugs.com|access-date=2016-03-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407165100/http://www.drugs.com/pro/seconal-sodium.html|archive-date=2016-04-07}}</ref> In the United States, Seconal is available only in 100 mg capsules, as a ]. The salt is a white ] powder that is soluble in water and ethanol. |
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==Recreational use== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2008}} |
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Secobarbital began to be widely misused in the 1960s and 1970s, although with the advent of ], they have become less commonly used. Secobarbital has acquired many nicknames, the most common being '''reds''', "red devils", or "red dillies" (it was originally packaged in red capsules). Another common nickname is "seccies". Another common nickname is "red hearts" according to the Wegman's School of Pharmacy curriculum. A less common nickname is "dolls"; this was partly responsible for the title of ]'s novel '']'', whose main characters use secobarbital and other such drugs. |
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While ] were in existence after Eli Lilly's patent on Seconal expired, currently there are no companies that manufacture the drug generically in the United States. Until 2020, Valeant was the sole marketer of Seconal in the United States.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2021, Valeant discontinued the product, and Bausch Health became the sole supplier of Seconal. Bausch Health stopped manufacturing the product in January 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ashp.org/drug-shortages/current-shortages/drug-shortage-detail.aspx?id=517&loginreturnUrl=SSOCheckOnly |title = Drug Shortage Detail: Secobarbital Capsules}}</ref> |
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==Famous deaths related to use== |
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*] was found dead in her bathroom by her husband ] on June 22, 1969. The stated exact cause of death by coroner Gavin Thurston was accidental overdose of barbiturates; her blood contained the equivalent of 10 Seconal 100 mg capsules.<ref>Thomson, David,; ]; 2004-06-27; Retrieved on 2007-01-26</ref> |
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*], the Beatles' manager, died at his house in London on 27 August 1967. The stated exact cause of death by coroner Gavin Thurston was accidental overdose of barbiturates |
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*] was reported to have died of "acute Seconal intolerance" at the ] in New York City in 1983. Reports at the time indicated he had choked on a bottle cap but later reports indicated the Seconal connection.<ref></ref> |
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*], guitarist and vocalist, died while at girlfriend's ] flat in London. The coroner Gavin Thurston accepted that he had probably taken nine of his girlfriend's tablets, after which he vomited and choked to death due to the tablets. He gave an open verdict (not enough evidence to say why he took so many tablets). He died September 18, 1970 aged 27. |
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*], vocalist and founding member of ], was found dead at age 27 in 1970, from a self-induced overdose of Seconal.<ref>{{cite book |title=Living the Blues: Canned Heat's Story of Music, Drugs, Death, Sex and Survival |last=De la Parra |first=Adolfo "Fito" |year=2000 |publisher=Canned Heat Music |isbn= 0967644909}}</ref> |
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*], an American journalist and television game show panelist, was found dead on November 8, 1965, having apparently succumbed to a fatal combination of alcohol and Seconal, possibly concurrent with a heart attack. |
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*], blues, R&B and jazz singer, was found dead at age 39 in 1963, from a lethal combination of secobarbital and ].<ref>"Queen: The Life and Music of Dinah Washington" Nadine Cohodas 2004</ref> |
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*] (January 29, 1932, Harrison, New Jersey – April 13, 1960, New York City) was an American jazz singer. Kenney committed suicide through a combination of alcohol and Seconal. She was 28. |
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*] was a popular actress of the 1940s who committed suicide on an overdose of Seconal in her Pacific Palisades, California home on July 5, 1948. She was 29. |
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*], a Mexican-born film actress, committed suicide in 1944 with an overdose of Seconal. The story (which gained notoriety when described in ]'s ] and inspired ]'s film ''Lupe'') that she died with her head jammed down the lavatory after slipping on vomit, is an ]. |
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*] a Canadian-born ] and ] celebrity in the 1920s and 1930s was found in a hotel room unconscious on September 26, 1944 after taking Seconal. |
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*] (27 March 1970 – 10 June 2001) Leila Pahlavi was the youngest daughter of the Late Shah of Iran, ] and his wife ]. On Sunday 10 June 2001, Leila was found dead in her room in the Leonard Hotel in London just before 19:30 BST by her doctor. She was found to have more than five times the lethal dose of secobarbital in her system, along with a nonlethal amount of ]. |
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*] (28 August 1899 – 26 August 1978) was a French actor who appeared in more than 80 films between 1920 and 1976. On 26 August 1978, two days after his wife died from cancer, and two days before his own 79th birthday, Boyer committed suicide with an overdose of Seconal while at a friend's home in Scottsdale. |
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*Poet ] died in Buenos Aires of a self-induced overdose of Seconal. |
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*Singer ] (July 6, 1949 – June 30, 1995) committed suicide by overdosing on ] and secobarbital in her New York City apartment. |
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===Secobarbital sodium=== |
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==Use as lethal injection== |
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The sodium salt of secobarbital is classified separately from the free acid, as follows: |
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Secobarbital overdose was the most common method of implementing physician ] in Oregon for many years. Subsequently, ] has dominated in Oregon PAD. ] previously experienced various issues in their attempts to produce 100 mg secobarbital capsules. Currently, Marathon Pharmaceuticals is the sole marketer of the drug in the United States, although the drug remains manufactured by Ohm Laboratories. |
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*CAS number: 309-43-3 |
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*Chemical formula: C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>18</sub>N<sub>2</sub>NaO<sub>3</sub> |
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*Molecular weight: 260.265 |
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==See also== |
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It is a component in the ] drug '''Somulose''', used for ] of ] and ]. |
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* ] (secobarbital/amobarbital) |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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==References== |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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== External links == |
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* Full prescribing information for the United States. |
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* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508132731/http://marathonpharma.com/seconal_sodium.php |date=2009-05-08 }} Full prescribing information for the United States. |
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*{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Consumer information. |
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* |
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* Consumer information. |
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{{Barbiturates}} |
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{{Hypnotics and sedatives}} |
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{{Hypnotics and sedatives}} |
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{{GABAAR PAMs}} |
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