| Revision as of 16:18, 2 July 2011 editCheMoBot (talk | contribs)Bots141,565 edits Updating {{chembox}} (no changed fields - added verified revid - updated 'ChemSpiderID_Ref', 'StdInChI_Ref', 'StdInChIKey_Ref', 'ChEMBL_Ref') per Chem/Drugbox validation (report [[Wikipedia_talk:← Previous edit |
Latest revision as of 05:02, 4 February 2022 edit undoMichael Frind (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users4,098 edits →Chemical properties: Minor punctuation |
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| verifiedrevid = 437410135 |
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| ImageFile = Thiuram.svg |
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| ImageAlt = Structural formula of thiram |
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| ImageFile1 = Thiram-3D-balls.png |
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| ImageSize1 = 200 |
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| ImageAlt1 = Ball-and-stick model of the thiram molecule |
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| PIN = Dimethylcarbamothioic dithioperoxyanhydride |
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| OtherNames = |
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII = 0D771IS0FH |
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| UNII = 0D771IS0FH |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| verifiedrevid = 437132353 |
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| CASNo = 137-26-8 |
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|ImageFile=Thiram.png |
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| PubChem = 5455 |
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|ImageSize=200px |
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|IUPACName=dimethylcarbamothioylsulfanyl N,N-dimethylcarbamodithioate |
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|OtherNames= |
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite}} |
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| CASNo=137-26-8 |
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| PubChem=5455 |
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| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |
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| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |
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| KEGG = D06114 |
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| KEGG = D06114 |
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| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} |
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| SMILES=CN(C)C(=S)SSC(=S)N(C)C |
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| ChEBI = 9495 |
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| SMILES = CN(C)C(=S)SSC(=S)N(C)C |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID = 5256 |
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| InChI = 1/C6H12N2S4/c1-7(2)5(9)11-12-6(10)8(3)4/h1-4H3 |
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| InChIKey = KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYAK |
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| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChI = 1S/C6H12N2S4/c1-7(2)5(9)11-12-6(10)8(3)4/h1-4H3 |
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| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChIKey = KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
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| C=6 | H=12 | N=2 | S=4 |
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| Formula=C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> |
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| Appearance= White to yellow crystalline powder |
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| MolarMass=240.43288 |
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| Odor = Characteristic{{vague|date=June 2019}}<ref name=PGCH/> |
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| Appearance= White to yellow crystalline powder |
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| Density= |
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| Density=1.29 g/cm<sup>3</sup><ref name=PGCH/> |
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| MeltingPt=155-156 °C |
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| MeltingPtC=155 to 156 |
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| BoilingPt_notes = decomposes<ref name=PGCH/> |
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| Solubility in water=Partly Soluble, 30 mg/l (25 °C) |
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| Solubility=30 mg/L |
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| VaporPressure = 0.000008 mmHg (20 °C)<ref name=PGCH/> |
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|Section3={{Chembox Hazards |
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|Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology |
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| ATCCode_prefix = P03 |
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| MainHazards= |
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| ATCCode_suffix = AA05 |
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| FlashPt=138°C<ref>U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1990 (Nov). SCS/ARS/CES Pesticide Properties Database: Version 2.0 (Summary). USDA - Soil Conservation Service, Syracuse, NY.</ref> |
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| Autoignition= |
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|Section7={{Chembox Hazards |
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| MainHazards= |
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| FlashPt={{convert|138|C|F}}<ref>U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1990 (Nov). SCS/ARS/CES Pesticide Properties Database: Version 2.0 (Summary). USDA - Soil Conservation Service, Syracuse, NY.</ref> |
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| AutoignitionPt = |
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| PEL = TWA 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup><ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0612}}</ref> |
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| IDLH = 100 mg/m<sup>3</sup><ref name=PGCH/> |
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| REL = TWA 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup><ref name=PGCH/> |
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| LC50 = 500 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (rat, 4 hr)<ref name=IDLH>{{IDLH|137268|Thiram}}</ref> |
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| LD50 = 1350 mg/kg (mouse, oral)<br/>210 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)<br/>560 mg/kg (rat, oral)<ref name=IDLH/> |
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'''Thiram''' is an ]. It is used to prevent fungal diseases in seed and crops. It is also used as an animal repellent to protect fruit trees and ornamentals from damage by rabbits, rodents and deer. It is effective against Stem gall of coriander, damping off, smut of millet, neck rot of onion, etc. Thiram has been used in the treatment of human scabies, as a sun screen and as a bactericide applied directly to the skin or incorporated into soap.<ref>http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/pyrethrins-ziram/thiram-ext.html</ref> |
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'''Thiram''' is the simplest ] and the oxidized dimer of ]. It is used as a ], ] to prevent fungal diseases in seed and crops and similarly as an animal repellent to protect fruit trees and ornamentals from damage by rabbits, rodents and deer. It is effective against Stem gall of coriander, damping off, smut of millet, neck rot of onion, etc. Thiram has been used in the treatment of human scabies, as a sun screen and as a bactericide applied directly to the skin or incorporated into soap.<ref name=extoxnet>{{cite web | url = http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/pyrethrins-ziram/thiram-ext.html | title = Thiram | publisher = Extension Toxicology Network}}</ref> |
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Thiram is also used as a sulfur source and secondary accelerator the ] of rubbers. |
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==Chemical properties== |
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Thiram is a type of sulfur fungicide. It has been found to dissolve completely in chloroform, acetone and ether. It is available as dust, flowable, wettable powder, water dispersible granules, and water suspension formulations and in mixtures with other fungicides. <ref>http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/pyrethrins-ziram/thiram-ext.html</ref> |
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== Usage == |
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Thiram is nearly immobile in clay soils or in soils of high organic matter. It is not expected to contaminate groundwater because of its in-soil half life of 15 days and tendency to stick to soil particles. <ref>Howard, P.H. (ed.). 1989. Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. III: Pesticides. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI.</ref> |
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Thiram was traditionally used in apple and wine farming. Since 2010 most thiram is applied to soybeans. |
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==Acute Toxicity== |
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==Chemical properties== |
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Thiram is a type of sulfur fungicide. It has been found to dissolve completely in chloroform, acetone, and ether. It is available as dust, flowable, wettable powder, water-dispersible granules, and water suspension formulations and in mixtures with other fungicides.<ref name=extoxnet/> |
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Thiram is moderately toxic by ingestion, but it is highly toxic if inhaled. Acute exposure in humans may cause headaches, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal complaints. <ref>Hayes, W.J. and E.R. Laws (ed.). 1990. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Vol. 3, Classes of Pesticides. Academic Press, Inc., NY.</ref> |
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Thiram is nearly immobile in clay soils or in soils of high organic matter. It is not expected to contaminate groundwater because of its in-soil half life of 15 days, in addition to its tendency to adhere to soil particles.<ref>{{cite book | editor = Howard, P.H. | year = 1989 | title = Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals | volume = III: Pesticides | publisher = Lewis Publishers | location = Chelsea, MI}}</ref> |
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Thiram is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. It is a skin sensitizer. Symptoms of acute inhalation exposure to thiram include itching, scratchy throat, hoarseness, sneezing, coughing, inflammation of the nose or throat, bronchitis, dizziness, headaches, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea and other gastro-intestinal complaints. Persons with chronic respiratory or skin disease are at increased risk from exposure to thiram. |
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As a waste, thiram carries an EPA U244 code. |
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==Chronic Toxicity== |
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In addition to the symptoms of acute exposure, symptoms of chronic exposure to thiram in humans include drowsiness, confusion, loss of sex drive, incoordination, slurred speech and weakness. Repeated or prolonged exposure to thiram can also cause allergic reactions such as dermatitis, watery eyes, sensitivity to light and conjunctivitis. |
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==Toxicity== |
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Thiram is moderately toxic by ingestion, but it is highly toxic if inhaled. Acute exposure in humans may cause headaches, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, and other gastrointestinal complaints.<ref>{{cite book | editor = Hayes, W.J. and E.R. Laws | year = 1990 | title = Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology | volume = 3, Classes of Pesticides | publisher = Academic Press, Inc. | location = NY}}</ref> |
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Chronic or repeated exposure may cause sensitive skin, and it may have effects on the thyroid or liver.<ref>NIOSH July 22, 2015</ref> |
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==References== |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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<references/> |
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==External links== |
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*{{PPDB|642}} |
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{{Anti-arthropod medications}} |
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