| Revision as of 13:55, 15 February 2012 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,031 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 472487780 of page Tungsten(IV)_sulfide for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: ''). |
Latest revision as of 11:22, 1 March 2024 edit Maxim Masiutin (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, IP block exemptions, Pending changes reviewers31,043 edits Added the cs1 style template to denote Vancouver ("vanc") citation style, because references contain "vauthors" attribute to specify the list of authors. Altered title. | Use this tool. Report bugs. | #UCB_Gadget |
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{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}} |
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{{Redirect-distinguish|Tungsten sulfide|Tungsten trisulfide}} |
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| ImageFile = Molybdenite-3D-balls.png |
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|ImageFile = Molybdenite-3D-balls.png |
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|ImageFile2 = WS2 on sapphire.jpg |
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| IUPACName = Tungsten disulfide |
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|ImageCaption2 = Left: WS<sub>2</sub> film on sapphire. Right: dark exfoliated WS<sub>2</sub> film floating on water |
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| IUPACName = Bis(sulfanylidene)tungsten |
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|IUPACName = Tungsten sulfur<br/>Bis(sulfanylidene)tungsten |
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| SystematicName = Dithioxotungsten |
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|SystematicName = Dithioxotungsten |
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| OtherNames = Tungsten(IV) sulfide<br />] |
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|OtherNames = Tungsten(IV) sulfide<br />Tungstenite |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
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| CASNo = 12138-09-9 |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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|CASNo = 12138-09-9 |
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|CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} |
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|ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} |
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| ChEBI = 30521 |
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|ChEBI = 30521 |
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| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}} |
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|StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChI = 1S/2S.W |
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|StdInChI = 1S/2S.W |
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| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}} |
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|StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChIKey = ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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|StdInChIKey = ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| PubChem = 82938 |
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|PubChem = 82938 |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID = 74837 |
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|ChemSpiderID = 74837 |
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| InChI = 1S/2S.W |
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|InChI = 1S/2S.W |
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| InChIKey= ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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|InChIKey = ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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|SMILES = S==S |
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|SMILES = S==S |
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|EINECS = 235-243-3 |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = WS<sub>2</sub> |
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| MolarMass = 247.98 g/mol |
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| Appearance = blue-gray powder<ref name=b1/> |
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| Density = 7.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, solid<ref name=b1/> |
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| MeltingPt = 1250 °C decomp.<ref name=b1/> |
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| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |
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| CrystalStruct = ] |
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| Coordination = ]atic (W<sup>IV</sup>)<br/>Pyramidal (S<sup>2−</sup>) |
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
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|Formula = WS<sub>2</sub> |
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|MolarMass = 247.98 g/mol |
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|Appearance = Blue-gray powder<ref name=b1/> |
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|Density = 7.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, solid<ref name=b1/> |
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|MeltingPtC = 1250 |
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|MeltingPt_notes = decomposes<ref name=b1/> |
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|Solubility = Slightly soluble |
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|MagSus = +5850·10{{sup|−6}} cm<sup>3</sup>/mol<ref name=b92>{{RubberBible92nd|page=4.136}}</ref> |
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|BandGap = ~1.35 eV (optical, indirect, bulk)<ref name="bulkWS2_Bandgap">{{cite journal |last1=Kam |first1=K. K. |last2=Parkinson |first2=B. A. |title=Detailed photocurrent spectroscopy of the semiconducting group VIB transition metal dichalcogenides |journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry |date=February 1982 |volume=86 |issue=4 | pages=463–467 |doi=10.1021/j100393a010 }}</ref><ref name="BulkBandgap_TMDs">{{cite journal |last1=Baglio |first1=Joseph A. |last2=Calabrese |first2=Gary S. |last3=Kamieniecki |first3=Emil |last4=Kershaw |first4=Robert |last5=Kubiak |first5=Clifford P. |last6=Ricco |first6=Antonio J. |last7=Wold |first7=Aaron |last8=Wrighton |first8=Mark S. |last9=Zoski |first9=Glenn D. |title=Characterization of n-Type Semiconducting Tungsten Disulfide Photoanodes in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Electrolyte Solutions Photo-oxidation of Halides with High Efficiency |journal=J. Electrochem. Soc. |date=July 1982 |volume=129 |issue=7 |pages=1461–1472 |doi=10.1149/1.2124184 |bibcode=1982JElS..129.1461B |doi-access=free }}</ref> <br>~2.05 eV (optical, direct, monolayer)<ref name="Monolayer_bandgap">{{cite journal |last1=Gutiérrez |first1=Humberto |last2=Perea-López |first2=Nestor |last3=Elías |first3=Ana Laura |last4=Berkdemir | first4=Ayse |last5=Wang |first5=Bei |last6=Lv |first6=Ruitao |last7=López-Urías |first7=Florentino |last8=Crespi |first8=Vincent H. |last9=Terrones |first9=Humberto | last10=Terrones |first10=Mauricio |title=Extraordinary Room-Temperature Photoluminescence in Triangular WS2 Monolayers |journal=Nano Letters |date=November 2012 |volume=13 | issue=8 |pages=3447–3454 |doi=10.1021/nl3026357 |pmid=23194096 |arxiv=1208.1325|bibcode=2013NanoL..13.3447G |s2cid=207597527 }}</ref> |
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|Section3={{Chembox Structure |
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|CrystalStruct = ] |
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|Coordination = ]atic (W<sup>IV</sup>)<br/>Pyramidal (S<sup>2−</sup>) |
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'''Tungsten disulfide''' is an inorganic ] composed of ] and ] with the chemical formula WS<sub>2</sub>. This compound is part of the group of materials called the ]. It occurs naturally as the rare mineral ''tungstenite''. This material is a component of certain catalysts used for ] and ]. |
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WS<sub>2</sub> adopts a layered structure similar, or ] with ], instead with W atoms situated in trigonal prismatic ] (in place of Mo atoms). Owing to this layered structure, WS<sub>2</sub> forms ]s, which were discovered after heating a thin sample of WS<sub>2</sub> in 1992.<ref name=Tenne1992/> |
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==Structure and physical properties== |
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] |
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Bulk WS<sub>2</sub> forms dark gray hexagonal crystals with a layered structure. Like the closely related MoS<sub>2</sub>, it exhibits properties of a ].<!-- This section needs to be consolidated, as was done with MoS2. |
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We need: |
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> Crystalline phases section: WS2, just like mos2 can exist in different phases. Recently (2019) the 1T phase has been stabilised. |
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> Allotropes: The beginning paragraph talks of inorganic fullerenes, we should add some more details here. WS2 IFs were the first IFs other than C60! |
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Have another section for chemical reactions with acids etc. |
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Synthesis needs to add: |
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> WS2 was also looked at very early on in scotch tape exfoliation studies of Novoselov and Geim. Should get a mention and link --> |
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Although it has long been thought that WS<sub>2</sub> is relatively stable in ambient air, recent reports on the ambient air oxidation of monolayer WS<sub>2</sub> have found this to not be the case. In the monolayer form, WS<sub>2</sub> is converted rather rapidly (over the course of days in ambient light and atmosphere) to tungsten oxide via a photo-oxidation reaction involving visible wavelengths of light readily absorbed by monolayer WS<sub>2</sub> (< ~660 nm; > ~1.88 eV).<ref name="Photoxidation_ws2">{{cite journal |last1=Kotsakidis |first1=Jimmy C. |last2=Zhang |first2=Qianhui |last3=Vazquez de Parga |first3=Amadeo L. |last4=Currie |first4=Marc |last5=Helmerson |first5=Kristian |last6=Gaskill |first6=D. Kurt |last7=Fuhrer |first7=Michael S. |title=Oxidation of Monolayer WS2 in Ambient Is a Photoinduced Process |journal=Nano Letters |date=July 2019 |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=5205–5215 |doi=10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01599 |pmid=31287707 |arxiv=1906.00375 |bibcode=2019NanoL..19.5205K |s2cid=173990948 }}</ref> In addition to light of suitable wavelength, the reaction likely requires both ] and ] to proceed, with the water thought to act as a ] for oxidation. The products of the reaction likely include various tungsten oxide species and ]. The oxidation of other semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides (S-TMDs) such as MoS<sub>2</sub>, has similarly been observed to occur in ambient light and atmospheric conditions.<ref name="Mos2_ambient">{{cite journal |last1=Gao |first1=Jian |last2=Li |first2=Baichang |last3=Tan |first3=Jiawei |last4=Chow |first4=Phil |last5=Lu |first5=Toh-Ming |last6=Koratker |first6=Nikhil |title=Aging of Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers |journal=ACS Nano |date=January 2016 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=2628–2635 |doi=10.1021/acsnano.5b07677|pmid=26808328 |s2cid=18010466 }}</ref> |
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WS<sub>2</sub> is also attacked by a mixture of ] and ]. When heated in oxygen-containing atmosphere, WS<sub>2</sub> converts to ]. When heated in absence of oxygen, WS<sub>2</sub> does not melt but decomposes to tungsten and sulfur, but only at 1250 °C.<ref name=b1/> |
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Historically monolayer WS<sub>2</sub> was isolated using chemical exfoliation via intercalation with lithium from n-butyl lithium (in hexane), followed by exfoliation of the Li intercalated compound by sonication in water.<ref name="n_buli_CE">{{cite journal |last1=Joensen |first1=Per |last2=Frindt |first2=R. F. |last3=Morrison |first3=S. Roy |title=Single-layer MoS2 |journal=Materials Research Bulletin |date=1986 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=457–461 |doi=10.1016/0025-5408(86)90011-5 }}</ref> WS<sub>2</sub> also undergoes exfoliation by treatment with various reagents such as ]<ref name="pubs.acs.org"/> and the lithium halides.<ref name="Li_halide">{{cite journal |last1=Ghorai |first1=Aru |last2=Midya |first2=Anupam |last3=Maiti |first3=Rishi |last4=Ray |first4=Samit K. |title=Exfoliation of WS2 in the semiconducting phase using a group of lithium halides: a new method of Li intercalation |journal=Dalton Transactions |date=2016 |volume=45 |issue=38 |pages=14979–14987 |doi=10.1039/C6DT02823C |pmid=27560159 }}</ref> |
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==Synthesis== |
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WS<sub>2</sub> is produced by a number of methods.<ref name=b1/><ref name="ws2"/> Many of these methods involve treating oxides with sources of sulfide or hydrosulfide, supplied as hydrogen sulfide or generated ''in situ''. |
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===Thin films and monolayers=== |
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Widely used techniques for the growth of monolayer WS<sub>2</sub> include ] (CVD), ] (PVD) or ] (MOCVD), though most current methods produce sulfur vacancy defects in excess of 1×10<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>−2</sup>.<ref name="DefectDensity">{{cite journal |last1=Hong |first1=Jinhua |last2=Hu |first2=Zhixin |last3=Probert |first3=Matt |last4=Li |first4=Kun |last5=Lv |first5=Danhui |last6=Yang |first6=Xinan |last7=Gu |first7=Lin |last8=Mao |first8=Nannan |last9=Feng |first9=Qingliang |last10=Xie |first10=Liming |last11=Zhang |first11=Jin |last12=Wu |first12=Dianzhong |last13=Zhang |first13=Zhiyong |last14=Jin |first14=Chuanhong |last15=Ji |first15=Wei |last16=Zhang |first16=Xixiang |last17=Yuan |first17=Jun |last18=Zhang |first18=Ze |title=Eploring atomic defects in molybdenum disulphide monolayers |journal=Nature Communications |date=February 2015 |volume=6 |pages=6293 |doi=10.1038/ncomms7293|pmid=25695374 |pmc=4346634 |bibcode=2015NatCo...6.6293H |doi-access=free }}</ref> Other routes entail ] of tungsten(VI) sulfides (e.g., (R<sub>4</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>WS<sub>4</sub>) or the equivalent (e.g., WS<sub>3</sub>).<ref name="ws2"/> |
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Freestanding WS<sub>2</sub> films can be produced as follows. WS<sub>2</sub> is deposited on a hydrophilic substrate, such as ], and then coated with a polymer, such as ]. After dipping the sample in water for a few minutes, the hydrophobic WS<sub>2</sub> film spontaneously peels off.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/srep37833|pmid=27897210|pmc=5126671|title=Fabrication of WS2/GaN p-n Junction by Wafer-Scale WS2 Thin Film Transfer|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|pages=37833|year=2016|last1=Yu|first1=Yang|last2=Fong|first2=Patrick W. K.|last3=Wang|first3=Shifeng|last4=Surya|first4=Charles|bibcode=2016NatSR...637833Y}}</ref> |
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==Applications== |
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WS<sub>2</sub> is used, in conjunction with other materials, as ] for ] of crude oil.<ref name="ws2"/> In recent years it has also found applications as a saturable for passively mode locked fibre lasers resulting in femtosecond pulses being produced. |
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] tungsten disulphide is used as a ] for fasteners, bearings, and molds,<ref>{{cite magazine |editor-last1= French |editor-first1= Lester Gray |year= 1967 |title=Dicronite |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rYiAQAAMAAJ&q=dicronite |magazine= Machinery |publisher= Machinery Publications Corporation |volume= 73 |page= 101}}</ref> as well as having significant use in aerospace and military industries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-07 |title=Quality Approved Special Processes By Special Process Code |publisher=BAE Systems |url=https://www.baesystems.com/en-us/our-company/inc-businesses/electronic-systems/supplier-center}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2020 |reason= article named isn't at this URL; page at this URL doesn't support the following claim}} WS<sub>2</sub> can be applied to a metal surface without binders or curing, via high-velocity ]. The most recent official standard for this process is laid out in the ] specification AMS2530A.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AMS2530A: Tungsten Disulfide Coating, Thin Lubricating Film, Binder-Less Impingement Applied |publisher=SAE International|url=https://www.sae.org/standards/content/ams2530a/|access-date=2020-07-10}}</ref> |
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==Research== |
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Like MoS<sub>2</sub>, nanostructured WS<sub>2</sub> is actively studied for potential applications, such as storage of hydrogen and lithium.<ref name="pubs.acs.org">{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/jz300480w|pmid=26285632|title=Synthesis of Surface-Functionalized WS<sub>2</sub> Nanosheets and Performance as Li-Ion Battery Anodes|journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters|volume=3|issue=11|pages=1523–30|year=2012|last1=Bhandavat|first1=R.|last2=David|first2=L.|last3=Singh|first3=G.|doi-access=free}}</ref> WS<sub>2</sub> also catalyses ] of ]:<ref name="pubs.acs.org"/><ref name=b2/><ref>. ''Science Daily'' (2013-01-016)</ref> |
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: CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub> → CO + H<sub>2</sub>O |
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===Nanotubes=== |
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<!-- Deleted image removed: ] --> |
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Tungsten disulfide is the first material which was found to form ]s, in 1992.<ref name=Tenne1992/> This ability is related to the layered structure of WS<sub>2</sub>, and macroscopic amounts of WS<sub>2</sub> have been produced by the methods mentioned above.<ref name="ws2"/> WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes have been investigated as reinforcing agents to improve the mechanical properties of polymeric nanocomposites. In a study, WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes reinforced biodegradable polymeric nanocomposites of polypropylene fumarate (PPF) showed significant increases in the Young's modulus, compression yield strength, flexural modulus and flexural yield strength, compared to single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes reinforced PPF nanocomposites, suggesting that WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes may be better reinforcing agents than carbon nanotubes.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lalwani|first=Gaurav|title=Tungsten disulfide nanotubes reinforced biodegradable polymers for bone tissue engineering|journal=Acta Biomaterialia|date=September 2013|volume=9|issue=9|pages=8365–8373|doi=10.1016/j.actbio.2013.05.018|pmid=23727293|pmc=3732565}}</ref> The addition of WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes to ] resin improved ], ] and strain energy release rate. The wear of the nanotubes-reinforced epoxy is lower than that of pure epoxy.<ref name=comp2/> WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes were embedded into a ] (PMMA) nanofiber matrix via electrospinning. The nanotubes were well dispersed and aligned along fiber axis. The enhanced stiffness and toughness of PMMA fiber meshes by means of non-carbon nanotubes addition may have potential uses as impact-absorbing materials, e.g. for ]s.<ref name=comp3/><ref>. Physorg.com (2005-12-10). Retrieved on 2016-01-20</ref> |
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WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes are hollow and can be filled with another material, to preserve or guide it to a desired location, or to generate new properties in the filler material which is confined within a nanometer-scale diameter. To this goal, non-carbon nanotube hybrids were made by filling WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes with molten lead, antimony or bismuth iodide salt by a capillary wetting process, resulting in PbI<sub>2</sub>@WS<sub>2</sub>, SbI<sub>3</sub>@WS<sub>2</sub> or BiI<sub>3</sub>@WS<sub>2</sub> core–shell nanotubes.<ref name=shell/> |
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===Nanosheets=== |
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{{see also|Transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers}} |
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WS<sub>2</sub> can also exist in the form of atomically thin sheets.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.1194975 |pmid=21292974 |title=Two-Dimensional Nanosheets Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials|bibcode=2011Sci...331..568C|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49809453 |journal=Science |volume=331 |issue=6017 |pages=568–71 |year=2011 |last1=Coleman |first1=J. N. |last2=Lotya |first2=M. |last3=O'Neill |first3=A. |last4=Bergin |first4=S. D. |last5=King |first5=P. J. |last6=Khan |first6=U. |last7=Young |first7=K. |last8=Gaucher |first8=A. |last9=De |first9=S. |last10=Smith |first10=R. J. |last11=Shvets |first11=I. V. |last12=Arora |first12=S. K. |last13=Stanton |first13=G. |last14=Kim |first14=H.-Y. |last15=Lee |first15=K. |last16=Kim |first16=G. T. |last17=Duesberg |first17=G. S. |last18=Hallam |first18=T. |last19=Boland |first19=J. J. |last20=Wang |first20=J. J. |last21=Donegan |first21=J. F. |last22=Grunlan |first22=J. C. |last23=Moriarty |first23=G. |last24=Shmeliov |first24=A. |last25=Nicholls |first25=R. J. |last26=Perkins |first26=J. M. |last27=Grieveson |first27=E. M. |last28=Theuwissen |first28=K. |last29=McComb |first29=D. W. |last30=Nellist |first30=P. D. |hdl=2262/66458 |s2cid=23576676 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Such materials exhibit room-temperature photoluminescence in the monolayer limit.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/nl3026357|pmid=23194096|title=Extraordinary Room-Temperature Photoluminescence in Triangular WS<sub>2</sub> Monolayers|journal=Nano Letters|volume=13|issue=8|pages=3447–54|year=2013|last1=Gutiérrez|first1=Humberto R.|last2=Perea-López|first2=Nestor|last3=Elías|first3=Ana Laura|last4=Berkdemir|first4=Ayse|last5=Wang|first5=Bei|last6=Lv|first6=Ruitao|last7=López-Urías|first7=Florentino|last8=Crespi|first8=Vincent H.|last9=Terrones|first9=Humberto|last10=Terrones|first10=Mauricio|arxiv=1208.1325|bibcode=2013NanoL..13.3447G|s2cid=207597527 }}</ref> |
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===Transistors=== |
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] (TSMC) is investigating use of {{Chem|W|S|2}} as a channel material in ]s. The approximately 6-layer thick material is created using ] (CVD).<ref name="ChengChung2019">{{cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Chao-Ching|title=2019 Symposium on VLSI Technology|last2=Chung|first2=Yun-Yan|last3=Li|first3=Uing-Yang|last4=Lin|first4=Chao-Ting|last5=Li|first5=Chi-Feng|last6=Chen|first6=Jyun-Hong|last7=Lai|first7=Tung-Yen|last8=Li|first8=Kai-Shin|last9=Shieh|first9=Jia-Min|last10=Su|first10=Sheng-Kai|last11=Chiang|first11=Hung-Li|last12=Chen|first12=Tzu-Chiang|last13=Li|first13=Lain-Jong|last14=Wong|first14=H.-S. Philip|last15=Chien|first15=Chao-Hsin|chapter=First demonstration of 40-nm channel length top-gate WS2 pFET using channel area-selective CVD growth directly on SiOx/Si substrate|year=2019|pages=T244–T245|doi=10.23919/VLSIT.2019.8776498|publisher=]|isbn=978-4-86348-719-2|s2cid=198931613 }}</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{Commons category|Tungsten disulfide}} |
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{{reflist|refs= |
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<ref name=b1>{{cite book |author=Eagleson, Mary |title=Concise encyclopedia chemistry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC&pg=PA1129 |year=1994 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-011451-5 |page=1129}}</ref> |
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<ref name=b2>{{cite book |author1=Lassner, Erik |author2=Schubert, Wolf-Dieter |title=Tungsten: properties, chemistry, technology of the element, alloys, and chemical compounds |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foLRISkt9gcC&pg=PA374 |year=1999 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-45053-2 |pages=374–}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Tenne1992>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tenne R, Margulis L, Genut M, Hodes G |year=1992 |title=Polyhedral and cylindrical structures of tungsten disulphide |bibcode=1992Natur.360..444T |journal=Nature |volume=360 |issue=6403 |pages=444–446 |doi=10.1038/360444a0|s2cid=4309310 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="ws2">{{cite journal |author1=Panigrahi, Pravas Kumar |author2=Pathak, Amita |journal=Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. |title=Microwave-assisted synthesis of WS<sub>2</sub> nanowires through tetrathiotungstate precursors |format=free download |volume=9 |year=2008 |page=045008 |doi=10.1088/1468-6996/9/4/045008 |issue=4 |pmc=5099650 |bibcode=2008STAdM...9d5008P |pmid=27878036}}</ref> |
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<ref name=comp2>{{cite journal |author=Zohar, E. |title=The Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites with WS<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes |journal=Sensors & Transducers Journal |volume=12 |issue=Special Issue |year=2011 |pages=53–65 |url=http://www.sensorsportal.com/HTML/DIGEST/P_SI_159.htm |display-authors=etal}}</ref> |
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<ref name=comp3>{{cite journal |author1=Reddy, C. S. |author2=Zak, A. |author3=Zussman, E. |title=WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes embedded in PMMA nanofibers as energy absorptive material |journal=J. Mater. Chem. |year=2011 |volume=21 |pages=16086–16093 |doi=10.1039/C1JM12700D |issue=40}}</ref> |
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<ref name=shell>{{cite journal |title= Synthesis of Core-Shell Inorganic Nanotubes |journal=Adv. Funct. Mater. |year=2010 |volume=20 |pages=2459–2468 |doi=10.1002/adfm.201000490 |issue=15 |last1=Kreizman |first1=Ronen |last2=Enyashin |first2=Andrey N. |last3=Deepak |first3=Francis Leonard |last4=Albu-Yaron |first4=Ana |last5=Popovitz-Biro |first5=Ronit |last6=Seifert |first6=Gotthard |last7=Tenne |first7=Reshef|s2cid=136725896 }}</ref> |
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}} |
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{{Tungsten compounds}} |
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{{Sulfides}} |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |