| Revision as of 15:33, 6 December 2011 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,074 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 461157320 of page Sodium_cyanide for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: 'ChEMBL'). |
Latest revision as of 11:12, 31 December 2024 edit Orenburg1 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users166,752 editsm sp |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
|
|
{{short description|Toxic chemical compound (NaCN)}} |
|
{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}} |
|
|
{{chembox |
|
{{chembox |
|
| Verifiedfields = changed |
|
| Verifiedfields = changed |
|
|
| Watchedfields = changed |
|
| verifiedrevid = 441025826 |
|
|
|
| verifiedrevid = 464400731 |
|
| Name = Sodium cyanide |
|
|
|
| Name = Sodium cyanide |
|
| ImageFileL1 = |
|
|
|
| ImageFile = Sodium cyanide.svg |
|
| ImageSizeL1 = 100px |
|
|
| ImageNameL1 = Sodium cyanide bonding |
|
| ImageFile1 = Sodium-cyanide-phase-I-unit-cell-3D-SF.png |
|
|
| ImageName = Sodium cyanide bonding |
|
| ImageFileR1 = |
|
|
| ImageSizeR1 = 120px |
|
| OtherNames = |
|
|
| IUPACName = |
|
| ImageNameR1 = Sodium cyanide space filling |
|
|
|
| SystematicName = |
|
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
|
|
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
|
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
|
|
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
|
| ChemSpiderID = 8587 |
|
| ChemSpiderID = 8587 |
|
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} |
|
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} |
|
| ChEMBL = <!-- blanked - oldvalue: 1644697 --> |
|
| ChEMBL = 1644697 |
|
| InChI = 1/CN.Na/c1-2;/q-1;+1 |
|
| InChI = 1S/CN.Na/c1-2;/q-1;+1 |
|
| InChIKey = MNWBNISUBARLIT-UHFFFAOYAG |
|
| InChIKey = MNWBNISUBARLIT-UHFFFAOYAG |
|
| SMILES = #N. |
|
| SMILES = #N. |
| Line 23: |
Line 24: |
|
| StdInChIKey = MNWBNISUBARLIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
|
| StdInChIKey = MNWBNISUBARLIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
|
| CASNo = 143-33-9 |
|
| CASNo = 143-33-9 |
|
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
|
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
|
|
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
|
| PubChem = 8929 |
|
|
| RTECS = VZ7525000 |
|
| UNII = O5DDB9Z95G |
|
| UNNumber = 1689 |
|
| PubChem = 8929 |
|
|
| RTECS = VZ7525000 |
|
|
| UNNumber = 1689 |
|
|
| EINECS = 205-599-4 |
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
|
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
|
| Formula = NaCN |
|
| Formula = NaCN |
|
| MolarMass = 49.0072 g/mol |
|
| MolarMass = 49.0072 g/mol |
|
| Appearance = white solid |
|
| Appearance = white solid |
|
|
| Odor = faint ]-like |
|
| Density = 1.595 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
|
|
|
| Density = 1.5955 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
|
| Solubility = 58 g/100 ml (20 °C) (hydrate solubility), 82 g/100 ml (34.7 °C) |
|
|
|
| Solubility = 48.15 g/100 mL (10 °C) <br> 63.7 g/100 mL (25 °C) |
|
| MeltingPt = 563.7 °C |
|
|
|
| SolubleOther = soluble in ], ], ] <br> very slightly soluble in ], ] <br> insoluble in ] |
|
| BoilingPt = 1496 °C |
|
|
| RefractIndex = 1.45 |
|
| MeltingPtC = 563.7 |
|
|
| BoilingPtC = 1496 |
|
|
| RefractIndex = 1.452 |
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
|
| Section3 = |
|
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
|
|
|
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry |
|
| ExternalMSDS = |
|
|
|
| Thermochemistry_ref = <ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/930681942 |title=CRC handbook of chemistry and physics : a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data. |date=2016 |others=William M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno |isbn=978-1-4987-5428-6 |edition=2016-2017, 97th |location=Boca Raton, Florida |oclc=930681942}}</ref> |
|
| EUIndex = 006-007-00-5 |
|
|
|
| HeatCapacity = 70.4 J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup> |
|
| EUClass = Very toxic ('''T+''')<br/>Dangerous for the environment ('''N''')Corrosive ('''C''') <ref>Oxford MSDS</ref> |
|
|
|
| Entropy = 115.6 J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup> |
|
| RPhrases = {{R26/27/28}}, {{R32}}, {{R50/53}} |
|
|
|
| DeltaHform = −87.5 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> |
|
| SPhrases = {{S1/2}}, {{S7}}, {{S28}}, {{S29}}, {{S45}}, {{S60}}, {{S61}} |
|
|
|
| DeltaGfree = −76.4 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> |
|
| NFPA-H = 3 |
|
|
|
| DeltaHcombust = |
|
| NFPA-F = 0 |
|
|
|
| DeltaHfus = 8.79 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> |
|
| NFPA-R = 0 |
|
|
| NFPA-O = |
|
| DeltaHvap = |
|
|
| DeltaHsublim = |
|
| FlashPt = Non-flammable |
|
|
|
| HHV = |
|
| LD50 = 5.8–15 mg/kg (oral in rats, mice)<ref>{{cite book |author=Martel, B.; Cassidy, K. |title=Chemical Risk Analysis: A Practical Handbook |publisher=Butterworth–Heinemann |year=2004 |pages=361 |isbn=1903996651}}</ref> |
|
|
|
| LHV = |
|
|
}} |
|
|
| Section5 = |
|
|
| Section6 = |
|
|
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
|
|
| ExternalSDS = |
|
|
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS skull and crossbones}} {{GHS environment}} |
|
|
| NFPA-H = 4 |
|
|
| NFPA-F = 0 |
|
|
| NFPA-R = 0 |
|
|
| NFPA-S = |
|
|
| FlashPt = Non-flammable |
|
|
| LD50 = 6.44 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br/>4 mg/kg (sheep, oral)<br/>15 mg/kg (mammal, oral)<br/>8 mg/kg (rat, oral)<ref>{{IDLH|cyanides|Cyanides (as CN)}}</ref> |
|
|
| IDLH = 25 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (as CN)<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0562}}</ref> |
|
|
| REL = C 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (4.7 ppm) <ref name=PGCH/> |
|
|
| PEL = TWA 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup><ref name=PGCH/> |
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
|
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
|
| OtherCations = ] |
|
| OtherCations = ] |
|
| OtherCpds = ] |
|
| OtherCompounds = ] |
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
|
|
|
|
'''Sodium cyanide''' is a ] with the ] ]]] and the ] {{chem2|Na+ -]}}. It is a white, ] solid. ] has a high affinity for metals, which leads to the high ] of this ]. Its main application, in ], also exploits its high reactivity toward metals. It is a ]. |
|
|
|
|
|
==Production and chemical properties== |
|
|
|
|
|
Sodium cyanide is produced by treating ] with ]:<ref name=Ullmann>{{Ullmann|first1=Andreas|last1=Rubo|first2=Raf|last2=Kellens|first3=Jay|last3=Reddy|first4=Norbert |last4=Steier|first5=Wolfgang |last5=Hasenpusch|title=Alkali Metal Cyanides|year=2006|doi=10.1002/14356007.i01_i01}}</ref> |
|
|
:{{chem2|HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H2O}} |
|
|
Worldwide production was estimated at 500,000 tons in the year 2006. Formerly it was prepared by the Castner process involving the reaction of ] with carbon at elevated temperatures. |
|
|
:{{chem2|NaNH2 + C → NaCN + H2}} |
|
|
|
|
|
The structure of solid NaCN is related to that of ].<ref>Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|0-19-855370-6}}.</ref> The anions and cations are each six-coordinate. ] (KCN) adopts a similar structure. <ref>{{cite journal | journal = Phys. Rev. B | volume = 47 | issue = 17 | year = 1993 | pages = 11082–11092 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevB.47.11082 | title = Structure of potassium cyanide at low temperature and high pressure determined by neutron diffraction |author1=H. T. Stokes |author2=D. L. Decker |author3=H. M. Nelson |author4=J. D. Jorgensen | pmid = 10005242 | bibcode = 1993PhRvB..4711082S | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1233725 | type = Submitted manuscript }}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
When treated with ], it forms the toxic gas ]: |
|
|
:{{chem2|NaCN + H+ → HCN + Na+}} |
|
|
|
|
|
Because the salt is derived from a weak acid, sodium cyanide readily reverts to HCN by ]; the moist solid emits small amounts of hydrogen cyanide, which is thought to smell like bitter ] (not everyone can smell it—the ability thereof is due to a genetic trait<ref>{{OMIM|304300}}</ref>). Sodium cyanide reacts rapidly with strong acids to release hydrogen cyanide. This dangerous process represents a significant risk associated with cyanide salts. It is detoxified most efficiently with ] ({{chem2|H2O2}}) to produce ] (NaOCN) and water:<ref name="Ullmann" /> |
|
|
:{{chem2|NaCN + H2O2 → NaOCN + H2O}} |
|
|
|
|
|
==Applications== |
|
|
===Cyanide mining=== |
|
|
{{Anchor|Sodium gold cyanide|Sodium dicyanoaurate}} |
|
|
] (also known as the cyanide process) is the dominant technique for extracting ], much of which is obtained from low-grade ]. More than 70% of cyanide consumption globally is used for this purpose. The application exploits the high affinity of gold(I) for cyanide, which induces gold metal to oxidize and dissolve in the presence of air (oxygen) and water, producing the salt '''sodium dicyanoaurate''' (or sodium gold cyanide) ({{chem2|NaAu(CN)2}}):<ref name=Ullmann/> |
|
|
:{{chem2|4 Au + 8 NaCN + O2 + 2 H2O → 4 Na + 4 NaOH}} |
|
|
|
|
|
A similar process uses ] (KCN, a close relative of sodium cyanide) to produce ] ({{chem2|KAu(CN)2}}). |
|
|
|
|
|
===Chemical feedstock=== |
|
|
Several commercially significant chemical compounds are derived from cyanide, including ], ], and many ]s. In ], cyanide, which is classified as a strong ], is used to prepare ]s, which occur widely in many chemicals, including pharmaceuticals. Illustrative is the synthesis of ] by the reaction of ] and sodium cyanide.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Adams|first1=Roger|last2=Thal|first2=A. F.|title=Benzyl cyanide|journal=Organic Syntheses|date=1922|volume=2|page=9|doi=10.15227/orgsyn.002.0009}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
===Niche uses=== |
|
|
Being highly toxic, sodium cyanide is used to kill or stun rapidly such as in collecting jars used by ]s and in widely illegal ]. |
|
|
|
|
|
It was used as an ], ] and ], but these uses were cancelled by the ] in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1994 |title=Reregistration Eligibility Decision (R.E.D. Facts) Sodium cyanide |url=https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/fs_PC-074002_1-Sep-94.pdf |website=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
==Toxicity== |
|
|
{{main|Cyanide poisoning}} |
|
|
Sodium cyanide, like other soluble cyanide salts, is among the most rapidly acting of all known poisons. NaCN is a potent inhibitor of ], acting on mitochondrial ] and hence blocking electron transport. This results in decreased oxidative metabolism and oxygen utilization. ] then occurs as a consequence of anaerobic metabolism. An oral dosage as small as 200–300 mg can be fatal. |
|
|
|
|
|
==References== |
|
|
{{Reflist}} |
|
|
|
|
|
==External links== |
|
|
* Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (INRS), , ''Fiche toxicologique n° 111'', Paris, 2006, 6 pp. (PDF file, ''in French'') |
|
|
* |
|
|
* (] 61) |
|
|
* |
|
|
* |
|
|
* {{EINECSLink|205-599-4}} |
|
|
* {{PubChem}} |
|
|
* |
|
|
* |
|
|
{{Sodium compounds}} |
|
|
{{Cyanides}} |
|
|
{{Molecules detected in outer space}} |
|
|
{{Authority control}} |
|
|
|
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |