| Revision as of 13:34, 10 January 2012 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,074 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 456791791 of page Tin(IV)_chloride for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: ''). |
Latest revision as of 10:54, 14 July 2024 edit AnDeargMor (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users803 edits Changed to cis to match diagram |
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{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}} |
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{{chembox |
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{{chembox |
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| Verifiedfields = changed |
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| verifiedrevid = 442807042 |
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| Watchedfields = changed |
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| ImageFileL1 = Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate.jpg |
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| verifiedrevid = 470610502 |
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| ImageNameL1 = Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate |
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| ImageFileL1 = Tin(IV) chloride.jpg |
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| ImageSizeL1 = 125px |
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| ImageFileR1 = Tin(IV) chloride.jpg |
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| ImageCaptionL1 = Anhydrous Tin(IV) chloride |
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| ImageNameR1 = Tin(IV) chloride |
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| ImageNameL1 = Tin (IV) chloride |
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| ImageFileR1 = Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate.jpg |
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| ImageSizeR1 = 125px |
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| ImageFileL2 = Tin(IV)-chlorid.svg |
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| ImageCaptionR1 = Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate |
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| ImageNameR1 = Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate.jpg |
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| ImageSizeL2 = 125px |
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| ImageFileL2 = Tin(IV)-chlorid.svg |
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| ImageFileR2 = SnCl4-from-xtal-2005-CM-3D-ellipsoids.png |
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| ImageFileR2 = SnCl4 OH2 2.svg |
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| ImageSizeR2 = 125px |
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| IUPACName = Tetrachlorostannane<br/>Tin tetrachloride<br/>Tin(IV) chloride |
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| IUPACName = Tetrachlorostannane<br/>Tin tetrachloride<br/>Tin(IV) chloride |
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| OtherNames = Stannic chloride |
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| OtherNames = Stannic chloride |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID = 22707 |
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| ChemSpiderID = 22707 |
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| InChI = 1/4ClH.Sn/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4 |
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| InChI = 1/4ClH.Sn/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4 |
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| InChIKey = HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-XBHQNQODAC |
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| InChIKey = HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-XBHQNQODAC |
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| SMILES = Cl(Cl)(Cl)Cl |
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| SMILES = Cl(Cl)(Cl)Cl |
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| SMILES_Comment = anhydrous |
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| SMILES1 = Cl(Cl)(Cl)()()Cl.O.O.O |
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| SMILES1_Comment = pentahydrate |
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| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChI = 1S/4ClH.Sn/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4 |
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| StdInChI = 1S/4ClH.Sn/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4 |
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| StdInChIKey = HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J |
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| StdInChIKey = HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J |
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| CASNo = 7646-78-8 |
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| CASNo = 7646-78-8 |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo2_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}} |
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| CASOther - <br> 10026-06-9 (pentahydrate) |
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| EINECS = 231-588-9 |
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| CASNo2 = 10026-06-9 |
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| CASNo2_Comment = (pentahydrate) |
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| RTECS = XP8750000 |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNNumber = 1827 |
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| UNII = 67H76LFL3V |
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| EINECS = 231-588-9 |
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| RTECS = XP8750000 |
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| UNNumber = 1827 |
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| PubChem = 24287 |
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}} |
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}} |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = SnCl<sub>4</sub> |
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| Formula = SnCl<sub>4</sub> |
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| MolarMass = 260.50 g/mol (anhydrous) <br> 350.60 g/mol (pentahydrate) |
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| MolarMass = 260.50 g/mol (anhydrous) <br> 350.60 g/mol (pentahydrate) |
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| Appearance = fuming liquid |
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| Appearance = Colorless fuming liquid |
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| Odor = Acrid |
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| Density = 2.226 g/ml (anhydrous) <br> 2.04 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (pentahydrate) |
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| Solubility = decomposes (anhydrous) <br> very soluble (pentahydrate) |
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| Density = 2.226 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (anhydrous) <br> 2.04 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (pentahydrate) |
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| Solubility = hydrolysis,very hygroscopic (anhydrous) <br> very soluble (pentahydrate) |
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| SolubleOther = soluble in ], ], ], ], ], ] |
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| SolubleOther = soluble in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] |
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| MeltingPt = -33 °C |
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| BoilingPt = 114.15 °C |
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| MeltingPtC = -34.07 |
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| MeltingPt_notes = (anhydrous) <br/> {{convert|56|C|F K}} (pentahydrate) |
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| Viscosity = |
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| BoilingPtC = 114.15 |
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| Viscosity = |
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| RefractIndex = 1.512 |
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| VaporPressure = 2.4 kPa |
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| MagSus = −115·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol |
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}} |
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}} |
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| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry |
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|Section3={{Chembox Structure |
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| CrystalStruct = monoclinic (P21/c) |
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| DeltaHf = |
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| Entropy = |
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}} |
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}} |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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|Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry |
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| DeltaHf = |
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| ExternalMSDS = |
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| Entropy = |
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| EUClass = Corrosive ('''C''') |
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| EUIndex = 050-001-00-5 |
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| NFPA-H = 3 |
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| NFPA-F = 0 |
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| NFPA-R = 1 |
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| RPhrases = {{R34}}, {{R52/53}} |
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| SPhrases = {{S1/2}}, {{S7/8}}, {{S26}}, {{S45}}, {{S61}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
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|Section7={{Chembox Hazards |
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| ExternalSDS = |
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| OtherAnions = ]<br/>]<br/>] |
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| NFPA-H = 3 |
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| OtherCations = ]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>] |
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| NFPA-F = 0 |
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| NFPA-R = 1 |
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| GHSPictograms = {{GHS05}} |
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| GHSSignalWord = Danger |
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| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|314|412}} |
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| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|260|264|273|280|301+330+331|303+361+353|304+340|305+351+338|310|321|363|405|501}} |
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}} |
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|Section8={{Chembox Related |
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| OtherAnions = ]<br/>]<br/>] |
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| OtherCations = ]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>] |
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| OtherCompounds = ] |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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'''Tin(IV) chloride''', also known as '''tin tetrachloride''' or '''stannic chloride''', is an ] of ] and ] with the formula SnCl<sub>4</sub>. It is a colorless ] ], which fumes on contact with air. It is used as a precursor to other tin compounds.<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman">{{Cite book | author = Egon Wiberg, Nils Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman | date = 2001 | title = Inorganic Chemistry | publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 0-12-352651-5}}</ref> It was first discovered by ] (1550–1616) and was known as ''spiritus fumans libavii''. |
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==Preparation== |
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It is prepared from reaction of chlorine gas with tin at {{convert|115|C|F}}: |
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:{{chem|Sn}} + 2{{chem|Cl|2}} → {{chem|Sn|Cl|4}} |
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==Structure== |
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Anhydrous tin(IV) chloride solidifies at −33 °C to give ] crystals with the P21/c ]. It is isostructural with ]. The molecules adopt near-perfect tetrahedral symmetry with average Sn–Cl distances of 227.9(3) pm.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reuter |first=Hans |author2=Pawlak, Rüdiger |title=Die Molekül- und Kristallstruktur von Zinn(IV)-chlorid |journal=Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie |date=April 2000 |volume=626 |issue=4 |pages=925–929 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1521-3749(200004)626:4<925::AID-ZAAC925>3.0.CO;2-R |language=German}}</ref> |
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] |
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] |
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==Reactions== |
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Tin(IV) chloride is well known as a ]. Thus it forms hydrates. The pentahydrate SnCl<sub>4</sub>·5H<sub>2</sub>O was formerly known as '''butter of tin'''. They all consist of molecules together with varying amounts of ]. The ] link together the molecules of through hydrogen bonds.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1039/DT9800000949 | title = Structures of di-μ-hydroxobis-1,4-dioxane(1/3), di-μ-hydroxobis-1,8-epoxy-p-menthane(1/4), di-m-hydroxobis-1,8-epoxy-p-menthane(1/4), di-μ-hydroxobis, and cis-diaquatetrachlorotin(IV) | journal = ] | year = 1980 | author = Barnes, John C. | pages = 949 | last2 = Sampson | first2 = Hazel A. | last3 = Weakley | first3 = Timothy J. R. | issue = 6}}</ref> Although the pentahydrate is the most common hydrate, lower hydrates have also been characterised.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Genge |first=Anthony R. J. |author2=Levason, William |author3=Patel, Rina |author4=Reid, Gillian |author5= Webster, Michael |display-authors=3 |title=Hydrates of tin tetrachloride |journal=] |date=2004 |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=i47–i49 |doi=10.1107/S0108270104005633 |pmid=15071197 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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Aside from water, other Lewis bases form adducts with SnCl<sub>4</sub>. These include ] and organo]s. The complex <sup>2−</sup> is formed with hydrochloric acid making hexachlorostannic acid.<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman"/> |
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==Applications== |
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===Precursor to organotin compounds=== |
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Anhydrous tin(IV) chloride is a major precursor in ]. Upon treatment with ]s, tin(IV) chloride gives tetraalkyltin compounds:<ref name = "Greenwood">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw}}</ref> |
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:SnCl<sub>4</sub> + 4 RMgCl → SnR<sub>4</sub> + 4 MgCl<sub>2</sub> |
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Anhydrous tin(IV) chloride reacts with tetraorganotin compounds in ]s: |
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:SnCl<sub>4</sub> + SnR<sub>4</sub> → 2 SnCl<sub>2</sub>R<sub>2</sub> |
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These organotin halides are useful precursors to catalysts (e.g., ]) and polymer stabilizers.<ref name=Ullmann>G. G. Graf "Tin, Tin Alloys, and Tin Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a27_049}}</ref> |
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===Organic synthesis=== |
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SnCl<sub>4</sub> is used in ]s as a Lewis acid ].<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman"/> For example, the acetylation of thiophene to give ] is promoted by tin(IV) chloride.<ref>{{cite journal |author=John R. Johnson, G. E. May|doi=10.15227/orgsyn.018.0001|title=2-Acetothienone|journal=Organic Syntheses|year=1938|volume=18|page=1}}</ref> Similarly, tin(IV) chloride is useful for the nitrations.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = ] | year = 1990 | pages = 81–84 | doi = 10.1055/s-1990-26795 | title = ''O''-Debenzylation of a Pyrrolobenzodiazepine in the Presence of a Carbinolamine Functionality: Synthesis of DC-81 | author = Thurston, David E. | volume = 1990 | last2 = Murty | first2 = Varanasi S. | last3 = Langley | first3 = David R. | last4 = Jones | first4 = Gary B.| s2cid = 98109571 }}</ref> |
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==Safety== |
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Stannic chloride was used as a ] in ], as it formed an irritating (but non-deadly) dense smoke on contact with air. It was supplanted by a mixture of ] and ] near the end of the war due to shortages of tin.<ref>{{Cite book | pages = 148–49, 407 | title = Chemical Warfare | first = Amos A. | last = Fries | publisher = Read | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-4437-3840-8 }}.</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Tin(IV) chloride}} |
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* |
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* {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050228231850/http://www.tinchemical.com/products.html |date=2005-02-28 |title=tinchemical.com/products (industrial uses) |nolink=1}} |
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{{Tin compounds}} |
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{{Chlorides}} |
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] |
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] |
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] |