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{{Use British English|date=June 2019}}
{{chembox {{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 413761538
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 441026513
| IUPACName = Tin(II) fluoride | IUPACName = Tin(II) fluoride
| ImageCaption = {{Color box|#C0C0C0|border=darkgray}} Sn<sup>2+</sup>; {{Color box|#99CC00|border=darkgray}} F<sup>−</sup>
| OtherNames = Stannous fluoride
| OtherNames = Stannous fluoride
| ImageFile = Kristallstruktur Zinn(II)-fluorid.png | ImageFile = Kristallstruktur Zinn(II)-fluorid.png
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 7783-47-3 | CASNo = 7783-47-3
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|??|??}} | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| RTECS = XQ3450000
| UNII = 3FTR44B32Q
| UNNumber = 3288
| RTECS = XQ3450000
| UNNumber = 3288
| PubChem = 24550
| InChI = 1S/2FH.Sn/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2
| SMILES = FF
}} }}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = SnF<sub>2</sub> | Formula = SnF<sub>2</sub>
| MolarMass = 156.69 g/mol | MolarMass = 156.69 g/mol
| Appearance = colorless solid | Appearance = colorless solid
| Density = 4.57 g/cm<sup>3</sup> | Density = 4.57 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| Solubility = ca. 350 g/L (20 °C) | Solubility = 31 g/100 mL (0 °C); <br />35 g/100 mL (20 °C); <br />78.5 g/100 mL (106 °C)
| SolubleOther = soluble in ], ]; <br />negligible in ], ], ]
| MeltingPt = 215 °C
| BoilingPt = 850 °C | MeltingPtC = 213
| BoilingPtC = 850
}} }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |Section3={{Chembox Structure
| CrystalStruct = ], ] | CrystalStruct = ], ]
| SpaceGroup = C2/c, No. 15 | SpaceGroup = C2/c, No. 15
}} }}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalMSDS = | ExternalSDS =
| HPhrases =
| EUIndex = Not listed
| EUClass = | PPhrases =
| RPhrases = | GHS_ref =
| SPhrases = | NFPA-H = 2
| NFPA-H = 1 | NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-F = 0 | NFPA-R = 0
| NFPA-R = 0 | NFPA-S =
| FlashPt = Non-flammable
| NFPA-O =
}}
| FlashPt = Non-flammable
|Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology
}}
| ATCCode_prefix = A01
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
| ATCCode_suffix = AA04
| OtherAnions = ]<br/>]<br/>]
| OtherCations = ]<br/>]<br/>]
}}
}} }}
|Section8={{Chembox Related
'''Tin(II) fluoride''', known by the common name '''stannous fluoride''', is a chemical compound with the formula ''']]<sub>2</sub>'''. It is a colorless solid used as an ingredient in ]s that are typically more expensive than those that use ]. Stannous fluoride converts the calcium mineral ] into ], which makes ] more resistant to bacteria generated ] attacks. ] and ], on the other hand, become biologically inactive when combined with ].<ref>{{cite journal | date = April 1989 | journal = Journal of Dentistry | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 47–54 | pmid = 2732364 | title = The State of Fluorides in Toothpastes. | doi = 10.1016/0300-5712(89)90129-2 | last = Hattab | first = F. }}</ref> Used in combination with calcium minerals, sodium fluoride is ineffective while stannous fluoride remains effective in strengthening tooth enamel. Stannous fluoride has also been shown to be more effective than ] in controlling ].<ref>{{cite journal | year=1995 | journal = The Journal of Clinical Dentistry | volume = 6 | issue = Special Issue | pages = 54–58 | pmid = 8593194 | title = The clinical effect of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on plaque formation, gingivitis and gingival bleeding: a six-month study. | last1=Perlich | first1=MA | last2=Bacca | first2=LA | last3=Bollmer | first3=BW | last4=Lanzalaco | first4=AC | last5=McClanahan | first5=SF | last6=Sewak | first6=LK | last7=Beiswanger | first7=BB | last8=Eichold | first8=WA | last9=Hull | first9=JR }}</ref>
| OtherAnions = ], <br />], <br />]
| OtherCations = ], <br>], <br>], <br>], <br>], <br>], <br />], <br />], <br>]
}}
}}
'''Tin(II) fluoride''', commonly referred to commercially as '''stannous fluoride'''<ref name="Commonly Referred to as Stannous Fluoride">{{cite press release|title=National Inventors Hall of Fame Announces 2019 Inductees at CES|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/national-inventors-hall-of-fame-announces-2019-inductees-at-ces-300774807.html|access-date=6 February 2019|publisher=National Inventors Hall of Fame}}</ref><ref name="Latin Names Variable Charge Metals">{{cite web|title=Latin Names Variable Charge Metals|url=http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/chem0010/unit6/6.1.3_binaryvarcharge.htm|work=Nobel.SCAS.BCIT.ca/|publisher=British Columbia Institute of Technology Chemistry Department|access-date=16 June 2013|archive-date=22 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722102958/http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/chem0010/unit6/6.1.3_binaryvarcharge.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> (from ] ''{{lang|la|stannum}}'', 'tin'), is a ] with the formula SnF<sub>2</sub>. It is a colourless solid used as an ingredient in ]s.


==Oral health benefits==
Stannous fluoride was used, under the trade name '''"Fluoristan,"''' in the original formulation of the toothpaste ''],'' though it was later replaced with ], or '''"Fluoristat."''' It is the active ingredient in Crest Pro Health brand toothpaste. Crest Pro Health issues a warning on the tube that stannous fluoride may cause staining which can be avoided by proper brushing, and that its particular formulation is resistant to staining. Any stannous fluoride staining that occurs due to improper brushing is not permanent.
Stannous fluoride is an alternative to ] for the prevention of cavities (]). It was first released commercially in 1956, in ] toothpaste. It was discovered and developed by ] and William Nebergall. In recognition of their innovation, they were inducted into the ].<ref name="Commonly Referred to as Stannous Fluoride"/>


The fluoride in stannous fluoride helps to convert the calcium mineral ] in teeth into ], which makes ] more resistant to bacteria-generated ] attacks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Groeneveld|first1=A.|last2=Purdell-Lewis|first2=D. J.|last3=Arends|first3=J.|date=1976|title=Remineralization of artificial caries lesions by stannous fluoride|journal=Caries Research|volume=10|issue=3|pages=189–200|issn=0008-6568|pmid=1063601|doi=10.1159/000260201}}</ref> The calcium present in plaque and saliva reacts with fluoride to form ] on the tooth surface; over time, this calcium fluoride dissolves to allow calcium and fluoride ions to interact with the tooth and form fluoride-containing apatite within the tooth structure.<ref name="pmid23192605">{{Cite journal|last1=Lussi|first1=Adrian|last2=Hellwig|first2=Elmar|last3=Klimek|first3=Joachim|date=2012|title=Fluorides - mode of action and recommendations for use|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23192605|journal=Schweizer Monatsschrift für Zahnmedizin = Revue Mensuelle Suisse d'Odonto-Stomatologie = Rivista Mensile Svizzera di Odontologia e Stomatologia|volume=122|issue=11|pages=1030–1042|issn=0256-2855|pmid=23192605}}</ref> This chemical reaction inhibits demineralisation and can promote remineralisation of tooth decay. The resulting fluoride-containing apatite is more insoluble, and more resistant to acid and tooth decay.<ref name="pmid23192605" />
Stannous fluoride is also readily available in over-the-counter rinses, most notably found in MED''Active'' brand Patient-Friendly Oral Relief Rinse.


In addition to fluoride, the stannous ion has benefits for oral health when incorporated in a toothpaste. At similar fluoride concentrations, toothpastes containing stannous fluoride have been shown to be more effective than toothpastes containing sodium fluoride for reducing the incidence of dental caries and ],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=West|first1=N. X.|last2=He|first2=T.|last3=Macdonald|first3=E. L.|last4=Seong|first4=J.|last5=Hellin|first5=N.|last6=Barker|first6=M. L.|last7=Eversole|first7=S. L.|date=March 2017|title=Erosion protection benefits of stabilized SnF2 dentifrice versus an arginine–sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice: results from in vitro and in situ clinical studies|journal=Clinical Oral Investigations|language=en|volume=21|issue=2|pages=533–540|doi=10.1007/s00784-016-1905-1|issn=1432-6981|pmc=5318474|pmid=27477786}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ganss|first1=C.|last2=Lussi|first2=A.|last3=Grunau|first3=O.|last4=Klimek|first4=J.|last5=Schlueter|first5=N.|date=2011|title=Conventional and Anti-Erosion Fluoride Toothpastes: Effect on Enamel Erosion and Erosion-Abrasion|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/334318|journal=Caries Research|language=en|volume=45|issue=6|pages=581–589|doi=10.1159/000334318|pmid=22156703|s2cid=45156274|issn=0008-6568}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=West|first1=Nicola X.|last2=He|first2=Tao|last3=Hellin|first3=Nikki|last4=Claydon|first4=Nicholas|last5=Seong|first5=Joon|last6=Macdonald|first6=Emma|last7=Farrell|first7=Svetlana|last8=Eusebio|first8=Rachelle|last9=Wilberg|first9=Aneta|date=August 2019|title=Randomized in situ clinical trial evaluating erosion protection efficacy of a 0.454% stannous fluoride dentifrice|journal=International Journal of Dental Hygiene|language=en|volume=17|issue=3|pages=261–267|doi=10.1111/idh.12379|issn=1601-5029|pmc=6850309|pmid=30556372}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-02-12|title=Efficacy of a Stannous-containing Dentifrice for Protecting Against Combined Erosive and Abrasive Tooth Wear In Situ|url=|journal=Oral Health and Preventive Dentistry|volume=18|issue=1|pages=619–624|doi=10.3290/j.ohpd.a44926|pmid=32700515|last1=Zhao|first1=X.|last2=He|first2=T.|last3=He|first3=Y.|last4=Chen|first4=H.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stookey|first1=G.K.|last2=Mau|first2=M.S.|last3=Isaacs|first3=R.L.|last4=Gonzalez-Gierbolini|first4=C.|last5=Bartizek|first5=R.D.|last6=Biesbrock|first6=A.R.|date=2004|title=The Relative Anticaries Effectiveness of Three Fluoride-Containing Dentifrices in Puerto Rico|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/80584|journal=Caries Research|language=en|volume=38|issue=6|pages=542–550|doi=10.1159/000080584|pmid=15528909|s2cid=489634|issn=0008-6568|doi-access=free}}</ref> as well as reducing ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parkinson|first1=C. R.|last2=Milleman|first2=K. R.|last3=Milleman|first3=J. L.|date=2020-03-26|title=Gingivitis efficacy of a 0.454% w/w stannous fluoride dentifrice: a 24-week randomized controlled trial|journal=BMC Oral Health|volume=20|issue=1|pages=89|doi=10.1186/s12903-020-01079-6|issn=1472-6831|pmc=7098169|pmid=32216778 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hu|first1=Deyu|last2=Li|first2=Xue|last3=Liu|first3=Hongchun|last4=Mateo|first4=Luis R.|last5=Sabharwal|first5=Amarpreet|last6=Xu|first6=Guofeng|last7=Szewczyk|first7=Gregory|last8=Ryan|first8=Maria|last9=Zhang|first9=Yun-Po|date=April 2019|title=Evaluation of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental plaque and gingivitis in a randomized controlled trial with 6-month follow-up|url=|journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association|volume=150|issue=4|pages=S32–S37|doi=10.1016/j.adaj.2019.01.005|pmid=30797257|s2cid=73488958|issn=0002-8177}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mankodi|first1=Suru|last2=Bartizek|first2=Robert D.|last3=Winston|first3=J. Leslie|last4=Biesbrock|first4=Aaron R.|last5=McClanahan|first5=Stephen F.|last6=He|first6=Tao|date=2005|title=Anti-gingivitis efficacy of a stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice|journal=Journal of Clinical Periodontology|language=en|volume=32|issue=1|pages=75–80|doi=10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00639.x|pmid=15642062|issn=1600-051X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Archila|first1=Luis|last2=Bartizek|first2=Robert D.|last3=Winston|first3=J. Leslie|last4=Biesbrock|first4=Aaron R.|last5=McClanahan|first5=Stephen F.|last6=He|first6=Tao|date=2004|title=The Comparative Efficacy of Stabilized Stannous Fluoride/Sodium Hexametaphosphate Dentifrice and Sodium Fluoride/Triclosan/Copolymer Dentifrice for the Control of Gingivitis: A 6-Month Randomized Clinical Study|url=|journal=Journal of Periodontology|language=en|volume=75|issue=12|pages=1592–1599|doi=10.1902/jop.2004.75.12.1592|pmid=15732859|issn=1943-3670}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Clark-Perry|first1=Danielle|last2=Levin|first2=Liran|date=December 2020|title=Comparison of new formulas of stannous fluoride toothpastes with other commercially available fluoridated toothpastes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials|journal=International Dental Journal|language=en|volume=70|issue=6|pages=418–426|doi=10.1111/idj.12588|pmid=32621315|pmc=9379195 |s2cid=220336087}}</ref> Some stannous fluoride-containing toothpastes also contain ingredients that allow for better stain removal.<ref name="pmid17410949">{{Cite journal|last1=He|first1=Tao|last2=Baker|first2=Robert|last3=Bartizek|first3=Robert D.|last4=Biesbrock|first4=Aaron R.|last5=Chaves|first5=Eros|last6=Terézhalmy|first6=Geza|date=2007|title=Extrinsic stain removal efficacy of a stannous fluoride dentifrice with sodium hexametaphosphate|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17410949|journal=The Journal of Clinical Dentistry|volume=18|issue=1|pages=7–11|issn=0895-8831|pmid=17410949}}</ref><ref name="pmid31872105">{{Cite journal|last1=Johannsen|first1=A.|last2=Emilson|first2=C.-G.|last3=Johannsen|first3=G.|last4=Konradsson|first4=K.|last5=Lingström|first5=P.|last6=Ramberg|first6=P.|date=December 2019|title=Effects of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental calculus, dental plaque, gingivitis, halitosis and stain: A systematic review|url=|journal=Heliyon|volume=5|issue=12|pages=e02850|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02850|doi-access=free |issn=2405-8440|pmc=6909063|pmid=31872105|bibcode=2019Heliy...502850J }}</ref> Stabilised stannous fluoride formulations allow for greater bioavailability of the stannous and fluoride ion, increasing their oral health benefits.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=White|first=D. J.|date=1995|title=A "return" to stannous fluoride dentifrices|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8593190|journal=The Journal of Clinical Dentistry|volume=6|pages=29–36|issn=0895-8831|pmid=8593190}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tinanoff|first=N.|date=1995|title=Progress regarding the use of stannous fluoride in clinical dentistry|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8593191|journal=The Journal of Clinical Dentistry|volume=6|pages=37–40|issn=0895-8831|pmid=8593191}}</ref> A systematic review revealed stabilised stannous fluoride-containing toothpastes had a positive effect on the reduction of ], gingivitis and staining, with a significant reduction in ] and ] (bad breath) compared to other toothpastes.<ref name="pmid31872105" /> A specific formulation of stabilised stannous fluoride toothpastes has shown superior protection against dental erosion and ] compared to other fluoride-containing and fluoride-free toothpastes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=West|first1=Nicola X.|last2=He|first2=Tao|last3=Zou|first3=Yuanshu|last4=DiGennaro|first4=Joe|last5=Biesbrock|first5=Aaron|last6=Davies|first6=Maria|date=February 2021|title=Bioavailable gluconate chelated stannous fluoride toothpaste meta-analyses: Effects on dentine hypersensitivity and enamel erosion|journal=Journal of Dentistry|volume=105|pages=103566|doi=10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103566|issn=1879-176X|pmid=33383100|s2cid=229940161|doi-access=free|hdl=1983/34d78138-703d-484f-864f-ece3d3610d64|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Stannous fluoride was once used under the ] Fluoristan in the original formulation of the toothpaste brand ], though it was later replaced with ] under the trade name Fluoristat. Stabilised stannous fluoride is now the active ingredient in Crest/] Pro-Health brand toothpaste. Although concerns have been previously raised that stannous fluoride may cause tooth staining, this can be avoided by proper brushing and by using a stabilised stannous fluoride toothpaste.<ref name="pmid17410949" /><ref name="pmid31872105" /> Any stannous fluoride staining that occurs due to improper brushing is not permanent, and Crest/Oral B Pro-Health states that its particular formulation is resistant to staining.

==Production==
SnF<sub>2</sub> can be prepared by evaporating a solution of SnO in 40% ].<ref name = "Greenwood">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw}}</ref> SnF<sub>2</sub> can be prepared by evaporating a solution of SnO in 40% ].<ref name = "Greenwood">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw}}</ref>

:SnO + 2 HF → SnF<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O


==Aqueous solutions== ==Aqueous solutions==
Readily soluble in water SnF<sub>2</sub> is hydrolysed forming at low concentration species such as SnOH<sup>+</sup>, Sn(OH)<sub>2</sub> and Sn(OH)<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and at higher concentrations, predominantly polynuclear species, Sn<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup> and Sn<sub>3</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub><sup>2+</sup>.<ref>{{cite journal Readily soluble in water, SnF<sub>2</sub> is hydrolysed. At low concentration, it forms species such as SnOH<sup>+</sup>, Sn(OH)<sub>2</sub> and Sn(OH)<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>. At higher concentrations, predominantly polynuclear species are formed, including Sn<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup> and Sn<sub>3</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub><sup>2+</sup>.<ref>{{cite journal
| title = A critical review of thermodynamic data for inorganic tin species | title = A critical review of thermodynamic data for inorganic tin species
| author = Séby F., Potin-Gautier M., Giffaut E., Donard O. F. X.
| journal = Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta | journal = Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
| year = 2001 | year = 2001
Line 59: Line 79:
| doi = 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00645-7 | doi = 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00645-7
| bibcode=2001GeCoA..65.3041S | bibcode=2001GeCoA..65.3041S
| last1 = Séby
}}</ref> Aqueous solutions readily oxidise to form insoluble precipitates of Sn<sup>IV</sup> which are ineffective as a dental prophylactic.<ref>David B. Troy, 2005, ''Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy'', Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN 0781746736, 9780781746731</ref> Studies of the oxidation using ] on frozen samples suggests that O<sub>2</sub> is the oxidizing species.<ref>{{cite journal
| first1 = F.
| last2 = Potin-Gautier
| first2 = M.
| last3 = Giffaut
| first3 = E.
| last4 = Donard
| first4 = O.F.X.
}}</ref> Aqueous solutions readily oxidise to form insoluble precipitates of Sn<sup>IV</sup>, which are ineffective as a dental prophylactic.<ref>David B. Troy, 2005, ''Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy'', Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, {{ISBN|0-7817-4673-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7817-4673-1}}</ref> Studies of the oxidation using ] on frozen samples suggests that O<sub>2</sub> is the oxidizing species.<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Oxidation of SnF<sub>2</sub> stannous fluoride in aqueous solutions | title = Oxidation of SnF<sub>2</sub> stannous fluoride in aqueous solutions
| author = Denes G; Lazanas G.
| journal = Hyperfine Interactions | journal = Hyperfine Interactions
| year = 1994 | year = 1994
Line 68: Line 95:
| pages = 435–439 | pages = 435–439
| doi = 10.1007/BF02069152 | doi = 10.1007/BF02069152
| bibcode = 1994HyInt..90..435D
| last1 = Denes
| first1 = Georges
| last2 = Lazanas
| first2 = George
| s2cid = 96184099
}}</ref> }}</ref>


==Lewis acidity== ==Lewis acidity==
SnF<sub>2</sub> is a ] forming, for example, a 1:1 complex (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>NSnF<sub>2</sub> and 2:1 complex <sub>2</sub>SnF<sub>2</sub> with ],<ref>{{cite journal SnF<sub>2</sub> acts as a ]. For example, it forms a 1:1 complex (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>NSnF<sub>2</sub> and 2:1 complex <sub>2</sub>SnF<sub>2</sub> with ],<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Synthesis and studies of trimethylamine adducts with tin(II) halides | title = Synthesis and studies of trimethylamine adducts with tin(II) halides
| name-list-style=amp | journal = Inorg. Chem.
| author = Chung Chun Hsu and R. A. Geanangel
| journal = Inorg. Chem.
| year = 1977 | year = 1977
| volume = 16 | volume = 16
Line 80: Line 112:
| pages = 2529–2534 | pages = 2529–2534
| doi = 10.1021/ic50176a022 | doi = 10.1021/ic50176a022
}}</ref> and a 1:1 complex with ], (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO.SnF<sub>2</sub>.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Hsu | first1=C. C. | last2=Geanangel | first2=R. A. }}</ref> and a 1:1 complex with ], (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO·SnF<sub>2</sub>.<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Donor and acceptor behavior of divalent tin compounds | title = Donor and acceptor behavior of divalent tin compounds
| name-list-style=amp | journal = Inorg. Chem.
| author = Chung Chun Hsu and R. A. Geanangel
| journal = Inorg. Chem.
| year = 1980 | year = 1980
| volume = 19 | volume = 19
Line 89: Line 120:
| pages = 110–119 | pages = 110–119
| doi = 10.1021/ic50203a024 | doi = 10.1021/ic50203a024
| last1=Hsu | first1=Chung Chun | last2=Geanangel | first2=R. A. }}</ref> <br />In solutions containing the fluoride ion, F<sup>−</sup>, it forms the fluoride complexes SnF<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, Sn<sub>2</sub>F<sub>5</sub><sup>−</sup>, and SnF<sub>2</sub>(OH<sub>2</sub>).<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman">Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) ''Inorganic Chemistry'', Elsevier {{ISBN|0-12-352651-5}}.</ref> Crystallization from an aqueous solution containing ] produces compounds containing polynuclear anions, e.g. NaSn<sub>2</sub>F<sub>5</sub> or Na<sub>4</sub>Sn<sub>3</sub>F<sub>10</sub> depending on the reaction conditions, rather than NaSnF<sub>3</sub>.<ref name = "Greenwood"/> The compound NaSnF<sub>3</sub>, containing the pyramidal SnF<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> anion, can be produced from a pyridine–water solution.<ref>{{cite journal
}}</ref> <br />
In solutions containing fluoride ion, F<sup>−</sup> it forms fluoride complexes SnF<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, Sn<sub>2</sub>F<sub>5</sub><sup>−</sup>, SnF<sub>2</sub>(OH<sub>2</sub>).<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman">Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) ''Inorganic Chemistry'', Elsevier ISBN 0123526515</ref> Crystallization from an aqueous solution containing ] produces compounds containing polynuclear anions, e.g. NaSn<sub>2</sub>F<sub>5</sub> or Na<sub>4</sub>Sn<sub>3</sub>F<sub>10</sub> depending on the reaction conditions, rather than NaSnF<sub>3</sub>.<ref name = "Greenwood"/> The compound NaSnF<sub>3</sub> containing the pyramidal SnF<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> anion can however be produced from a pyridine – water solution.<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Synthesis and crystal structure of two tin fluoride materials: NaSnF<sub>3</sub> (BING-12) and Sn<sub>3</sub>F<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> | title = Synthesis and crystal structure of two tin fluoride materials: NaSnF<sub>3</sub> (BING-12) and Sn<sub>3</sub>F<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>
| author = Salami T.O. , Zavalij P.Y. and Oliver S.R.J.
| journal = Journal of Solid State Chemistry | journal = Journal of Solid State Chemistry
| year = 2004 | year = 2004
Line 99: Line 128:
| pages = 800–805 | pages = 800–805
| doi = 10.1016/j.jssc.2003.09.013 | doi = 10.1016/j.jssc.2003.09.013
| bibcode = 2004JSSCh.177..800S
}}</ref>
| last1 = Salami
Other compounds containing the pyramidal SnF<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> anion are known for example Ca(SnF<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>
| first1 = Tolulope O.
<ref>{{cite journal
| last2 = Zavalij
| first2 = Peter Y.
| last3 = Oliver
| first3 = Scott R.J
}}</ref> Other compounds containing the pyramidal SnF<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> anion are known, such as {{chem2|Ca(SnF3)2}}.<ref>{{cite journal
| title =Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Calcium Trifluorostannate(II) | title =Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Calcium Trifluorostannate(II)
| author = Kokunov Y.V., Detkov D. G., Gorbunova Yu. E.,Ershova M. M. , Mikhailov Yu. N. |author1=Kokunov Y. V. |author2=Detkov D. G. |author3=Gorbunova Yu. E. |author4=Ershova M. M. |author5=Mikhailov Yu. N. | journal = Doklady Chemistry
| journal = Doklady Chemistry
| year = 2001 | year = 2001
| volume = 376 | volume = 376
Line 110: Line 143:
| pages = 52–54 | pages = 52–54
| doi = 10.1023/A:1018855109716 | doi = 10.1023/A:1018855109716
}}</ref> |s2cid=91430538 }}</ref>


==Reducing properties== ==Reducing properties==
SnF<sub>2</sub> is a ], with a standard reduction potential E<sup>o</sup> (Sn<sup>IV</sup>/ Sn<sup>II</sup>) = +0.15V.<ref>{{Housecroft2nd}}</ref> Solutions in HF are readily oxidised by a range of oxidizing agents, O<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub> or F<sub>2</sub>, to form the mixed valence compound, Sn<sub>3</sub>F<sub>8</sub> (containing Sn<sup>II</sup> and Sn<sup>IV</sup> and no Sn – Sn bonds).<ref name = "Greenwood"/> SnF<sub>2</sub> is a ], with a standard reduction potential of E<sup>o</sup> (Sn<sup>IV</sup>/ Sn<sup>II</sup>) = +0.15&nbsp;V.<ref>{{Housecroft2nd}}</ref> Solutions in HF are readily oxidised by a range of oxidizing agents (O<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub> or F<sub>2</sub>) to form the mixed-valence compound Sn<sub>3</sub>F<sub>8</sub> (containing Sn<sup>II</sup> and Sn<sup>IV</sup> and no Sn–Sn bonds).<ref name = "Greenwood"/>


==Structure== ==Structure==
The monoclinic form contains tetramers, Sn<sub>4</sub>F<sub>8</sub>, where there are two distinct coordination environments for the Sn atoms but in each case there are three nearest neighbours with Sn at the apex of a trigonal pyramid and the lone pair of electrons is sterically active.<ref name = "Wells">Wells A.F. (1984) ''Structural Inorganic Chemistry'' 5th edition Oxford Science Publications ISBN 0-19-855370-6</ref> Other forms reported have the GeF<sub>2</sub> and TeO<sub>2</sub> structures.<ref name = "Wells"/> The ] form contains tetramers, Sn<sub>4</sub>F<sub>8</sub>, where there are two distinct coordination environments for the Sn atoms. In each case, there are three nearest neighbours, with Sn at the apex of a trigonal pyramid, and the lone pair of electrons sterically active.<ref name = "Wells">Wells A.F. (1984) ''Structural Inorganic Chemistry'' 5th edition Oxford Science Publications {{ISBN|0-19-855370-6}}</ref> Other forms reported have the ] and ] structures.<ref name = "Wells"/>


==Molecular SnF<sub>2</sub>== ==Molecular SnF<sub>2</sub>==
In the vapour phase SnF<sub>2</sub> forms monomers as well as dimers and trimers.<ref name="Wiberg&Holleman"/> Monomeric SnF<sub>2</sub> is a non-linear molecule with an Sn-F bond length of 206 pm.<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman"/><br /> In the vapour phase, SnF<sub>2</sub> forms monomers, dimers, and trimers.<ref name="Wiberg&Holleman"/> Monomeric SnF<sub>2</sub> is a non-linear with an Sn−F bond length of 206 pm.<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman"/> Complexes of SnF<sub>2</sub>, sometimes called difluorostannylene, with an ] and aromatic compounds deposited in an argon matrix at 12 K have been reported.<ref>{{cite journal
Complexes of SnF<sub>2</sub>, sometimes called difluorostannylene, with an alkyne and aromatic compounds deposited in an argon matrix at 12 K have been reported
<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Matrix IR spectra and quantum chemical studies of the reaction between difluorostannylene and hept-1-yne. The first direct observation of a carbene analog π-complex with alkyne | title = Matrix IR spectra and quantum chemical studies of the reaction between difluorostannylene and hept-1-yne. The first direct observation of a carbene analog π-complex with alkyne
| first1 = SE
| author = S. E. Boganov, V. I. Faustov, M. P. Egorov and O. M. Nefedov
| last1 = Bogdanov
| journal = Russian Chemical Bulletin Volume
| first2 = VI
| last2 = Faustov
| first3 = MP
| last3 = Egorov
| first4 = OM
| last4 = Nefedov
| journal = Russian Chemical Bulletin
| year = 1994 | year = 1994
| volume = 43 | volume = 43
| issue = 1 | issue = 1
| pages = 47–49 | pages = 47–49
| doi = 10.1007/BF00699133 | doi = 10.1007/BF00699133
| s2cid = 97064510
}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| title = Study of complexation between difluorostannylene and aromatics by matrix IR spectroscopy | title = Study of complexation between difluorostannylene and aromatics by matrix IR spectroscopy
| author = S. E. Boganov, M. P. Egorov and O. M. Nefedov | author = S. E. Boganov, M. P. Egorov and O. M. Nefedov
Line 140: Line 178:
| pages = 98–103 | pages = 98–103
| doi = 10.1007/BF02494408 | doi = 10.1007/BF02494408
| s2cid = 94004320
}}</ref> }}</ref>


==Safety==
Stannous fluoride can cause redness and irritation if it is inhaled or comes into contact with the eyes. If ingested, it can cause abdominal pains and shock.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_lang=en&p_card_id=0860&p_version=2|title=Stannous fluoride (International Chemical Safety Cards: 0860)|publisher=International Labour Organization|access-date=June 21, 2021}}</ref> Rare but serious allergic reactions are possible; symptoms include itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing. Certain formulations of stannous fluoride in dental products may cause mild ]; this is not permanent and can be removed by brushing, or can be prevented by using a stabilised stannous fluoride toothpaste.<ref name="pmid17410949" /><ref name="pmid31872105" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/drugs/mono-7156-STANNOUS+FLUORIDE+GEL+-+DENTAL.aspx?drugid=75277&drugname=stannous+fluoride+dent|title=Stannous Fluoride-Dental|publisher=WebMD|access-date=March 11, 2014}}</ref>
{{clear}}
==References== ==References==
{{reflist|2}} {{reflist|30em}}

{{Tin compounds}} {{Tin compounds}}
{{Stomatological preparations}} {{Stomatological preparations}}
{{fluorine compounds}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Tin(Ii) Fluoride}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tin(Ii) Fluoride}}
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