| Revision as of 14:21, 17 February 2011 editCheMoBot (talk | contribs)Bots141,565 edits Updating {{chembox}} (no changed fields - added verified revid - updated 'UNII_Ref', 'ChemSpiderID_Ref', 'StdInChI_Ref', 'StdInChIKey_Ref', 'ChEMBL_Ref', 'KEGG_Ref') per Chem/Drugbox validation (← Previous edit |
Latest revision as of 21:13, 24 December 2024 edit undoHaley275 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users724 edits →Safety: Added a brief subsection (3 sentences) indicating that uranyl acetate can induce cellular DNA damage. |
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| verifiedrevid = 410421470 |
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| Name = Uranyl acetate |
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| verifiedrevid = 431952998 |
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| ImageFile = Uranyl_Acetate_10_3_07.jpg |
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| Name = Uranyl acetate |
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| ImageSize = |
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| ImageFile = Uranyl_Acetate_10_3_07.jpg |
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| ImageName = Uranyl acetate |
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| ImageName = Uranyl acetate |
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| IUPACName = Uranium bis(acetato)-O)dioxo-dihydrate |
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| ImageFile1 = Uranyl-acetate-dihydrate-chain-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png |
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| OtherNames = Uranyl ethanoate |
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| ImageCaption1 = Hydrated crystal structure |
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| IUPACName = Uranium bis((acetato)-O)dioxo-dihydrate |
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| OtherNames = Uranyl ethanoate; Uranyl acetate dihydrate |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite}} |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo = 541-09-3 |
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| CASNo = 541-09-3 |
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| CASOther = (anhydrous) <br/> (dihydrate) |
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| index_label = (anhydrous) |
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| CASNo1_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo1 = 6159-44-0 |
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| index1_label = (dihydrate) |
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| ChemSpiderID = 10468551 |
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| ChemSpiderID1 = 11567664 |
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| EC_number = 208-767-5 |
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| PubChem = 10915 |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII = 285PN2K1AO |
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| UNII1_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII1 = KJF3TEU4G6 |
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| InChI=1S/2C2H4O2.2O.U/c2*1-2(3)4;;;/h2*1H3,(H,3,4);;; |
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| InChIKey = IXSMFXMQHOBORU-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| InChI1=1S/2C2H4O2.2H2O.2O.U/c2*1-2(3)4;;;;;/h2*1H3,(H,3,4);2*1H2;;;/q;;;;;;+2/p-2 |
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| InChIKey1 = VVAHPLNXWRLLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L |
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| SMILES = O=C(C).##.O=C(C) |
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| SMILES_Comment = ionic form (anhydrate) |
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| SMILES1 = CC(=O).CC(=O).O.O.O==O |
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| SMILES3 = O0(C)O01(=)(=)O(C)O0(O(C)O0)(=)(=)O(C)O1 |
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| SMILES3_Comment = coordination dimer (anhydrous) |
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| SMILES2 = O0(C)O01(=)(=)()O(C)O2(O(C)O2)(=)(=)()O(C)O1 |
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| SMILES2_Comment = coordination dimer (hydrate) |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = UO<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub> (anhydrous) <br/>UO<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O (dihydrate) |
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| Formula = UO<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub> (anhydrous) <br/>UO<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O (dihydrate) |
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| MolarMass = 424.146 g/mol (dihydrate) |
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| MolarMass = 424.146 g/mol (dihydrate) |
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| Appearance = yellow crystals (dihydrate) |
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| Appearance = yellow-green crystals (dihydrate) |
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| Density = 2.89 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (dihydrate) |
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| Density = 2.89 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (dihydrate) |
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| MeltingPt = decomposes at 80°C (dihydrate) |
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| MeltingPt = decomposes at 80 °C (dihydrate) |
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| BoilingPt = |
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| BoilingPt = |
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| Solubility = <!-- 7.694 g/100 ml water someone confirm this--> |
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| Solubility = 7-8 g/100 ml |
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| SolubleOther = slightly soluble in ]<ref name="hand"> |
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| SolubleOther = slightly soluble in ]<ref name="hand"> |
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{{Citation |
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{{Citation |
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| last = Lide |
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| last = Lide |
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| first = David R. |
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| first = David R. |
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| author-link = |
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| first2 = |
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| author2-link = |
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| publication-date = |
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| date = |
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| year = 1998 |
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| year = 1998 |
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| title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |
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| title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |
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| edition = 87 |
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| edition = 87 |
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| volume = |
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| series = |
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| publication-place = Boca Raton, FL |
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| publication-place = Boca Raton, FL |
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| place = |
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| publisher = CRC Press |
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| publisher = CRC Press |
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| id = |
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| isbn = 0-8493-0594-2 |
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| isbn = 0-8493-0594-2 |
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| doi = |
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| oclc = |
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| pages = 3–566 |
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| pages = 3–566 |
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| url = |
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}}</ref> |
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}}</ref> |
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}} |
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}} |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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| GHSPictograms = {{GHS06}}{{GHS08}}{{GHS09}} |
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| ExternalMSDS = }} |
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| GHSSignalWord = Danger |
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| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|300|330|373|411}} |
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| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|260|264|270|271|273|284|301+310|304+340|310|314|320|321|330|391|403+233|405|501}} |
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| ExternalSDS = }} |
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'''Uranyl acetate''' is the ] ] of ], a toxic yellow-green powder useful in certain ]s. Structurally, it is a coordination polymer with formula UO<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)·H<sub>2</sub>O. |
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'''Uranyl acetate''' (UO<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O) is a slightly radioactive, yellow free-flowing crystalline solid of yellow rhombic ]s with a slight acetic odor. This reagent is a nuclear fuel derivative, and thus its use and possession are sanctioned by international law. |
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==Structure== |
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It is used as a negative stain in ]. In fact, most procedures in electron microscopy for biology require the use of uranyl acetate. In the negative staining method 1% or 2% aqueous solution is normally used. One of the advantages of this type of staining is its simplicity. One can examine the sample within a few minutes after staining. Some biological samples may be adversely affected by uranyl acetate staining and, in these cases, a ] technique may be more suitable due to the improved resolution of low atomic number materials. |
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In the polymer, ] (UO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>) centers are bridged by ]s. The remainder of each (heptacoordinate) coordination sphere is provided by an ] and a bidentate acetate ligand. One water of crystallization occupies the lattice.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-1902(75)80918-3|title=Crystal and molecular structure of uranyl acetate dihydrate|year=1975|last1=Howatson|first1=J.|last2=Grev|first2=D.M.|last3=Morosin|first3=B.|journal=Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry|volume=37|issue=9|pages=1933–1935}}</ref> |
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==Uses== |
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1% and 2% uranyl acetate solutions are used as an ], and a ] in stronger concentrations in ], as it forms an insoluble salt with ] (the vast majority of sodium salts are water-soluble). Uranyl acetate solutions show evidence of being sensitive to light, especially UV and will precipitate if exposed. |
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Uranyl acetate is extensively used as a negative stain in ].<ref name="NEGSTAIN"> University of Oxford</ref> Most procedures in electron microscopy for biology require the use of uranyl acetate. Negative staining protocols typically treat the sample with 1% to 5% aqueous solution. Uranyl acetate staining is simple and quick to perform and one can examine the sample within a few minutes after staining. Some biological samples are not amenable to uranyl acetate staining and, in these cases, alternative staining techniques and or ] technique may be more suitable. |
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1% and 2% uranyl acetate solutions are used as an ], and a ] in stronger concentrations in ], as it forms an insoluble salt with ] (the vast majority of sodium salts are water-soluble). Uranyl acetate solutions show evidence of being sensitive to light, especially UV, and will precipitate if exposed. |
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Uranyl acetate is also used in a standard test—American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Designation T 299—for ] in aggregates (crushed stone or gravel) being considered for use in cement concrete. |
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Uranyl acetate is also used in a standard test—American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Designation T 299—for ] in aggregates (crushed stone or gravel) being considered for use in cement concrete. |
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Commercial preparations of uranyl acetate are made from ] and have a typical radioactivity of 0.37 - 0.51 µCi/g. This mild radioactivity level is not sufficient to be harmful while the material remains external to the body. However it is very toxic by ingestion and if inhaled as dust or by skin contact if skin is cut or abraded and there is a danger of cumulative effects from long term exposure. |
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Uranyl acetate dihydrate has been used as a starting reagent in experimental inorganic chemistry.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/1521-3773(20010202)40:3<591::AID-ANIE591>3.0.CO;2-0|title=Hexaphyrin(1.0.1.0.0.0): An Expanded Porphyrin Ligand for the Actinide Cations Uranyl (UO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>) and Neptunyl (NpO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>)|year=2001|last1=Sessler|first1=Jonathan L.|last2=Seidel|first2=Daniel|last3=Vivian|first3=Anne E.|last4=Lynch|first4=Vincent|last5=Scott|first5=Brian L.|last6=Keogh|first6=D. Webster|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|volume=40|issue=3|pages=591–594}}</ref> |
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==Related compounds== |
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Uranyl carboxylates are known for diverse carboxylic acids (formate, butyrate, acrylate).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1039/C5CE01957E|title=Structural diversity of uranyl acrylates|year=2016|last1=Klepov|first1=Vladislav V.|last2=Vologzhanina|first2=Anna V.|last3=Alekseev|first3=Evgeny V.|last4=Pushkin|first4=Denis V.|last5=Serezhkina|first5=Larisa B.|last6=Sergeeva|first6=Olga A.|last7=Knyazev|first7=Aleksandr V.|last8=Serezhkin|first8=Viktor N.|journal=CrystEngComm|volume=18|issue=10|pages=1723–1731}}</ref> |
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==Safety== |
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Uranyl acetate is both chemically toxic and mildly ]. Chronic-exposure effects may <!--not a typo; see Wiktionary-->cumulate.{{cn|date=September 2023}} |
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In general, uranium salts exhibit ]ity. Normal commercial stocks from ] have typical ] {{convert|0.37|-|0.51|μCi/g|kBq/g}}, too weak to harm from outside the body. However, uranyl acetate is very toxic if ], ] as dust, or absorbed through ] or ] skin.{{cn|date=June 2022}} |
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Microbiologists have developed a number of alternative ]:<ref>Yamaguchi K, Suzuki K, Tanaka K (2010) Examination of electron stains as a substitute for uranyl acetate for the ultrathin sections of bacterial cells. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 59:113–118</ref> ],<ref name="NdAc-UOAc alt">{{cite journal |last1=Kuipers |first1=Jeroen |last2=Giepmans |first2=Ben N. G. |title=Neodymium as an alternative contrast for uranium in electron microscopy |journal=Histochemistry and Cell Biology |date=1 April 2020 |volume=153 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |doi=10.1007/s00418-020-01846-0 |pmid=32008069 |pmc=7160090 |language=en |issn=1432-119X}}</ref><ref>Hosogi N, Nishioka H, Nakakoshi M (2015) Evaluation of lanthanide salts as alternative stains to uranyl acetate. Microscopy (Oxf) 64:429–435</ref> platinum blue,<ref>Inaga S, Katsumoto T, Tanaka K, Kameie T, Nakane H, Naguro T (2007) Platinum blue as an alternative to uranyl acetate for staining in transmission electron microscopy. Arch Histol Cytol 70:43–49</ref> hafnium chloride,<ref>Ikeda K, Inoue K, Kanematsu S, Horiuchi Y, Park P (2011) Enhanced effects of nonisotopic hafnium chloride in methanol as a substitute for uranyl acetate in TEM contrast of ultrastructure of fungal and plant cells. Microsc Res Tech 74:825–830</ref> and ] tea extracts.<ref>Sato S, Adachi A, Sasaki Y, Ghazizadeh M (2008) Oolong tea extract as a substitute for uranyl acetate in staining of ultrathin sections. J Microsc 229:17–20</ref><ref>He X, Liu B (2017) Oolong tea extract as a substitute for uranyl acetate in staining of ultrathin sections based on examples of animal tissues for transmission electron microscopy. J Microsc 267:27–33</ref> |
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===DNA damage=== |
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Uranyl acetate can enter ] where it tends to localize in the nucleus.<ref name = Yellowhair2018>{{cite journal |vauthors=Yellowhair M, Romanotto MR, Stearns DM, Clark Lantz R |title=Uranyl acetate induced DNA single strand breaks and AP sites in Chinese hamster ovary cells |journal=Toxicol Appl Pharmacol |volume=349 |issue= |pages=29–38 |date=June 2018 |pmid=29698738 |pmc=5972677 |doi=10.1016/j.taap.2018.04.022 |url=}}</ref> Uranyl acetate can then induce ]s and ]s in the CHO cells.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stearns DM, Yazzie M, Bradley AS, Coryell VH, Shelley JT, Ashby A, Asplund CS, Lantz RC |title=Uranyl acetate induces hprt mutations and uranium-DNA adducts in Chinese hamster ovary EM9 cells |journal=Mutagenesis |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=417–23 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16195314 |doi=10.1093/mutage/gei056 |url=}}</ref> Also in CHO cells uranyl acetate can interact with DNA to induce single-strand breaks and apurinic(apyrimidinic) sites.<ref name = Yellowhair2018/> |
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==References== |
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==References== |
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{{Uranium compounds}} |
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==External links== |
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